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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-呼和浩特职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题
Hedoesn’t()muchinterestinhisstudieswiththeresultthathefailsinexamstimeandagain.
问题1选项
A.indicate
B.exert
C.manifest
D.express
【答案】D
【解析】expressaninterestin...为固定搭配,意为“对...表现出兴趣”。所以选项D正确。
2.单选题
Webeginbyconsideringthreepolicies—whatwemightcallidealtypesinreversethatnearlyallAmericanswouldrightfullyfindunacceptablefordifferentreasons:understandingwhythesepoliciesareunacceptablecanperhapsguideusasweseektodiscernthemostresponsibleand(
)policy.
问题1选项
A.negligent
B.middle-of-the-road
C.give-and-take
D.prudent
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negligent“疏忽的;粗心大意的”;B选项middle-of-the-road“中庸的;走中间线路的”;C选项give-and-take“妥协的;互让的”;D选项prudent“谨慎的;精明的;明智的”。句意:我们首先考虑三种我们可以称之为理想类型的政策。反过来,几乎所有的美国人都会因为不同的原因正当地认为这些政策是不可接受的:理解为什么这些政策是不可接受的,或许可以指导我们寻找最负责任和最……的政策。D选项“谨慎的”更符合题意。
3.单选题
Thisisthemilitary______.Nobodyisallowedtogetinwithoutpermission.
问题1选项
A.bond
B.zone
C.butter
D.zoo
【答案】B
【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项bond“纽带”;B选项zone“(有某特色或作用的)地区”;C选项butter“黄油”;D选项zoo“动物园”。句意:这是军事______。未经允许,任何人不得入内。根据语境,这里指的是不得进入一个区域,B选项zone“有某特色或作用的)地区”符合题意。因此B选项正确。
4.单选题
Adecisionofthis(
)hadtohavenationalsupport.
问题1选项
A.extent
B.amount
C.degree
D.magnitude
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。extent“程度,范围”;amount“数量;总额”;degree“程度,等级”;magnitude“大小,量级,重要”。句意:这类重大的决定需要全国人民的支持才行。选项D符合题意。
5.单选题
Thepolicemandeclaredthattheblowonthevictim'shead(
)frombehind.
问题1选项
A.shouldhavebeenmade
B.musthavebeenmade
C.wouldhavebeenmade
D.oughttohavebeenmade
【答案】B
【解析】考查语法中情态动词表推测的用法。A项shouldhavedone表示“本该做某事(其实没做)”;B项musthavedone表示“—定做了某事”;C项wouldhavedone表示“将会做某事”,常用于表达虚拟语气;D项oughttohavedone表示“本该做某事”,比shouldhavedone语气强,意思为根据责任或者义务应该做。句意:警察宣称受害者头上的伤一定是从后面猛击造成的。故本题正确答案为B项。
6.单选题
Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicessuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.
RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviationindustry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesbansuchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical”stagesofflight,particularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledevicesemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.
Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerabletointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stooloud.
1.Thepassageismainlyabout(
).
2.Whatissaidabouttheover100aircraftincidentsinthepast15years?
3.Fewairlineswanttoimposeatotalbanontheirpassengersusingelectronicdevicesbecause(
)
4.Whyisitdifficulttopredictthepossibleeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsonanairplane’scomputers?
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor(
).
