专题07：科普知识

备战2021年高考英语主题阅读专练专题07科普知识话题：完形填空会两种语言可帮助减缓大脑衰老的速度。阅读理解A篇“晚上牛奶”可以帮助睡眠。B篇心脏与恐惧的关系。C篇神经元对于人类的行为和人类互动的作用。七选五积极思考对人的各种益处。改错宇航员在太空中是如何睡觉的。语法填空鸡为什么会有各种颜色的蛋的原因。一、完形填空阅读短文,掌握其大意,从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择最佳答案填空。Speakingtwolanguagescanactuallyhelpreducesomeeffectsofagingonthebrain,anewstudyhasfound.Researcherstestedhowlongparticipantsneededto1fromonecognitive（认知）tasktoanother,somethingthat'sknownto2longerforolderadults,saidleadresearcher,BrainGold,anexpertattheUniversityofKentucky,“Ithasgreateffectsthesedaysbecauseourpopulationis3gradually,"Goldsaid.“Seniorsare4longer,andthat'sagoodthing,butit'sonlyagoodthing5acertaindegreethattheirbrainsare6 ."Gold'steamcomparedtask-switchingofyoungerandolder7 ,knowingtheywouldfindslowerspeedsinthe8populationbecauseofpreviousstudies.9 ,theyfoundthatolderadultswhospoketwolanguageswereabletoswitchmentalgear（齿轮） 10thanthosewhodidn't.First,Goldandhisteam11 30people,whowereeitherbilingual（双语的） 12monolingual（单语的）,tolookataseriesofcoloredshapesand13withthenameofeachshapebypushingabutton.Then,they14theparticipantswithasimilarseriesofcoloredshapesandaskedthemtorespondwithwhat15theshapeswerebypushingabutton.Thebilingualpeoplehadthe16 torespondfastertotheshiftingprompts（提示）.Researchersthengathered80morepeopleforasecond17 ;40bilingualsand40monolinguals.Thistime,researchersusedFMRImachinesto18brainactivityduringthesameshape-andcolor-identifying 19 .Goldandhisteamfoundthatbilingualpeoplehaddifferentbrainactivitythantheirmonolingualpeers.“Learningasecondlanguageinchildhoodwasthoughtofas20 ，”Goldsaid.“Actually,it'sbeneficial.”1.A．switchB．performC．jumpD．transport2.A．holdB．spendC．lastD．take3.A．increasingB．agingC．growingD．exploding4.A．survivingB．stayingC．livingD．expecting5.A．withB．inC．atD．to6.A．powerfulB．healthyC．sensitiveD．special7.A．adultsB．researchersC．leadersD．seniors8.A．randomB．ordinaryC．olderD．younger9.A．ThusB．OtherwiseC．BesidesD．However10.A．fasterB．slowerC．longerD．better11.A．paidB．askedC．promisedD．forced12.A．yetB．norC．orD．and13.A．rememberB．realizeC．recallD．reply14.A．presentedB．rewardedC．assistedD．treated15.A．formsB．typesC．colorsD．sizes16.A．rightB．abilityC．opportunityD．determination17.A．experimentB．conclusionC．lessonD．task18.A．recognizeB．improveC．makeD．record19.A．toolsB．scoresC．tasksD．games20.A．uselessB．reasonableC．simpleD．interesting【答案】1.A 2.D 3.B4.C 5.D6.B7.A8.C 9.D 10.A11.B12.C 13.D14.A15.C16.B17.A18.D 19.C 20.A【解析】本文讲述了经过研究发现会两种语言可帮助减缓大脑衰老的速度，而且会两种语言的人要比仅说一种语言的人的反应速度快。A考查动词。A.switch转换；B.perform表演；C.jump跳；D.transport运输。句意：研究者想知道，参与者要多长时间从一个任务转换到另一个任务。故选A。D考查动词。A.hold持有；B.spend花费；C.last持续；D.take需要。句意：对于老年人，对于已经知道的东西需要更长的时间去转换。故选D。B考查动词。A.increasing增加；B.aging变老；C.growing成长；D.exploding爆炸。句意：在今天那有极大的影响，因为我们的人口正在逐渐地老龄化。故选B。C考查动词。A.surviving幸存；B.staying呆；C.living生活；D.expecting期望。句意：老年人更长寿是好事。故选C。D考查介词。固定短语：toacertaindegree（在某种程度上）。句意：这在某种程度上对大脑的健康是有好处的。故选D。B考查形容词。A.powerful有力量的；B.healthy健康的；C.sensitive敏感的；D.special特殊的。句意：这在某种程度上仅仅是对大脑的健康是有好处的。故选B。A考查名词。A.adults成人；B.researchers研究者；C.leaders领导人；D.seniors老年人。句意：Gold的团队比较了年轻的成年人和老年人的任务切换，他们会发现老年人的速度较慢。故选A。C考查形容词。A.random任意地；B.ordinary普通的；C.older年老的；D.younger年轻的。句意：句意：Gold的团队比较了年轻的成年人和老年人的任务切换，他们会发现老年人的速度较慢。故选CoD考查副词°A.Thus因此；B.Otherwise否则;C.Besides另外；D.However然而。句意：然而，他们发现说两种语言的老年人比没有学习语言的人更快。