成人学士学位英语考试复习资料全

./r/n./r/n一、时态和语态 /r/n1.如何解答时态问题 /r/n例1：You/r/n’/r/nvealreadymissedtoomanyclassesthisterm.You______justlastweek. /r/n A.missed B.wouldmiss C.hadmissed D.havemissed/r/n例2：AnneaskedTom______thekey. /r/n A.whenheleft B.wherehehadleft C.howheleft D.whydidheleft /r/n考试重点： /r/n2.与完成时有关的时态 /r/n★/r/n现在完成时<havedone>since,for/inthepastfewmonths,uptonow 例1：Collectingtoycarsasahobbybecomesincreasinglypopularduringthepastfiftyyears. /r/n ABCD /r/n例2：English______inanewwayatmycollegeinthepastfewyears. /r/n A.hasbeentaught B.wasbeingtaught /r/n C.hasbeentaughtD.hadbeentaught. /r/n★/r/n过去完成时<haddone> /r/n 例3：AnneaskedTom______thekey. /r/n A.whenheleft B.wherehehadleft C.howheleft D.whydidheleft /r/n 例4：Thechemistryclass_____forfiveminuteswhenwehurriedthere. /r/n A.hadbeenon B.hadbegun C.hasbeenon D.wouldbegan/r/n★/r/n将来完成时<willhavedone>by /r/n 例5：We/r/n’/r/nrelateIexpectthefilm_____bythetimewegettothecinema. /r/n A.hadalreadystarted B.havealready /r/n C.willalreadyhavestarted D.havealreadybeenstarted. /r/n★/r/n现在完成进行时<havebeendoing> /r/n 例6：Itseemsoil___________fromthispipeforsometime.We'llhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright. /r/n A.hadleaked B.isleaking C.leaked D.hasbeenleaking /r/n★/r/n过去完成进行时<hadbeendoing> /r/n★/r/n将来完成进行时<willhavebeendoing> /r/n 例7：Bythetimeyouarrivethisevening,_______fortwohours. /r/n A.Iwillstudy B.Iwillhavebeenstudied /r/n C.Ihadstudied D.Iwillhavebeenstudying. /r/n3.在时间和条件状语从句中不用将来时态 /r/n▲/r/n用一般现在时代替一般将来时 /r/n 例1：Whenthemixture_____,itwillgiveoffapowerfulforce. /r/n A.willheat B.willbeheated C.isheated D.hasheated/r/n例2：pleasebesuretotelephonemethenexttimeyou______. /r/n A.willcome B.wouldcome C.shallcome D.come/r/n▲/r/n用现在完成时代替将来完成时 /r/n例3：Smithistostudymedicineassoonashe_______militaryservice. /r/n A.willfinish B.hasfinished C.finish D.wouldfinish/r/n注意： /r/n例4：Noonecanbesureifthecarondisplayfitshimorheruntilheorshe______them. /r/nA.tries B.willtry C.aretrying D.havetried /r/n4.考试小窍门 /r/n◆/r/n考试中如果遇到与完成时态相关的选项,要重点加以研读,一般说来是正确答案。 /r/n二、情态动词 /r/n1.几个情态动词的否定式的含义 /r/n can’t/r/n maynot/r/n mustn’t/r/n need’t/r/n2.表示推测的几个情态动词用法 /r/n★/r/nmust表示肯定的推测,意思是"一定" /r/n+do对现在情况的推测 /r/n must/r/n +havedone对过去情况的推测/r/n 例1：I________asleepinthecorner,forIremembernothingofwhathappenedduringthenight./r/n A.mightfall B.mustfall C.musthavefallen D.canhavefallen/r/n★/r/ncan/r/n’/r/nt/could/r/n’/r/nt表示否定的推测,意思是"不可能" /r/n+do对现在情况的推测 /r/n can’t/couldn’t /r/n +havedone对过去情况的推测 /r/n★/r/nmay/mightnot表示可能性很小的推测,意思是"也许/r/n…/r/n" /r/n +do对现在情况的推测 /r/n may/might /r/n +havedone对过去情况的推测 /r/n3.情态动词的完成时虚拟语气的用法 /r/n needn’thavedone /r/n shouldhavedone /r/n shouldnothavedone /r/n oughttohavedone /r/n couldhavedone /r/n4.考试小窍门 /r/n在遇到情态动词加完成时和情态动词加原形同时出现的情况下,一般说来情态动词加完成时是正确答案。 /r/n×/r/nMustdo /r/n√/r/nMusthavedone /r/n三、虚拟语气 /r/n赵文通 /r/n考试重点： /r/n1.