问题1选项
A.anewregulationforallairlines
B.thedefectsofelectronicdevices
C.apossiblecauseofaircraftcrashes
D.effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight
问题2选项
A.Theymayhavebeencausedbythedamagetotheradiosystems
B.Theymayhavetakenplaceduringtake-offandlanding
C.Theywereprovedtohavebeencausedbythepassengers’portablecomputers
D.Theyweresuspectedtohaveresultedfromelectromagneticinterference
问题3选项
A.theydon’tbelievethereissuchadangerasradiointerference
B.theharmfuleffectofelectromagneticinterferenceisyettobeproved
C.mostpassengersrefusetotakeaplanewhichbanstheuseofradioandcassetteplayers
D.theyhaveothereffectivesafetymeasurestofallbackon
问题4选项
A.Becauseitisextremelydangeroustoconductsuchresearchonanairplane
B.Becauseitremainsamysterywhatwavelengthsareliabletobeinterferedwith
C.Becauseresearchscientistshavenotbeenabletoproducethatsameeffectsinlabs
D.Becauseexpertslackadequateequipmenttodosuchresearch
问题5选项
A.isinfavorofprohibitingpassenger’useofelectronicdevicescompletely
B.hasoverestimatedthedangerofelectromagneticinterference
C.hasn’tformedhisownopiniononthisproblem
D.regardsitasunreasonabletoexerciseatotalbanduringflight
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:A
【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开篇第一句话点明主旨:Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass(如今航空公司面临的最大的安全威胁可能不是持枪的恐怖分子,而是商务舱里带着便携式电脑的乘客)。故选C。
2.细节事实。根据题干定位至第一段:Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference(在过去的15年中,飞行员报告说100多起事故可能由电磁干扰引起的)。
3.细节事实。根据题干定位至第二段:mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights(由于许多乘客想在飞行期间工作,多数航空公司不愿意执行全面禁令)。
4.细节事实。第三段给出了原因:But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.(由于他们无法在实验室中重现这些效应,他们无法知道干扰是否有危险)。
5.观点态度。根据文章大意,可以看出作者的态度。
7.单选题
Thatbecamesomewhatmoregentleascarebecamemoresophisticated.Weenteredwhatmightbecalledthe(
)Period,wherethephysicianwaslikeafatherwhoknewwhatwasbestforhispatient.
问题1选项
A.Parental
B.Maternal
C.Fraternal
D.Paternal
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项Parental“父母的”;B选项Maternal“母亲的”;C选项Fraternal“兄弟的”;D选项Paternal“父亲的”句意:随着护理工作变得越来越复杂,这种感觉也变得温和了一些。我们进入了所谓的“……期”,医生就像一位父亲,知道什么对他的病人是最好的。根据后面句意可知D选项符合题意。
8.翻译题
(1)Culturalnormssocompletelysurroundpeople,sopermeatethoughtandactionthatweneverrecognizetheassumptionscmwhichtheirlivesandtheirsanityrest.Asoneobserverputit,ifbirdsweresuddenlyendowedwithscientificcuriositytheymightexaminemanythings,buttheskyitselfwouldbeoverlookedasasuitablesubject:iffishweretobecomecuriousabouttheworld,itwouldneveroccurtothemtobeginbyinvestigatingwater.(2)Forbirdsandfishwouldtaketheskyandseaforgranted,unawareoftheirprofoundinfluencebecausetheycomprisethemediumforeveryfact.Humanbeings,inasimilarlyway,occupyasymbolicuniversegovernedbycodesthatareunconsciouslyacquiredandautomaticallyemployed.Somuchsothattheyrarelynoticethatthewaystheyinterpretandtalkabouteventsaredistinctivelydifferentfromthewayspeopleconducttheiraffairsinothercultures.
Aslongaspeopleremainblindtothesourcesoftheirmeanings,theyareimprisonedwithinthem.Theseculturalframesofreferencearenolessconfiningsimplybecausetheycannotbeseenortouched.(3)Whetheritisanindividualneurosisthatkeepsanindividualoutofcontactwithhisneighbors,oracollectiveneurosisthatseparatesneighborsofdifferentcultures,bothareformsofblindnessthatlimitwhatcanbeexperiencedandwhatcanbelearnedfromothers.
Itwouldseemthateverywherepeoplewoulddesiretobreakoutoftheboundariesoftheirownexperientialworlds.Theirabilitytoreactsensitivelytoawiderspectrumofeventsandpeoplesrequiresanovercomingofsuchculturalparochialism.But,infact,fewattainthisbroadervision.(4)Some,ofcourse,havelittleopportunityforwiderculturalexperience,thoughthisconditionshouldchangeasthemovementofaccelerates.Othersdonottrytowidentheirexperiencebecausetheyprefertheoldandfamiliar,seekfromtheiraffairsonlyfurtherconfirmationofthecorrectnessoftheirownvalues.Stillothersrecoilfromsuchexperiencesbecausetheyfeelitdangeroustoprobetoodeeplyintothepersonalorculturalunconscious.(5)Exposuremayrevealhowtenuousandarbitrarymanyculturalnormsare;suchexposuremightforcepeopletoacquirenewbasesforinterpretingevents.Andevenforthemanywhodoseekactivelytoenlargethevarietyofhumanbeingswithwhomtheyarecapableofcommunicatingtherearestilldifficulties.
