考研考博-英语-上海交通职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海交通职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Theinvestigationintothefoodsafetyincidentoverdairyproductstaintedwithmelamineis（

）

问题1选项

A.preceding

B.prescribing

C.proceeding

D.processing

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项precede“先于、领先”；B选项prescribe“规定、开处方”；C选项proceed“开始、继续进行”；D选项process“处理、加工”，句意为：对于奶制品受三聚氰胺污染的食品安全事件，调查仍然在继续。故正确答案选C。

2.单选题

Tomwasn'thappyaboutthedelay,and（

）.

问题1选项

A.Iwasneither

B.Iwasn'tneither

C.neitherwasI

D.eitherwasI

【答案】C

【解析】句意：汤姆对耽搁很不高兴，我也是。根据句意可知，前后表示同样的情况，肯定用So+助动词+主语，否定用Neither+助动词+主语，所以选项C正确。

3.单选题

Although（

）happenedinthatdevelopedcountrysoundslikesciencefiction,itcouldoccurelsewhereintheworld.

问题1选项

A.which

B.what

C.who

D.that

【答案】B

【解析】句意:尽管在那个发达国家发生的事情听起来像科幻小说，但是这些事情却可能在世界的其它地方发生。

语法题。考查主语从句的引导词。分析题干可知“happenedinthat

developedcountry”为although引导的让步状语从句中的主语从句,空格处应填主语从句引导词,并且在从句中充当主语成分。故选B。

4.翻译题

Thereisnothingworsethansomeonewhoisalwayslate.Latenesscanbeacharmingeccentricity—foralittlewhile.ThetroubleisthatMr.orMrs.Unpunctualsoonstartscausinginconveniencetootherpeople.That’swhenthecheerfulacceptancegiveswaytoscornandresentment.

It’ssurprisinghowfartheunpunctualpersonwillgotoinconvenienceothers.(1)Forexample,afteracceptingtheofferofalifttoworkthefollowingmorning,heorshewillfailtoturnupatthepick-upspotattheagreedtime.There’ssuretobeaconvincingreason:lostdoorkeys,achildwithwhoopingcough,acatstuckupanappletree...

Thegiveroftheliftmakessurehe’snotlate.He’smadetheofferandnowhefeelsresponsibleforit;comewhatmaybemustkeephisword.Ontheotherhand,thepersonwho’sreceivingthefavorfeelsfreetoturnup10,15or30minutesafterthetimewhichhadbeenagreedon.Forhimorhertheyareminutesofhurriedactivityearningtherighttochauffeur-drivenluxury;forthedriver—thevictim—theyareminutesofsheerfrustration,boredomandwastedtime.

What’stheresultofthiseasy-goingattitude?(2)Well,maybethepersonwhoofferedtheliftgivesuptheseeminglyendlesswaitanddisappears,inwhichcasethelatecomerstrugglestocompletehisday’sschedulelaterthanever.Whereverhegoesheblamestheliftfor“lettinghimdown”.

There’sanotherequallylikelyresult.(3)Inthisversionofthestory,thegiveroftheliftwaitsinloyalfrustrationatthesideoftheroadforaslongashisthoughtlesspassengertakestoreachthespot.Notonlyarebothofthemlateforwork,butthepassengertellshiscolleaguesaboutthedriver’simpatienceintrafficqueues!

Sowhat’stheanswer?Perhapsthereshouldbeasubtlechangeinhowweviewtime.Atthemomentwethinkofitasaveryelasticcommodity;wemakevaguearrangementstomeetataboutacertaintime,andnoonehasaclearideaastojusthowfarthattimewillstretch.Will“aboutteno’clock”stretchtoaquarterpastten—orwillitstretchtohalfpastten?Therearenofixedrules.

【答案】1.例如，在接受了第二天早上搭便车去上班的提议后，他或她将不在约定的时间内出现在上车地点。

2.好吧，也许那个提供便车的人放弃了看似无止境的等待，然后开车走了，在这种情况下，迟到的人会比以往更晚地完成他的日程安排。

3.在这个版本的故事中，只要这位粗心的乘客到达目的地，提供便车的人就会在路边失望地等待。

5.单选题

Thatwasaman-madedisasterthatclearly[A]couldhaveavertedifthefederalgovernment,specificallytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency,[B]hadquicklymarshaled[C]thepoliticalwillandresourcestoevacuatethosewithoutaccesstocars,insteadofpromotingonitsWebsiteafaith-basedcharity[D]thatwasclearlynomatchfortheproblem.