条件句中的虚拟语气 /r/n 例１：IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI______him. /r/n A.hadknown B.haveknown C.knew D.wouldknow/r/n 例２：Ifabettermaterial______,thestrengthofthepartwouldhavebeenincreased. /r/n A.hadbeenused B.hadbeenusing C.beingused D.using/r/n条件句中的虚拟语气需要注意以下三点： /r/n如果条件句中有were,had,should时,可以把if省略,然后把这三个单词提前,形成倒装。 /r/n 例3：_____theadviceofhisfriends,hewouldnothavesufferedsuchaheavylossinhisbusiness. /r/n A.Ifhetook B.ifheshouldtake/r/nC.Werehetotake D.Hadhetaken /r/n含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的应用 /r/n 三级考试中经常出现的三个句型： /r/n Butfor/without/r/n…/r/n,/r/n……/r/n ……,otherwise/or… /r/n ……,but/though…. /r/n 例４：Butforyourhelp,I_____theworkintime. /r/n A.didnotfinish B.couldnotfinish/r/n A.willnotfinish D.wouldnothavefinished/r/n 例５：Withoutelectricity,humanlife_____quitedifferenttoday. /r/n A.is B.willbe C.wouldhavebeen D.wouldbe/r/n 例６：Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwisehe_____tothemeeting. /r/n A.wouldhavecome B.wouldcome C.couldcome D.hadcome /r/n 例７：Wewouldhavemadealotofmoney,butwehalfway /r/n A.gaveup B.hadgivenup C.wouldgiveup D.weretogiveup /r/n错综时间条件句 /r/n 例８：IfIwereyou,Iwouldnothavemissedthefilmlastnight. /r/n2.<should>+动词原形在某些从句中的应用 /r/n1>当宾语从句从的谓语是suggest,request,insist,desire,demand,propose,order,command,arrange等动词时,如: /r/n 例１：Isuggestedthatweshouldgothereonfoot. /r/n注意:当insist表示坚持认为之意时,不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气.如: /r/n 例２：Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney /r/n2>Itisordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/等后的主语从句中 /r/n 例３：Itisdesiredthatweshouldgeteverythingreadytonight3>advice,idea,order,plan,demand,proposal,suggestion,request等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中.如: /r/n 例４：Mysuggestionisthatweshouldholdameetingthisevening/r/n3.wish后的宾与从句中应当用虚拟语气 /r/n4.ifonly引导的感叹句中 /r/n5.asif/asthough引导的状语从句中 /r/n6.wouldrather后的句子的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式 /r/n7.itis<high>timethat/r/n…/r/n.句型中,从句的谓语动词用过去式 /r/n四、非谓语动词 /r/n1.不定式 /r/n不定式的逻辑主语 /r/n 例１：Theroadiswildenoughforcarstopassby./r/n 例２：Itisimportantforyoutoworkhard./r/n 例３：Itiskindofyoutohelpme./r/n不定式的时态和语态 /r/n 例４：Themagnificentmuseumissaid_____aboutahundredyearsago. /r/n A.tobebuilt B.tohavebeenbuilt /r/n C.tohavebuilt D.tohavebeingbuilt /r/n使用不带to的不定式 /r/n1>whynotdo表示委婉的建议 /r/n例１：Whynot_____ProfessorLiforhelpHeiskind-heartedandwillingtohelp. /r/n A.ask B.youask C.toask D.yourasking/r/n2>使役动词have,make,let的后面接不定式做宾语补足语时,用省to的不定式。 /r/n例２：Theteacherhasthestudents_____acompositioneveryotherweek. /r/n A.towrite B.written C.writing D.write/r/n例３：Whilehewasclimbingthehighmountain,hehadhisleg_____ /r/n A.broke B.break C.broken D.breaking /r/n例４：Therewassomuchnoisethatthespeakercouldn/r/n’/r/ntmakehimself_____ /r/n A.hearing B.beingtold C.tohear D.heard/r/n3>表示生理感觉的动词如see,watch,notice,observe,hear后面接不定式做宾语补足语时,用省to的不定式。 /r/n 例５：Withtearsonherface,theoldladywatchedthelittleboy_____toahospital. /r/n A.send B.tobesent C.beingsent D.sending/r/n4>dosomethingbut/exceptdo /r/n 例６：Thereisnothingwecando_____wait. /r/n A.but B.ratherthan C.inspiteof C.besides./r/n5>记住下列不带to的短语 /r/n can’tbut /r/n can’thelpbut /r/n hadbetter /r/n2.动名词 /r/n 1.有些动词后面既可以接动名词又可以接不定式,但意思有差异 /r/n remember /r/n forget /r/n regret/r/n stop/r/n goon/r/n mean/r/n2.后面跟动名词的固定句式 /r/n havetrouble/problems/difficultdoingsomething/r/n feellike/r/n spend/waste…doingsomething/r/n can’thelp/r/n need/deserve/want/r/n beworth/r/n whatabout/howabout/r/n3.分词 /r/n分词作表语 /r/n独立主格结构 /r/n例1：Duringthediscussion,MrBoydremainedsilentwhenaskinghisopinion. /r/nABCD /r/n例2：Yourexperimentreportsmustbecheckedwithcarebefore_______ /r/n A.handedtheminB.themhandinginC.beinghandedinD.handingthemin/r/n例３：_______intheairfuelsgiveoffheat. /r/nA.TburnB.BurnedC.TbeburnedD.Beingburned /r/n五、状语从句 /r/n 赵文通/r/n 考试重点：/r/n 1．时间状语从句/r/n★/r/nwhile//r/n when//r/n as//r/n until/r/n★/r/n一/r/n…/r/n就/r/n…/r/n nosooner…than//r/n hardly…when//r/n scarcely…when/r/n★/r/nthemoment/r/ntheminute /r/ntheinstant /r/n★/r/n固定句型/r/nItis/hasbeen….since… /r/n 1.原因状语从句/r/n nowthat/r/n inthat/r/n 2.条件状语从句/r/nunless /r/naslongas /r/nprovidedthat /r/n 3.让步状语从句/r/nas /r/n though/r/n although/r/n evenif/r/n eventhough/r/n while/r/n whatever/r/n 例1：Ifyoureadthebookasecondtime,andyouwillprobablyhavequiteadifferent/r/n ABC/r/n understandingoftheeventsdescribedinit./r/n D/r/n 例2：Hardasheworked,butMr.Browncouldn/r/n’/r/ntkeeptheshopproperly./r/n ABCD/r/n六、平行结构 /r/nand,or,but /r/n比较级 /r/n例1：Ienjoyeatingingoodrestaurantsandtogotothetheaterafterwards. /r/nABCD /r/n例２：Itusuallytakesmuchlesstimetoflyfromonecountrytoanotherthantravelingbytrain. /r/nABCD /r/n例３：Theroomswerethenemptyandmostofthemhavebeenshutup. /r/nABCD /r/nPrefer引出的平行结构： /r/n Prefersomethingtosomething/r/n Preferdoingsomethingtodoingsomething/r/n Prefertodosomethingratherthandosomething/r/nPrefer的特殊用法： /r/n Prefersomebodytodosomething/r/n e.g:IpreferyoutospeakEnglishintheclass./r/n1、anumberof,thenumberof /r/nanumberof+可数名词,谓语用复数,意为许多,大量的/r/n……/r/nthenumberof+可数名词,谓语用单数,意为/r/n……/r/n的数目 /r/n2、able,capable,competent /r/nable为常用词,指具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知识与时间等,搭配是beabletodos.th。如：Acatisabletoseeinthedark.〔猫在黑暗中能看见东西。 /r/ncapable指满足一般要求的能力,搭配是becapableof+doing。 /r/ncompetent指"胜任","合格",或受过专业技术等训练的,但不是超群的能力。如：Adoctorshouldbecompetenttotreatmanydiseases.〔医生应该能治多种病。 /r/n3、aboveall；afterall；atall;inall /r/naboveall意为"尤其是"、"首先"、"最重要的是",常位于句首或句中,作插入语,起强调作用。如： /r/nButabovealltellmequicklywhatIhavetodo．可首先快些告诉我该做什么。 /r/nafterall意为"毕竟"、"终究"、"终归"、"到底",在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如：/r/nAfterall,yourbirthdayisonlytwoweeksaway．毕竟,两周后就是你的生日。/r/nHeis,afterall,asmallchild．他毕竟还是个小孩子。/r/nHefailedafterall．他终于失败了。/r/natall用于否定句时,意为"丝毫；根本",用于疑问句时意为"究竟；到底",用于条件句时,常译为"当真；实在"。用于肯定句中,表示说话人的某种情绪或情感〔如怀疑或惊奇等,意为"竟然"等。