Culturalmyopiapersistsnotmerelybecauseofinertiaandhabit,butchieflybecauseitissodifficulttoovercome.Oneacquiresapersonalityandacultureinchildhood,longbeforeheiscapableofcomprehendingeitherofthem.Tosurvive,eachpersonmasterstheperceptualorientations,cognitivebiases,andcommunicativehabitsofhisownculture.Butoncemastered,objectiveassessmentofthesesameprocessesisawkwardsincethesamemechanismsthatarebeingevaluatedmustbeusedinmakingtheevaluations.
【答案】(1)文化规范完全围绕在人们的周围,渗透在人们的思想和行为中,以至于我们从来没有意识到他们生活和精神正常所依赖的那些假设。
(2)因为鸟和鱼会认为天空和大海是理所当然的,他们没有意识到它们的深远影响,因为它们构成了每一个事实的媒介。
(3)无论是使一个人与他的邻居失去联系的个体神经症,还是将不同文化的邻居分开的集体神经症,都是一种限制了人们可以体验和从他人那里学到什么的失明形式。
(4)当然,有些人几乎没有机会获得更广泛的文化体验,不过这种情况应该随着移民运动的加速而改变。
(5)暴露可能揭示出许多文化规范是多么脆弱和武断;这种接触可能会迫使人们获得解释事件的新基础。
9.翻译题
Everyonewishestobuildupacharismaticandcharmingpersonality,butitisbynomeansaneasyjob.Firstofall,heoughttoknowoneofthegreatesttruthsthatlifeisdifficult,foroncehetrulyunderstandsandacceptsthetruth,thenlifeisnolongerdifficult.Why?Onceheacceptsthefactthatlifeisdifficult,henolongermoansabout,complainsofandfearshisproblems,burdensanddifficultiesinlife.Secondly,heoughttopaysufficientheedtoself-discipline,forself-disciplineisthebasicsetoftoolstosolvelife'sproblems,whichincludesastrongsenseofresponsibility,dedicationtoreality,opennesstochallenge,balancing,etc.Thirdly,heoughttocherishlove.Heknowsthatself-loveandloveofothersgohandinhand.Heiswillingtogobeyondtheconfinesofself-lovetoembraceloveofothers.Fourthly,heoughttounderstandthattheessenceoflifeischange.Sohedoesnottryhisutmosttoavoidchangeorstaycomfortablewiththesameness.Fifthly,heoughttoattachmuchvaluetohonour.Thewinningofhonourwillrevealaman'svirtueandworth.Towinhonour,hewillimproveandperfecthimselfandscoreremarkableachievements.
【答案】每个人都希望建立有魅力、迷人的人格,但这不是一件容易的事。首先,他需要明白一个伟大的真理:生活是困难的。因为一旦他真正理解并且接受这个真理,就会意识到生活不再困难。为什么?一旦他接受了生活困难这一事实,对于生活中的问题、负担和困难,他都不再发牢骚和抱怨,也不再害怕。其次,他应该充分重视自我修养,因为自我修养是解决生活问题的基本工具,包括强烈的责任感、致力于现实、敢于挑战、平衡制约等。第三,他要有爱。他需要知道自爱和爱别人是密不可分的,愿意超越自爱的局限去接纳他人的爱。第四,他要懂得生命的本质是变化。所以他不会尽全力去避免改变,也不会舒适的待在一成不变的环境里。第五,他应该重视荣誉。获得荣誉能体现一个人的美德和价值。为了赢得荣誉,他将会提高和完善自己,获得显著成就。
10.单选题
In1906muchofSanFranciscowasdestroyedbyanearthquakeandthefiresthat()
问题1选项
A.evaded
B.ensued
C.encountered
D.emitted
【答案】B
【解析】动词辨析。句意:1906,旧金山大部分地区被地震和随后发生的火灾摧毁。因此选B。
11.单选题
Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost(
)areasinJapaneselife.
问题1选项
A.sophisticated
B.competitive
C.considerate
D.superficial
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。sophisticated意为“见多识广的,老练的”;competitive意为“竞争的,比赛的”;considerate意为“考虑周到的,体贴的”;superficial意为“肤浅的,表面的”。由前面because引导的原因状语,可知好大学的学位意味着好更好的工作,故此推测教育领域具有竞争性,因此选B。
句意:因为一所好大学的学位是获得更好工作的手段,所以教育是日本人生活中最具竞争的领域之一。
12.单选题
Thetermnonverbalcommunication()__anumberofcategories:bodylanguage,vocalinto-nations,physicalobjects,andspace,amongothers.