问题1选项

A.couldhaveaverted

B.hadquicklymarshaled

C.thepoliticalwill

D.thatwas

【答案】A

【解析】考查被动语态。A选项前的主语aman-madedisaster“人为的灾难”，与avert“避免”之间应为被动关系，应将couldhaveaverted改为couldhavebeenaverted。

6.单选题

WhenhewontheprestigiousCulturalPrizeinGermanyin1994,“itwasreportednowhereinBritain,”hesays,soundingratherpiqued.

问题1选项

A.annoyed

B.satisfied

C.excited

D.humiliated

【答案】A

【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项annoyed“恼怒的，烦闷的”；B选项satisfied“感到满意的”；C选项excited“兴奋的，激动的，活跃的”；D选项humiliated“蒙羞的，感到自惭的”。句意：当他1994年在德国获得享有盛誉的文化奖时，“英国没有任何报道，”他说，听起来相当愤怒。Piqued“赌气的，不满的，激怒的”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Forcenturies,humanshaveharnessedthepowerofbiologicalsystemstoimprovetheirlivesandtheworld.Somearguethatbiotechnologybeganthousandsofyearsago,whencropswerefirstbredforspecifictraitsandmicroorganismswereusedtobrewbeer.Othersdefinethebeginningofbiotechnologyastheemergenceoftechniquesallowingresearcherstopreciselymanipulateandtransfergenesfromoneorganismtoanother.

（1）

GenesaremadeupofDNAandareexpressedintoproteins,whichdochemicalworkandformstructurestogiveusspecifictraits.Inthe1970s,scientistsdiscoveredandusedthepowerofnatural“scissors”—proteinscalledrestrictionenzymes—tospecificallyremoveagenefromonekindoforganismandputitintorelatedorunrelatedorganisms.Thus,recombinantDNAtechnology,orwhatmostexpertsnowlabelasmodembiotechnology,wasbom.

Thepioneersofbiotechnologycouldnothaveenvisionedourcurrentabilitiestoengineerplantstoresistdisease,animalstoproducedrugsintheirmilk,andsmallparticlestotargetanddestroycancercells.（2）Genomicsisbasedonthesetoolsandisthestudyofgenesandtheirfunctions.Wehavedeterminedthecompositionof,or“sequenced”，theentiresetofgenesforhumansandseveralotherorganismsusingbiotechnology.

（3）

Biotechnology,orreallyanytechnology,doesnotexistinavacuum.Itisderivedfromhumaneffortsandaffectedbysocial,cultural,andpoliticalclimates.Societydrivesandregulatestechnology,attemptingtominimizethedownsidesandmaximizethebenefits.

（4）

Recentcontroversiesovertheuseofgeneticallyengineeredorganismsinfoodandagriculturehaveillustratedthatthisboundaryisnotsoclear.Notonlyaretheresafetyconcernsaboutgeneticallyengineeredorganisms,buttherearealsoculturaldifferencesinacceptanceoftheproducts.

Internationalcontextsfortechnologiesareimportantandshouldbeconsidered.（5）

Ontheotherhand,therearesocialsystemsthatareaffectedbynewtechnologiesandfearsofcreatinggreaterdividesbetweenrichandpooriftechnologyisnotaccessibletoallsectorsofsociety.

问题1选项

A.Thediscoveryofthestructureofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)inthe1950smarksthestartofthisera.

B.Manynaturalandphysicalscientistswouldpreferthattheseparationbetweensocialandethicalconcernsandscienceandtechnologybewelldefined.

C.Genomicinformationishelpingusbettertoevaluatethecommonalitiesanddiversityamongorganismsandhumanbeingsandtounderstandandcuredisease,eventailoringtreatmentstoindividuals.