如：/r/nHedoesn/r/n’/r/ntlikeyouatall．他根本不喜欢你。/r/nAreyougoingtodoitatall？你究竟做不做这件事？/r/nIfyoudoitatall,doitwell．若你真要做这件事,就得做好。/r/nIwassurprisedathiscomingatall．他竟然来了,我很惊讶。/r/ninall意为"总共",既可放在句首,也可放在句末。如：/r/nThereare25,000Inuitinall．<＝Inall,thereare25,000Inuit．>这儿共有25,000因努伊特人。/r/n4、aboard,abroad,board,broad/r/naboard在船〔或飞机,车上。如：Ineverwentaboardaship./r/nabroad副词,在国外或海外。如：Heoftengoesabroad./r/nboard为动词,上〔船,飞机,车。如：Thepassengersareboardingtheplanenow. /r/nbroad为形容词,宽广的。如：Hehasverybroadshoulders. /r/n5、accept,receive /r/naccept接受,receive"接到","收到"。如：Ireceivedaninvitationyesterday,butIdidn/r/n’/r/ntacceptit.〔昨天我收到了一个请柬,但并没有接受邀请。 /r/n6、accident,incident,event /r/naccident事故。如：atrafficaccident〔交通事故 /r/nincident"附带事件",在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件,事变。 /r/n event"事件",指特别重要的事件,通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果,也指国家和社会的事件。/r/n7-accurate,correct,exact,precise /r/naccurate准确的,精确的。如：Clocksinrailwaystationsshouldbeaccurate.〔火车站的钟应该是准确的。 /r/ncorrect"正确的",指符合一定的标准或准则,含有"无错误的"意味。它的反义词是incorrect,wrong. /r/nexact"精确的","恰好的",比"大体上正确"更进一步,表"丝毫不差"。它的反义词是inexact。 /r/nprecise强调"精确","精密"。 /r/n8、accuse,charge,sue /r/naccuse指责,指控,常与of搭配。如：Hisbossaccusedhimofcarelessness. /r/ncharge常与with搭配。如：Thepolicechargedthedriverwithrecklessdriving. /r/nsue常与for搭配。如：Smithsuedhisneighborfordamaginghishouse. /r/n9、acquire,require,inquire /r/nacquire取得,获得,学到。如：acquireknowledge〔获得知识 /r/ninquire打听,询问。如：inquireaperson/r/n’/r/nsname〔问一个人的姓名 /r/nrequire需要。如：Werequiremorehelp.〔我们需要更多的帮助。 /r/n10、adopt,adapt /r/n adopt〔１收养。如：Sincetheyhavenochildrenoftheirown,theydecidedtoadoptalittlegirl.〔他们自己没有孩子,所以决定收养一个小女孩。〔２采纳,采用,通过。如：Headoptedoursuggestion.〔他采纳了我们的建议。/r/n adopt与adapt词形相近,后者的意思是"使适合","改编"等。/r/n11、advantage,benefit,profit /r/nadvantage常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位,机会或时机。如：Hehadtheadvantageofgoodeducation.〔受过良好的教育对他十分有利。 /r/nprofit多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Didyoumakeanyprofitlastyear〔你去年赚钱了吗？ /r/nbenefit指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如：Igetnopersonalbenefitfromthebusiness.〔我个人从这家企业中并不获益。 /r/n12、1affect,effect /r/n affect影响〔动词。如Smokingaffectshealth./r/n effect效果,影响〔名词。如：Governmentpolicywillnothaveanyeffectonus./r/n13、afford,provide,supply /r/n都有"提供,供给"的意思。 /r/n afford一般只用于抽象事物。/r/n provide和supply意思相同,两个词都和with连用,构成provide/supplysomebodywithsomething的结构。/r/n14、ago,before /r/n ago表示以现在为起点的"以前",常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用。/r/n before指过去或将来的某时刻"以前",也可泛指以前,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用。/r/n 例如,Isawhimtenminutesago.我十分钟之前看到的他。/r/n Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilmbefore.他告诉我他以前看过这场电影。/r/n15、agreeon；agreeto；agreewith /r/nagreeon作"就/r/n……/r/n取得一致意见"解。例如： /r/n Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth．/r/n 上月,就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。