问题1选项
A.embraces
B.classifies
C.constitutes
D.intervenes
【答案】A
【解析】动词词义辨析。embrace“包含”;classify“分类”;constitute“组成”;intervene“干涉”。句意:非语言交际一词包含很多类:肢体语言、语音语调、物理对象和空间。选项A符合题意。
13.单选题
Recentlythenewspapershavereportedseveral()ontheboundariesofIsraelandJordan.
问题1选项
A.accidents
B.incidents
C.events
D.happenings
【答案】B
【解析】名词词义辨析。accidents“意外事故,交通事故”;incidents“事件,事变”;events“大事件,项目”;happenings“意外发生的事”。句意:最近,报纸报道了几起发生在以色列和约旦边境上的事件。首先可排除选项A和D;选项B含有“事变”的意思,更符合语境,所以正确。
14.单选题
VI.(Jurisprudence)
AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.
ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“law”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.
BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism
71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.
72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.
73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.
74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?
问题1选项
A.Americanlegaleducation
B.Americanlegalscholarship
C.Americanlawreform
D.Americanlawyers
问题2选项
A.werephilosophers
B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines
C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”
D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons
问题3选项
A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”
B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations
C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary
D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw
问题4选项
A.Existingarticulationsofthe“law”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.
B.Methodofempiricaltesting.
C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.
D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:C
第4题:C
【解析】71.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.(美国法律现实主义运动是20世纪美国最重要的本土法学运动,不仅对美国的法学教育和学术产生了深远的影响,而且对美国的法律改革和律师业也产生了深远的影响)可知A选项“美国法律教育”,B选项“美国法律学术”,C选项“美国法律改革”符合原文;D选项“美国律师”原文未提及。因此D选项符合题意。
72.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.(与它的斯堪的那维亚表亲不同,美国法律现实主义主要不是从语义学和认识论的实质哲学学说的法律的延伸。现实主义者是律师(加上一些社会科学家),而不是哲学家,因此,他们的动机是不同的)可以推测出斯堪的那维亚的法律现实主义者们是哲学家,选A选项“是哲学家”,同时可知B选项“主要是实质性哲学理论对法律的延伸”错误,原文只是说美国法律现实主义主要不是从语义学和认识论的实质哲学学说的法律的延伸,没有说斯堪的那维亚的法律现实主义是否是实质性哲学理论对法律的延伸,B选项偷换概念;第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).(作为律师,他们(指的是美国的现实主义者)与当时占主导地位的“机械法学”或“形式主义”相抗衡。这里所指的“形式主义”认为,法官根据不同的法律规则和理由来判决案件,这些规则和理由在大多数案件(也许是每一个案件)中证明一个独特的结果是正当的)可知C选项“与‘机械法学’相抵触”和D选项“认为法官根据不同的法律规则和理由判决案件”也属于偷换概念。因此A选项正确。
73.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.(由于现实主义者从未对法律的性质或法律理论的概念作出明确的哲学预设,因此,现实主义者今天的重要法理学任务之一就是对这些观点进行哲学重构和辩护,尤其是反对法律哲学家的批评,尤其是H.L.A.Hart)可知C选项“这些观点的哲学重建和辩护是必要的”符合原文;第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.(相反,现实主义者认为,对法院如何真正判决案件进行仔细的实证研究表明,法院的判决主要不是因为法律,而是基于(粗略地说)他们对案件事实的判断)可知A选项“法院判决案件主要不是基于法律,而是基于他们的‘公平感’”以及D选项“仔细的实证研究表明,法院决定案件主要是因为法律”错误;第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.(法律规则和理由仅仅是根据非法律考虑做出的决定的事后合理化)可知B选项“法律规则和理由仅仅是根据非法律考虑做出的决定的临时合理化”错误。因此C选项正确。
74.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段开头ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…(但现实主义也带有知识文化的印记,它确实与它的斯堪的纳维亚表亲有共同之处。这种文化……是非常“实证主义”的,因为它把自然科学视为所有真知的范式……)可知选C选项“以自然科学为所有真知的范式”;A选项“‘法律’的现有条文并没有通过对法院实际行动的实际观察而得到‘确认’”,B选项“实证检验方法”以及D选项“所有学科都应该仿效自然科学的方法”并不符合题意,排除。因此C选项正确。
15.单选题
TheclimateofEarthischanging.Climatologistsareconfidentthatoverthepastcentury,theglobalaveragesurfacetemperaturehasincreasedbyabouthalfadegreeCelsius.Thiswarmingisthoughttobeatleastpartlytheresultofhumanactivities,suchastheburningoffossilfuelsandtheclearingofforestsforagriculture.Astheglobalpopulationgrowsandnationaleconomiesexpand,theglobalaveragetemperatureisexpectedtocontinueincreasingbyanadditional1.0to3.5℃bytheyear2100.