D.Thereareclearindicationsthatbiotechnologycanbenefitthepoorandhungryoftheworldwithoutharmingtheenvironment.

E.Biotechnologyisnotapanaceaforglobalproblems,butitisatoolthatholdsagreatdealofpromiseifusedappropriately.

F.However,biotechnologyismorethanengineering—itisalsoasetoftoolsforunderstandingbiologicalsystems.

问题2选项

A.Thediscoveryofthestructureofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)inthe1950smarksthestartofthisera.

B.Manynaturalandphysicalscientistswouldpreferthattheseparationbetweensocialandethicalconcernsandscienceandtechnologybewelldefined.

C.Genomicinformationishelpingusbettertoevaluatethecommonalitiesanddiversityamongorganismsandhumanbeingsandtounderstandandcuredisease,eventailoringtreatmentstoindividuals.

D.Thereareclearindicationsthatbiotechnologycanbenefitthepoorandhungryoftheworldwithoutharmingtheenvironment.

E.Biotechnologyisnotapanaceaforglobalproblems,butitisatoolthatholdsagreatdealofpromiseifusedappropriately.

F.However,biotechnologyismorethanengineering—itisalsoasetoftoolsforunderstandingbiologicalsystems.

问题3选项

A.Thediscoveryofthestructureofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)inthe1950smarksthestartofthisera.

B.Manynaturalandphysicalscientistswouldpreferthattheseparationbetweensocialandethicalconcernsandscienceandtechnologybewelldefined.

C.Genomicinformationishelpingusbettertoevaluatethecommonalitiesanddiversityamongorganismsandhumanbeingsandtounderstandandcuredisease,eventailoringtreatmentstoindividuals.

D.Thereareclearindicationsthatbiotechnologycanbenefitthepoorandhungryoftheworldwithoutharmingtheenvironment.

E.Biotechnologyisnotapanaceaforglobalproblems,butitisatoolthatholdsagreatdealofpromiseifusedappropriately.

F.However,biotechnologyismorethanengineering—itisalsoasetoftoolsforunderstandingbiologicalsystems.

问题4选项

A.Thediscoveryofthestructureofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)inthe1950smarksthestartofthisera.

B.Manynaturalandphysicalscientistswouldpreferthattheseparationbetweensocialandethicalconcernsandscienceandtechnologybewelldefined.

C.Genomicinformationishelpingusbettertoevaluatethecommonalitiesanddiversityamongorganismsandhumanbeingsandtounderstandandcuredisease,eventailoringtreatmentstoindividuals.

D.Thereareclearindicationsthatbiotechnologycanbenefitthepoorandhungryoftheworldwithoutharmingtheenvironment.

E.Biotechnologyisnotapanaceaforglobalproblems,butitisatoolthatholdsagreatdealofpromiseifusedappropriately.

F.However,biotechnologyismorethanengineering—itisalsoasetoftoolsforunderstandingbiologicalsystems.

问题5选项

A.Thediscoveryofthestructureofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)inthe1950smarksthestartofthisera.

B.Manynaturalandphysicalscientistswouldpreferthattheseparationbetweensocialandethicalconcernsandscienceandtechnologybewelldefined.

C.Genomicinformationishelpingusbettertoevaluatethecommonalitiesanddiversityamongorganismsandhumanbeingsandtounderstandandcuredisease,eventailoringtreatmentstoindividuals.

D.Thereareclearindicationsthatbiotechnologycanbenefitthepoorandhungryoftheworldwithoutharmingtheenvironment.

E.Biotechnologyisnotapanaceaforglobalproblems,butitisatoolthatholdsagreatdealofpromiseifusedappropriately.