故选DoA考查形容词。A.faster更快的；B.slower更慢的；C.longer更长的；D.better更好的。句意：然而，他们发现说两种语言的老年人比没有学习语言的人更快。故选AoB考查动词。A.paid付钱；B.asked询问；C.promised答应；D.forced强迫。句意：首先，Gold和他的团队询问了30个人。故选BoC考查连词。固定搭配：either...or...（或者 或者 ）。句意：这30人或者是双语的或者是单语的。故选CoD考查动词。A.remember记住；B.realize意识到；C.recall回忆；D.reply回答。句意：让他们看一系列有颜色的形状，并且通过按按钮回答每个形状的颜色。故选DoA考查动词。A.presented呈现；B.rewarded回报；C.assisted帮助；D.treated对待。句意：然后他们呈现给参与者类似的彩色形状，并且要求他们通过按按钮对是什么颜色的形状做出响应。故选A。C考查名词。A.forms形状；B.types类型；C.colors颜色；D.sizes大小。句意：然后他们呈现给参与者类似的彩色形状，并且要求他们通过按按钮对是什么颜色的形状做出响应。故选CoB考查名词。A.right权力；B.ability能力；C.opportunity机会；D.determination决定。句意：双语者有能力对变化的提示作出更快的反应。故选BoA考查名词。A.experiment实验；B.conclusion结论；C.lesson教训；D.task任务。句意：研究者然后又组织了80多人做了又一次实验。故选AoD考查动词。A.recognize认出；B.improve提高；C.make制造；D.record记录。句意：这一次，研究人员利用功能磁共振成像仪记录了对做了相同形状和颜色识别任务的大脑活动。故选DoC考查名词。A.tools工具；B.scores分数；C.tasks任务；D.games游戏。句意：这一次，研究人员利用功能磁共振成像仪记录了对做了相同形状和颜色识别任务的大脑活动。故选CoA考查形容词。A.useless无用的；B.reasonable合理的；C.simple简单的；D.interesting有趣的。句意：“儿童第二语言学习被认为是无用的，”Gold说，“实际上这是有益的。”故选Ao二、阅读理解阅读下列短文，然后从每小题选项中选出能回答所提问题的最佳答案。AAwarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight'ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff（打瞌睡）一ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin（褪黑激素），whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety（焦虑）.Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowder（奶粉）madefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.Whiletheeffectofcowmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhohavetroublefallingasleepatnight.Previous（以前的）studieshavealsoshowedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.Accordingtothetext,themicefedwithdaytimemilk .A．startedsleepmoreeasily B．weremoreanxiousC．werelessactive D．wokeuplaterWhichofthefollowingistrueofmelatoninaccordingtothetext?A．It'sbeentestedonmicefortenyears.B．Itcanmakepeoplemoreenergetic.C．Itexistsinmilkingreatamount.D．It'susedinsleepingdrugs.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．NightMilkandSleep B．FatSugarandHealthC．AnExperimentonMice D．MilkDrinkingandHealthHowdoestheauthorsupportthethemeofthetext?A．Bygivingexamples.B．Bystatingarguments.C．Byexplainingstatisticaldata.D．Byprovidingresearchresults.【答案】B2.D3.A4.D【解析】.本文讲述了晚上牛奶和睡眠的关系，晚上牛奶包含更多的褪黑激素，这种物质可以帮助睡眠。推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime可知，喂晚上牛奶的那些老鼠比喂白天牛奶的老鼠更不活跃，更不焦虑。故喂白天牛奶的老鼠更焦虑。故选B。纟田节理解题。由第二段“Researchershavediscoveredthatnightmilkcontainsmoremelatonin,whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety'可知，褪黑色素可以使人有困意，因此可以用于安眠药中。故选D项。主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文主要讲了在老鼠身上做了实验得知晚上产的牛奶中含有更多褪黑色素，有助于睡眠，故A项符合题意。推理判断题。根据前三段可知，作者是通过提供研究结果来支持文章主题的。故选D。BFearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting（收缩）andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed.Scientistssaytheresultssuggestthattheheartisabletoinfluencehowthebrainrespondstoafearfulevent,dependingonwhichpointitisatinitsregularcycleofcontractionandrelaxation.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“OurStudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.”Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.DrGarfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedthatfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.Thusourheartscanalsoaffectwhatweseeandwhatwedon'tsee一andguidewhetherweseefear.”Tofurtherunderstandthisrelationship,thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner（扫描仪）toshowhowthe

braininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson'sfeelingoffear.“Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandbrain‘speak'toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear,”DrGarfinkelsaid.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdealtwithandwaysthatitcouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”Whatisthefindingofthestudy?A．One'sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear.B．Fearisaresultofone'srelaxedheartbeat.C．Fearhassomethingtodowithone'shealth.One'sfastheartbeatsarelikelytocausefear.Thestudywascarriedoutbyanalyzing .volunteers'heartbeatswhentheysawterriblepicturesthetimevolunteerssawfearfulpicturesandtheirhealthconditionsvolunteers'reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscansdifferentpicturesshowntovolunteersandtheirheart—braincommunicationWhichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“mechanism”inParagraph6?Order. B.System. C.Machine. D.Treatment.Thisstudymaycontributeto .treatinganxietyandstressbetter.explainingthecycleoffearandanxietyfindingthekeytotheheart-braincommunicationunderstandingdifferentfearsinourheartsandheads【答案】5.A6.C7.B8.A5.A6.C7.B8.A【解析】本文属于科普文，介绍了心脏与恐惧的关系。通过两次试验，研究者发现这两者之间的关系同时借助这一发现，研究者希望能够减轻或者治疗恐惧和压力所带来的诸多问题。细节理解题。根据第二段“Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting（收缩）andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed."可知，一个人的心脏影响他对恐惧的感觉。故选A项。细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句“Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces."以及第五段第一句“Tofurtherunderstandthisrelationship,thescientistsalsousedabraincanner（扫描仪）toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson'sfeelingoffear."可知，这项研究是通过分析志愿者对可怕图片和大脑扫描数据的反应来进行的。故选C项。词句猜测题。从后面的句子：bywhichtheheartandbrain‘speak'toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear,"可知通过这个机制，心脏和大脑可以相互‘说话'来改变我们的感受，减少恐惧。所以划线词的意思是“机制”的意思。故选B项。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdealtwithandwaysthatitcouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthoseforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder."可知，这个研究可以有助于更好的治疗焦虑和压力。故选A项。CDoyouknowhowitiswhenyouseesomeoneyawnandyoustartyawningtoo?Orhowharditistobeamongpeoplelaughingandnotlaughyourself?Well,apparentlyit'sbecausewehavemirrorneurons（神经元）inourbrains.Putsimply,theexistenceofmirrorneuronssuggeststhateverytimeweseesomeoneelsedosomething,ourbrainsimitateit,whetherornotweactuallyperformthesameaction.Thisexplainsagreatdealabouthowwelearntosmile,talk,walk,danceorplaysports.Buttheideagoesfurther:mirrorneuronsnotonlyappeartoexplainphysicalactions,theyalsotellusthatthereisabiologicalbasisforthewayweunderstandotherpeople.Mirrorneuronscanundoubtedlybefoundalloverourbrains,butespeciallyintheareawhichrelatetoourabilitytouselanguages,andtounderstandhowotherpeoplefeel.Researchershavefoundthatmirrorneuronsrelatestronglytolanguage.Agroupofresearchersdiscoveredthatiftheygavepeoplesentencestolistento（forexample:“Thehandtookholdoftheball"）,thesamemirrorneuronsweretriggeredaswhentheactionwasactuallyperformed（inthisexample,actuallytakingholdofaball）.