Climatechangeisoneofthemostimportantenvironmentalissuesfacinghumankind.Understandingthepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystemsisessentialifwearegoingtomanageourenvironmenttominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeandmaximizetheopportunitiesthatitmayoffer.Becausenaturalecosystemsarecomplex,nonlinearsystems,itfollowsthattheirresponsestoclimatechangearelikelytobecomplex.Climatechangemayaffectnaturalecosystemsinavarietyofways.Intheshortterm,climatechangecanalterthemixofplantspeciesinlandecosystemssuchasgrasslands.Inthelongterm,climatechangehasthepotentialtodramaticallyalterthegeographicdistributionofmajorvegetationtypes—savannas,forests,andtundra.Climatechangecanalsopotentiallyalterglobalecosystemprocesses,includingthecyclingofcarbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,andsulfur.Moreover,changesintheseecosystemprocessescanaffectandbeaffectedbychangesintheplantspeciesoftheecosystemandvegetationtype.Alloftheclimate—changeinducedalterationsofnaturalecosystemservicesthattheseecosystemsprovidetohumans.
TheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseofhalfadegreeCelsiusobservedoverthepastcenturyhasbeeninpartduetodifferentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures,resultinginanarrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange.DecreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerangewerefirstidentifiedintheUnitedStates,wherelarge-areatrendsshowedthatmaximumtemperatureshaveremainedconstantorincreasedonlyslightly,whereasminimumtemperatureshaveincreasedatafasterrate.Inthisissue,Alwardetal.reportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreases.
11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonfortheglobalwarming?
12.Thesecondparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith____.
13.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthetemperatureincreasesobservedoverthepastcentury?
14.Insubsequentparagraphs,wemayexpectthewriterofthispassageto____.
15.Theword“diurnal”(Paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto“____”.
问题1选项
A.Theburningoffuelssuchascoaloroil.
B.Theclearingofforests.
C.Thecultivationoffarmland.
D.Thenegativeconsequencesofhumanactivities.
问题2选项
A.thepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystems
B.howtominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange
C.howtomaximizetheopportunitiesthatclimatechangemayoffer
D.thecomplex,nonlinearnatureofnaturalecosystems
问题3选项
A.Increasesofdailymaximumtemperatures.
B.Decreasesofdailyminimumtemperatures.
C.Increasesofdiurnaltemperaturerange.
D.Decreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange.
问题4选项
A.discusstheglobalimpactsoftemperaturesincreases
B.presentapointofviewwhichsupportstheideaofthesecondparagraph
C.introduceAlward’sreportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreases
D.furtherillustratethecausesoftheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincrease
问题5选项
A.day-and-night’s
B.everyday
C.twodays’
D.yearly
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:B
【解析】11.【选项释义】
WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonfortheglobalwarming?下列哪一项没有被作为全球变暖的原因提到?