F.However,biotechnologyismorethanengineering—itisalsoasetoftoolsforunderstandingbiologicalsystems.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:F

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:E

【解析】1.联系上下文。根据“Forcenturies,humanshaveharnessedthepowerofbiologicalsystemstoimprovetheirlivesandtheworld.”“Inthe1970s...”可知本段是以生物技术的起源为引子，以时间为线索简要地介绍人类发展和研究基因的过程。A选项含有时间节点1950s，且提及thediscoveryofthestructureofDNA,符合第一段的话题。

2.联系上下文。空格后一句中“thesetools”。指示代词these,表明要选择的内容里应该包括“tools”这一单词。选项F含有单词“tools”，且选项中提及的engineering在上句中也提及了，前后文内容衔接。

3.联系上下文。空格所在句的上文提及基因组(genomic),并提及其目前已取得的进步。空格处句子的内容应与基因组相关，选项中提及基因组的选项为C。

4.联系上下文。空格后一句中含有“thisboundary”，说明空格的句子中应包含“boundary”这一单词。选项B中的“separation”与“boundary”同义。

5.联系上下文。空格后一句中提及的“ontheotherhand”，说明前后两句间存在一种转折关系。因此，空格处句子应说明积极方面。选项E涉及其积极方面，且承接前后文。

8.单选题

AlltheslavesinUSAwere（）afterthecivilwar.

问题1选项

A.arrested

B.abandoned

C.manumitted

D.magnified

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项arrest“逮捕；（司法机关）扣留（船只）”；B选项abandon“遗弃；离开”；C选项manumit“解放；释放”；D选项magnify“放大；赞美”。句意：美国内战结束后，所有奴隶都被释放。因此C符合题意。

9.单选题

Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynVosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenVosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.

Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?

ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.

Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.

1.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligenttest?

2.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?

3.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasVosSavant’sbecause______

4.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat______

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtest?

问题1选项

A.Answeringphilosophicalquestions.

B.Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.

C.Tellingthedifferencebetweencertainconcepts.

D.Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.

问题2选项

A.PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.

B.MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.

C.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.

D.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.

问题3选项

A.thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.

B.creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.

C.VosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.

D.thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.

问题4选项

A.testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.

B.IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.

C.testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.

D.traditionaltestareoutofdate.

问题5选项

A.Supportive.

B.Skeptical.

C.Impartial.

D.Biased.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“下列哪一项在智力测试中可能需要？”。A项“回答哲学问题”，B项“把纸折成或剪成不同的形状”，C项“说明某些概念之间的区别”，D项“选择与所给相似的词或图”。第一段第三句提到IQtestaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.（智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，以及其他类似的项目）以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.（传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，但没有测量创造性和实际知识，这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素），由此可知智力测试中可能需要创造性和实际知识。A项和C项文中没有提及，属于无中生有；B项与题意不符，文中只是提到在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，不是折叠或剪纸张。因此该题只有D项正确。

2.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从第三段关于智力测试的描述我们可以推断出……？”。第三段的内容主要是描述智力测试的两种形式，斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，这两种都有成人和儿童测试类型；由于测试价格昂贵，通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试，现在一些测试的变种在网上流行。由此可知，儿童和成人的智力测试类型不同。A项“人们不再使用IQ分数作为智力的指标”，第三段最后一句提到Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.（其他标准测试，比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试，包含了智商测试的主要方面），因此A项错误。B项“现在网上有更多的IQ测试版本”，第三段第四行提到althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.（尽管这些测试的变种在书店和环球网上流行），可知网上流行的是上文提到的斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表这两种测试的变种，而非更多的测试版本，B项与题意不符。D项“科学家们已经确定了人类智力的重要组成部分”文中无提及。因此该题C项“成人和儿童的测试内容和形式有所不同”正确。

3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“现在的人们不能再达到像VosSavant那样高的智商分数是因为……？”。第三段第四行有提到SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepecks,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.（得到像VosSavant这样的超高分数再也不可能了，因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况，而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以100来划分智能年龄），由此得知，人们不能再达到像VosSavant那样高的智商分数是因为计算方法与以前不同。A项“分数是通过不同的计算程序得到的”与题意符合；B项“现在强调的是创造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息，内容与题意不符；C项“VosSavant的案例是一个极端的案例，不会重演”和D项“智商测试的定义特征已经改变”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。

4.【试题解析】判断归纳题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出……？”。文章最后一段指出，有专家认为，标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，随后解释了这种观点，指出传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，而且一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确，并且应试能力也很重要。这说明智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。A项“考试成绩可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标”符合题意；B项“智商分数和SAT成绩高度相关”与文意相反；C项“测试涉及大量的猜测”属于夸大其词；D项“传统测试过时了”属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。