/r/nagreeto有两层含义和用法： /r/n 其一是to作为动词不定式符号,其后跟动词原形,作"同意〔答应做某事"解。/r/n 例如：Myfatheragreedtobuyanewpenforme．父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。/r/n 其二是to作为介词,之后跟表示"计划／条件／建议等一类的名词或代词"。例如：/r/n Theyhaveagreedtoourplan．他们已同意我们的计划。/r/nagreewith作"同意某人的意见"解,其后可跟表示人的名词或代词,也可跟表示"意见"或"说的话"的名词或从句。例如： /r/n Heagreedwithmyopinions．他同意了我的意见。/r/n Weagreedwithwhathesaidatthemeeting．我们同意他在会上讲的话。/r/n16、alive,living,live /r/n alive指虽有死的可能,但仍活着,一般只作表语。/r/n living可用于人或物,作定语时可前可后。/r/n live只做前置定语,用于动物和个别事物前。/r/n17、almost,nearly /r/n 一般说来,almost比nearly表示的意思更接近"开始"、"完成"〔目标等。/r/n 在all,every,always前,两者都可用。如：Heisalmost<nearly>smoking.〔他几乎每天抽烟。/r/n almost可同never,no,nobody,none,nothing连用,而nearly却不能。如：Almostnoonebelievedher.〔几乎没人相信他。/r/n18、alone,lonely /r/n alone只表"独自"的客观状态,没有感情色彩,只作表语；lonely表"孤独",："寂寞",能作定语和表语。如：Whensheisleftalone,shefeelslonely.〔剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。/r/n alone,only均可表"只有",但alone须置于被修饰词之后,only往往置于被修饰词前。如：Healone<Onlyhe>canrememberthestory.〔只有他才能记起这段经历。/r/n19、altogether,alltogether /r/n altogether总计,总共。如：Altogethertherearesixofus.〔我们总计六人。/r/n alltogether全都在一起。如：Weplayedthegamealltogether.〔我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。/r/n20、although;though;as /r/n 三者均可表示"尽管；虽然",引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式,语气较强；though较常用；as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意：/r/n 状语从句由although,though或as引导,主句之前不可有but,and,so,however等并列连词,但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如：/r/n Although／Thoughhebelievesit,yethewillnotact．他虽然相信它,但却不肯有所行动。/r/n as表示"尽管；虽然",只能用于倒装句,即：将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如：/r/n Youngas／thoughheis,heknowsalot．他虽然年纪不大,却懂得很多。/r/n 注意：如果表语是单数名词,要省略a。例如：/r/n Childas／thoughheis,hecanspeaktwoforeignlanguages．虽然他是个孩子,但他会说两门外语。/r/n though可以放在句末,表示"但是",although却不能。例如：/r/n Theysaidtheywouldcome;theydidnot,though．他们说他们会来,可是他们并没有来。/r/n although只用来陈述"事实",不能表示"假设"。因此可以说eventhough"即使"以及asthough"好像<＝asif>",不能说evenalthough或asalthough。例如：/r/n Ibelieveyouareonduty/r/n—/r/neventhoughyou/r/n’/r/nreinplainclothes．尽管你穿着便衣,我相信你是在值勤。/r/n21、among,between /r/n among在/r/n……/r/n中间〔三者或三者以上之间。如：Ourhouseishiddenamongtrees./r/n between在两者之间。如：ItiseasytodistinguishbetweenaJapaneseandaChinese./r/n22、answer,reply,respond /r/n 用作动词,都可表"回答","答复"。/r/n answer是常用词,后可接letter〔回信,question〔回答问题,doorbell〔开门,telephone〔接电话,advertisement〔应征广告等。/r/n reply较正式,一般只作不及物动词,可与to连用。如：Hehasrepliedtomyletter.〔他回答了我信中提的问题。/r/n respond作"回答"解,用得较少,也同to搭配。如：Hequicklyrespondedtothequestion.〔他很快就回答了问题。/r/n 另外,respond还可表"对/r/n……/r/n反应","响应"。/r/n23、approve,prove /r/napprove〔1赞成,同意。如：Idon/r/n’/r/ntapproveofwastingtime.〔我不赞成浪费时间。 /r/n〔2批准,通过。如：Theministerapprovedthebuildingplan.部长批准了建筑计划。 /r/n prove和approve词形相似,prove是"证明","表明是"等。/r/n24、arise/rise/raise/arouse /r/n arise是一个不及物动词,意思是"起源于〔和from连用和"出现"。/r/n rise是一个不及物动词,意思是"上升",该词是不及物动词：rise,rose,risen/r/n raise是一个及物动词,意思是"举起"。/r/n arouse的意思是"引起,导致"。