Anyproblemswithmirrorneuronsmaywellresultinproblemswithbehavior.Muchresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewithsocialandbehavioralproblemshavemirrorneuronswhicharenotfullyfunctioning.However,itisnotyetknownexactlyhowthesediscoveriesmighthelpfindtreatmentsforsocialdisorders.Researchintomirrorneuronsseemstoprovideuswithevermoreinformationconcerninghowhumansbehaveandinteract.Indeed,itmayturnouttobetheequivalentforneuroscienceofwhatEinstein'stheoryofrelativitywasforphysics.Andthenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetocoughinthecinemawhensomeoneelsedoes-well,perhapsyou'llunderstandwhy.Mirrorneuronscanexplain .whywecrywhenwearehurtwhywecoughwhenwesufferfromacoldwhywesmilewhenweseesomeoneelsesmilewhyweyawnwhenweseesomeoneelsestayuplateTheunderlinedword“triggered"inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans“ setoff B.cutoff C.builtup D.brokenupWecanlearnfromthepassagethatmirrorneurons .relatetohumanbehaviorandinteractioncontrolhumanphysicalactionsandfeelingsresultinbadbehaviorandsocialdisordersdetermineourknowledgeandlanguageabilitiesWhatisthepassagemainlyabout?Waystofindmirrorneurons.Problemsofmirrorneurons.Existenceofmirrorneurons.Functionsofmirrorneurons.【答案】9.C10.A11.A12.D9.C10.A11.A12.D【解析】试题分析：你知道别人打呵欠你也跟着打呵欠，在众多正在大笑的人群中而你很难不笑吗？这是你的神经元起作用，本文主要讲述神经元对于人类的行为和人类互动的作用。C细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话“theexistenceofmirrorneuronssuggeststhateverytimeweseesomeoneelsedosomething,ourbrainsimitate（模仿）it,whetherornotweactuallyperformthesameaction."可知答案为C项。A词义猜测题。根据下文的perform和本句的含义可知“如果他们给人们一些句子来听，那么他们就会发出同样的神经元和进行一些行为动作一样。所以划线部分单词意为'发出”和setoff近义。A推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Researchintomirrorneuronsseemstoprovideuswithevermoreinformationconcerninghowhumansbehaveandinteract（互动）"可知答案。D主旨大意题。根据第一段的疑问句引出神经元和下文解释神经元对于人类行为和互动提供更多的信息可以知道本文主要告诉我们mirrorneurons的作用，D项能概括文章大意。三、七选五阅读短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。Manypeoplethinkthatpositivethinkingismostlyaboutkeepingone'sheadinthesandandignoringdailyproblems,tryingtolookoptimistic.Inrealityithasmoretodowiththewayanindividualtalkstohimself.Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself. Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue.Peoplewhoregularlypractisepositivethinkingtendtosolveproblemsmoreeffectively.Theyarelessexposedtostresscausedbyexternalfactors.Theytendtobelieveinthemselvesandinwhattheydo.Peoplewhothinkpositivelydemonstrateincreasedlifespans,lowerratesofdepressionandanxiety,betterphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,reducedrisksofdeathfromheartproblems.Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone'sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships. Forexample,researchershavefoundthatinthecaseofacrisisaccompaniedbystrongemotions,suchasanaturaldisaster,positivethinkingcanprovideasortofbufferagainstdepressionandanxiety.Resilientpeoplewhothinkpositivelytendtotreateveryproblemasachallenge,achanceforimprovementofanykind,orasanopportunityforpersonalgrowth.Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress. Inconclusion,positivethinkingisapowerfulandeffectivetoolfordealingwithhardtimesandimprovingthequalityofone'slife.Itdoesn'thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem. Thinkinginapositive,self-encouragingwaybringsaboutmanybenefitstoone'sphysicalandmentalhealth.A.Itdoesn'tcauseanysevereemotionaldiscomfort,either.Negativeself-talkdamagesself-confidenceanddecreasesself-respect.Ithelpsonetoremainclear-headedandconfidentindifficultsituations.Positivethinkinghasseveralbeneficialeffectsonthebodyandthemind.Asthinkingchanges,anindividual'sbehaviourandhabitschangeaswell.Theyoftenofferarealalternativetothecommonandregularwayofthinking.Theyoftenfeeldiscouragedlongbeforetryingtosolvetheproblem,evenifsmall.【答案】B2.D3.C4.G5.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了积极思考对人产生的各种益处，同时将积极思考者与悲观主义者相比较，分析两种人的差异。积极思维是应对困难时期和提高个人生活质量的强大而有效的工具。根据上文“Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself."以及后文“Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue."由此可知，上文对自我对话进行了定义，后文则提到了积极的思考可以有助于停止消极的自我对话，可知本句是在说明消极的自我对话对人的不良影响。后文中negativesel^talks可对应到B选项中Negativeself^alk。故B选项“消极的自言自语会损害自信，降低自尊"符合语境，故选B。根据后文“Peoplewhothinkpositivelydemonstrateincreasedlifespans,lowerratesofdepressionandanxiety,betterphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,reducedrisksofdeathfromheartproblems.Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone'sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships."由此可知，后文提到了积极思考对人的益处，后文中Peoplewhothinkpositively以及Positivethinking可对应到D选项中Positivethinkingo故D选项“积极思考对身心有几个有益的影响"符合语境，故选D。根据后文“Forexample,researchershavefoundthatinthecaseofacrisisaccompaniedbystrongemotions,suchasanaturaldisaster,positivethinkingcanprovideasortofbufferagainstdepressionandanxiety."可知，后文举出的例子说明了积极思考可以让一个人在面临危机时，保持冷静。故C选项“它帮助一个人在困难的情况下保持头脑清醒和自信”符合语境，故选C。根据上文“Resilientpeoplewhothinkpositivelytendtotreateveryproblemasachallenge,achanceforimprovementofanykind,orasanopportunityforpersonalgrowth.Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress."可知，上文在将积极思考者与悲观主义者相比较，本句应承接上文，进一步解释说明悲观主义者在解决问题时一些性格特点。上文Pessimists可对应到G选项中They。故G选项“他们常常在试图解决问题之前就感到气馁，即使是很小的问题符合语境，故选G。根据上文“Inconclusion,positivethinkingisapowerfulandeffectivetoolfordealingwithhardtimesandimprovingthequalityofone'slife.Itdoesn'thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem."可知，本句承接上文进一步说明一个人拒绝注意到问题的影响，它与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系，也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适。故A选项“它也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适”符合语境，故选A。四、短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文,文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处,每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加,删除，修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号,并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;只允许修改10处,多者（从第11处起）不计分AttheInternationalSpaceStation,whichmanyastronautslivewhileinspace,therehavesixteensunsetsandsunriseseveryday!Whentosleepandwhentowakeupcanbeconfused.Astronautsstickascheduleofsleepingforeighthoursattheendofhisshifts.Theyoftenweareyemasksorclosetheirwindowshadestokeepofflight.Beforegotosleep,astronautsmustmakesurethattheirspaceiswellventilated（使 通风）andhaveplentyofoxygentolastafulleighthours.Andsomethingisthesameinspace.Beforethebed,astronautsmightchoosetolistentomusic,readorusetheirlaptops.Wouldyouliketogoonaspacemission?4.sti