5.【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“作者对智力测试的态度是怎样的？”。A项“支持的”，B项“怀疑的”，C项“公平的”，D项“有偏见的”。文章最后一段，作者引用了Sternberg的话，IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange（一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确），以及后面提到IQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite（如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试，那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能，但是，在高压力状况下，智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系是否定的，也就是说，它预测的结果是相反的），由此可以看出作者对IQ测试是持有怀疑态度的。A项与作者态度相反，因此错误；D项和C项不符合作者态度，因此只有B选项正确。

10.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

BeginningintheUnitedStatesinDecember2007(andwithmuchgreaterintensitysinceSeptember2008，accordingtotheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch),muchoftheindustrializedworldhasbeenundergoingarecession,apronounceddecelerationofeconomicactivity.Thisglobalrecessionhasbeentakingplaceinaneconomicenvironmentcharacterizedbyvariousimbalancesandwassparkedbytheoutbreakofthefinancialcrisisof2007-2010.Althoughthelate2000srecessionhasattimesbeenreferredtoas“theGreatRecession,”thissamephrasehasbeenusedtorefertoeveryrecessionoftheseveralprecedingdecades.InJuly2009,itwasannouncedthatagrowingnumberofeconomistsbelievedthattherecessionmayhaveended.

ThefinancialcrisishasbeenlinkedtorecklessandunsustainablelendingpracticescompoundedbygovernmentinterventionandthegrowingtrendofsecuritizationofrealestatemortgageintheUnitedStates.TheUSmortgage-backedsecurities,whichhadrisksthatwerehardtoassess,weremarketedaroundtheworld.Amorebroadbasedcreditboomfedaglobalspeculativebubbleinrealestateandequities,whichservedtoreinforcetheriskylendingpractices.Theprecariousfinancialsituationwasmademoredifficultbyasharpincreaseinoilandfoodprices.TheemergenceofSub-primeloanlossesin2007beganthecrisisandexposedotherriskyloansandover-inflatedassetprocess.WithloanlossesmountingandthefallofLehmanBrothersonSeptember15,2008,amajorpanicbrokeoutontheinter-bankloanmarket.AsshareandhousingpricesdeclinedmanylargeandwellestablishedinvestmentandcommercialbanksintheUnitedStatesandEuropesufferedhugelossesandevenfacedbankruptcy,resultinginmassivepublicfinancialassistance.

Aglobalrecessionhasresultedinsharpdropininternationaltrade,risingunemploymentandslumpingcommodityprices.InDecember2008,theNationalBureauofEconomicResearch(NBER)declaredthattheUnitedStateshadbeeninrecessionsinceDecember2007.Severaleconomistshavepredictedthatrecoverymaynotappearuntil2011andthattherecessionwillbetheworstsincetheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.Theconditionsleadinguptothecrisis,characterizedbyanexorbitantriseinassetpricesandassociatedboomineconomicdemand,areconsideredaresultoftheextendedperiodofeasilyavailablecredit,inadequateregulationandoversight,orincreasinginequality.

TherecessionhasrenewedinterestinKeynesianeconomicideasonhowtocombatrecessionaryconditions.Fiscalandmonetarypolicieshavebeensignificantlyeasedtostemtherecessionandfinancialrisks.Mosteconomistsbelievethatthestimulusshouldbewithdrawnassoonastheeconomiesrecoverenoughto“chartapathtosustainablegrowth”.

【答案】2007年12月从美国开始(美国国家经济研究局称，自2008年9月以来，美国的经济衰退强度更大)，许多工业化国家经济衰退，经济活动明显减速。这次全球经济衰退发生在以各种不平衡为特征的经济环境中，是由2007-2010年金融危机爆发引起的。虽然2000年后期的经济衰退有时被称为“经济大衰退”，但同样的说法也被用来指过去几十年的每一次经济衰退。2009年7月，越来越多的经济学家相信此次经济衰退可能已经结束。

这次金融危机与不计后果和无法维持的借贷行为有关，再加上政府的干预和美国房地产抵押证券化的日益增长的趋势。美国抵押担保证券已在世界各地被销售，这些证券的风险很难评估。