A.Theburningoffuelssuchascoaloroil.A.煤或石油等燃料的燃烧。
B.Theclearingofforests.B.砍伐森林。
C.Thecultivationoffarmland.C.耕地的耕种。
D.Thenegativeconsequencesofhumanactivities.D.人类活动的负面后果。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词areasonfortheglobalwarming可定位到原文第1段。本段第2句提到“这种变暖被认为至少部分原因是人类活动的结果(theresultofhumanactivities),例如燃烧化石燃料(theburningoffossilfuels)和为农业砍伐森林(theclearingofforestsforagriculture)。”本题要求选择的是没有被提到的原因,C选项“耕地的耕种”没有被提到,符合题意。
【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项原文有提到,不符合题意,属于反向干扰。
12.【选项释义】
Thesecondparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith____.第2段主要是关于____。
A.thepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystemsA.气候变化对自然生态系统的潜在影响
B.howtominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeB.如何将气候变化的负面影响降到最低
C.howtomaximizetheopportunitiesthatclimatechangemayofferC.如何最大限度地利用气候变化带来的机遇
D.thecomplex,nonlinearnatureofnaturalecosystemsD.自然生态系统的复杂、非线性性质
【考查点】主旨大意题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Thesecondparagraph定位到原文第2段,本题要求选择的是原文第2段的主旨大意。本段第2句说到“如果我们要治理环境,以最大限度地减少气候变化的负面后果(minimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange),并最大限度地利用它可能提供的机遇(maximizetheopportunitiesthatitmayoffer)的话,了解气候变化对自然生态系统的潜在影响(understandingthepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystems)是至关重要的。”由此可知,这句话的重点是“了解气候变化对自然生态系统的潜在影响”。另外,本段第4句提到“气候变化可能会在很多方面影响自然生态系统(affectnaturalecosystems)”,并且之后具体介绍了这些影响。综上所述,A选项“气候变化对自然生态系统的潜在影响”更符合本段主旨。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“如何将气候变化的负面影响降到最低”,是引入本段主旨的辅助信息,并不是本段主旨,该选项属于本末倒置;
C选项“如何最大限度地利用气候变化带来的机遇”,也是引入本段主旨的辅助信息,并不是本段主旨,该选项属于本末倒置;
D选项“自然生态系统的复杂、非线性性质”,可定位到原文第2段第3句,该句提到“由于自然生态系统是复杂的非线性系统(naturalecosystemsarecomplex,nonlinearsystems),因此它们对气候变化的反应很可能是复杂的。”由此可知,该选项只是生态系统对气候变化的反应是复杂的,并不是本段主旨,该选项属于本末倒置。
13.【选项释义】
Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthetemperatureincreasesobservedoverthepastcentury?根据作者的观点,在过去的一个世纪中观察到的温度上升的主要原因可能是什么?
A.Increasesofdailymaximumtemperatures.A.每日最高气温升高。
B.Decreasesofdailyminimumtemperatures.B.日最低气温下降。
C.Increasesofdiurnaltemperaturerange.C.日温差增大。
D.Decreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange.D.日温差减小。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词temperatureincreases和thepastcentury定位到原文第3段。该段第1句提到“过去一个世纪观测到的全球平均地表温度上升了0.5摄氏度,部分原因是由于日最高和最低温度的差异变化(differentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures),导致日温度范围缩小(anarrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange)。”本段第2句提到“日温差的减小(Decreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange)首先是在美国发现的,那里的大面积趋势表明,最高温度(maximumtemperatures)保持不变或仅略有上升(remainedconstantorincreasedonlyslightly),而最低温度(minimumtemperatures)上升的速度更快(increasedatafasterrate)。”由此可知,日最高气温保持不变或略有上升,而日最低气温大幅上升,导致日温差减小,且日平均温度上升。因此,D选项“日温差减小”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“每日最高气温升高”,表述错误,每日最高气温只是略有上升或基本保持不变,并且这并不是上个世纪气温升高的全部原因,没有指出每日最低气温的上升,该选项属于以偏概全;
B选项“日最低气温下降”,表述错误,日最低气温上升,而非下降,该选项属于反向干扰;
C选项“日温差增大”,表述错误,日温差减小,而非增大,该选项属于反向干扰。
14.【选项释义】
Insubsequentparagraphs,wemayexpectthewriterofthispassageto____.在接下来的段落中,我们可以期待这篇文章的作者____。
A.discusstheglobalimpactsoftemperaturesincreasesA.讨论气温上升对全球的影响
B.presentapointofviewwhichsupportstheideaofthesecondparagraphB.提出一个支持第二段观点的观点
C.introduceAlward’sreportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreasesC.介绍阿尔沃德关于牧场植物对最低气温上升的不同敏感性的报告
D.furtherillustratethecausesoftheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseD.进一步说明全球平均地表温度上升的原因
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Insubsequentparagraphs可知,本题要求猜测选段接下来的段落的内容,因此,定位到原文最后一段。本段最后一句提
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