/r/n Blacksmokerosefromthechimney./r/n Heistooweaktoraisethatheavybox./r/n Accidentsusuallyarisefromcarelessness./r/n Acrisishasarisenintheirmarrige./r/n Matt’sbehaviorwasarousingtheinterestoftheneighbors./r/n25、as<so>faras;as<so>longas /r/n as〔sofaras的意思是"就/r/n……/r/n而言〔所知",as<so>farassth．isconcerned是其中一种具体用法,意为"就某事而言"；as<so>longas意为"只要",引导条件状语从句。如：/r/n AsfarasIknow,morethan10millionlaid-offworkershavefoundtheirnewjobs．/r/n 就我所知,一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。/r/n Thereisnothingthatwecan/r/n’/r/ntdoso／aslongaswekeepontryingtodoit．/r/n 只要我们不断地努力去做,就没有什么事干不成。/r/n AsfarasthetourismofChinaisconcerned,thereisalongwaytogo．/r/n 就中国的旅游业而言,需要做的工作还很多。/r/n26、asthough；eventhough；though /r/n asthough〔＝asif,意为"好像；似乎",引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如：/r/n Hespokeasthough〔asifhehadbeenherebefore．他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。/r/n Itlooksasif〔asthoughitisgoingtorain．看起来好像要下雨。/r/n eventhough〔＝evenif,意为"即使",引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句,意为"虽然"；eventhough有退一步设想的意味,与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实,eventhough引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如：/r/n Hewillnottellthesecreteventhough〔evenifheknowsit．即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。/r/n Hewillnottellthesecretthoughheknowsit．他虽然知道这个秘密,但他不会说出来。/r/n27、assure,ensure,insure /r/n assure的意思是"使〔某人确信",一般用作：assuresb.of/that/r/n…/r/n,后面不能直接跟that从句。/r/nensure的意思是"保证",后面可以接双宾语,也可以接that从句。 /r/ninsure的意思是"给/r/n…/r/n上保险"。例如： /r/n Heassuredmethatitwastrue./r/n Wecan’tensureyouagoodpost./r/n Myhouseisinsuredagainstfire．/r/n28、atthebeginning；inthebeginning /r/n atthebeginning在/r/n……/r/n初；在/r/n……/r/n开始的时候。常与of连用。例如：Studentsusuallyhaveastudyplanatthebeginningofterm．学生们在开学初制定学习计划。/r/n inthebeginning相当于atfirst,表示"起初、开始"时,含"起初是这种情况,而后来却不是这种情况"之意,不与of连用。例如：Inthebeginning,someofustooknointerestinphysics．起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。/r/n29、atthetime;atthattime;atonetime;atatime /r/n atthetime通常用于过去时句子中,指某件事情发生的"当时"、"那时"。例如：/r/n Manypeoplesawthestrangethinghappenatthetime．当时,许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。/r/n 有时,atthetime的后面可接"of．．．"短语。这时,它表示"在〔某事态发生的时候"或"在/r/n……/r/n的时代"。例如：/r/n WereyouinSanFranciscoatthetimeofthebigearthquakein1989/r/n﹖/r/n 1989年旧金山发生地震时,你在那里吗？/r/n atthattime则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带"of．．．"短语。例如：/r/n Inthe17thcenturymuchcornwasgrowninTibetandSichuan．Atthattime/r/n <＝Atthe17thcentury>thelandalongtheChangjiangRiverwasbecomingverycrowded．/r/n atonetime＝duringaperiodoftimeinthepast意为"过去有一段时期","曾经"。例如：/r/n Theyusedtobegoodfriendsatonetime．他们曾经是好朋友。/r/n atatime则意为"一次",表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用,表示频率。例如：/r/n Don/r/n’/r/ntspeakallatonce．Oneatatime,please．不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。/r/n Takethemedicinethreetimesadayandthreepiecesatatime．