一个更广泛的信贷繁荣催生了全球房地产和股票投机泡沫，从而加强了高风险贷款做法。岌岌可危的财政状况因石油和食品价格急剧上涨而变得更加困难了。2007年次贷款亏损的出现引发了这次危机，暴露了其他高风险贷款和过度膨胀的资产过程。随着贷款损失的增加以及2008年9月15日雷曼兄弟的破产，银行间贷款市场出现了重大恐慌。随着股票和房价的下跌，美国和欧洲许多大型、老牌的投资银行和商业银行遭受了巨大的损失，甚至面临破产，从而导致大量的公共财政援助。

全球经济衰退导致国际贸易急剧下降，失业率上升，商品价格下跌。2008年12月，美国国家统计局宣布，自2007年12月以来，美国一直处于经济衰退状态。几位经济学家预测，经济复苏可能要到2011年才会出现，这次经济经济衰退将是20世纪30年代经济大萧条以来最严重的一次。导致这次经济危机的条件被认为是由于信贷期限延长、监管和监督不足或不平等加剧造成的，其特点是资产价格暴涨和相关的经济需求激增。

这次经济经济衰退使人们对凯恩斯主义关于如何应对经济衰退的经济观点重新产生了兴趣。财政和货币政策已大幅度放松，以遏制经济衰退和金融风险。大多数经济学家认为，一旦经济恢复到足以“开辟一条可持续增长的道路”，经济刺激计划就应该立即退出。

11.翻译题

ReadthefollowingParagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

尽管我们对“学习”的理解不尽完善，然而我们对此已有不少了解。“学习”可以呈现不同的形式，也可以在许多情况下进行。一般来说，“学习”必然会引起行为的变化。“学习”导致人们行为发生变化吋，这种变化常能持久。“学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。就好比你在钢琴上学习一首新的曲子。

【答案】

Althoughourunderstandingoflearningisstillnotcomplete,agreatdealisknown.Learninghasmanydifferentformsandtakesplaceundermanyconditions.Ingeneral,itinvolvesachangeinbehavior.Whenachangeinbehaviortakesplaceasaresultoflearning,thechangeisusuallyalong-lastingone.Learningmaymeanthatanumberofsmallindependentactsarearrangedinaneworder.Thishappens,forexample,whenyoulearntoplayanewpieceonthepiano.

12.单选题

Theleaseis（）insayingthattherentmustbepaidindollarsbythe20thofeverymonth.

问题1选项

A.explicit

B.implicit

C.conspicuous

D.distinctive

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析题。explicit"详述的,明确的";implicit"含蓄的'conspicuous"显著的";distinctive"有特色的,与众不同的",一般接介词of。句意：契约上明确规定房租必须在每月20日前以美元支付。选项A符合句意。

13.单选题

Vickyhasbeensadrecently,forherplantogotocollege（）atthelastmoment.

问题1选项

A.fellout

B.fellbehind

C.fellin

D.fellthrough

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项fellout“争吵”；B选项fellbehind“落后，拖欠”；C选项fellin“排队，到期”；D选项fellthrough“未能实现”。根据句意“Vicky最近很伤心，因为她计划上大学，最后却未能实现。”选项D符合句意。

14.单选题

Thearticleinsinuatedthattheofficialwasbribed.

问题1选项

A.deniedpositively

B.statedflatly

C.arguedconvincingly

D.suggestedindirectly

【答案】D

【解析】insinuate意为暗示。deniedpositively明确否认；statedflatly平平的陈述；arguedconvincingly令人信服地论证；suggestedindirectly迂回的表示。选项D与之意思相近。

15.单选题

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”：toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto’’along,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastfort,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggestthatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8,000BC.tillapproximateAD1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsame8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000BCand1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld'spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

1.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternismostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?

2.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societieswereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause（

）.

3.Whichstatementistrueaboutpopulationincrease?

4.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto

（

）.

5.Theword“demographic”inthefirstparagraphmeans（

）.

问题1选项

A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.

B.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,dramaticincrease.

C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedsbirthratesandthenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.