这些药每天服三次,每次服三粒。/r/n30、awake,wake,waken /r/n 都可作动词。/r/n awake既可及物,也可不及物,多用于比喻。/r/n wake常指"睡醒",多为不及物动词。/r/n waken多用作及物动词,常指"吵醒","惊醒"。/r/n31、await,wait /r/n await是及物动词。如：Iawaityourfurtherinstructions./r/nwait"等"、"等候",是不及物动词,后常接介词for。如：Iwillwaitforyouattheschoolgate. /r/n32、award,prize,reward /r/naward,reward作动词。award意为"授予〔奖品,奖金等",后面可跟双宾语；reward意为"报酬","酬谢",只能跟人或以人的行为作宾语。 /r/naward,prize,reward作名词时,award常指奖金,奖品；prize多指在竞赛、竞争中获胜所赢得的奖；reward则指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。 /r/n33、because／since／as／for /r/n这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since是从属连词,引导原因状语从句,for是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because/r/n→/r/nsince/r/n→/r/nas/r/n→/r/nfor。because引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答why的提问时,必须用because作答。 /r/n如：Westayedathomebecauseitrained．因为下雨我们呆在家里。 /r/nas与since引导的从句多置于句首,不过as表示十分明显的原因,只说明一般的因果关系,可译为"因为、由于"；而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为"既然"。如： /r/nAshewasnotfeelingwell,Idecidedtogotherealone．由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。 /r/nSinceeveryoneishere,let'sstart．既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。 /r/nfor引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如： /r/nTheremustbenobodyintheclassroom,forthelightisoff． /r/n教室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。〔推测性理由 /r/n34、beat,win /r/n beat表在比赛和战斗中打败对手,后接对手作宾语。/r/nWin作及物动词时,其宾语为游戏、比赛、战斗、奖金等名词。如：Hehaswontherace.〔他赢得了赛跑的胜利。 /r/n35、beside,besides /r/n beside在/r/n……/r/n旁边。如：Comeandsitbesideme./r/n besides除/r/n……/r/n之外。如：Ihavetwootherumbrellasbesidesthisone./r/n36、besides；except；but /r/n 三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时,except／but意为"除/r/n……/r/n外〔不再有"；besides意为"除/r/n……/r/n外〔还有"。请比较：/r/n Allofthemhaveseenthefilmexcept／butWuDong．除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。/r/n AllofthemhaveseenthefilmbesidesWuDong．除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。/r/n except后接名词、代词、－ing或不定式时,可以与but互换；except后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为but所替换。如：/r/n I/r/n’/r/nlldoeverythingexcept／butcook．除了做饭,我什么事情都干。/r/n Thiswindowisneveropenedexceptinsummer．除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。/r/n 用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如：/r/n Therearen/r/n’/r/ntanyotherpeopletodotheworkexcept／but／besidesyou．/r/n 除了你,没人能做这工作。/r/n37、beknownas；beknownfor；beknownto；beknownin /r/n beknownas意为"作为/r/n……/r/n而著名",其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如：/r/n LiuHuanisknownasasinger．刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。/r/n We/r/n’/r/nresureyou/r/n’/r/nllbewell-knownasanartist．我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。/r/n beknownfor意为"因/r/n……/r/n而著名",其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如：/r/n Guilinisknownforherbeautifulmountainsandrivers．XX因其美丽的山水而闻名。/r/n MrGeldofiswell-knownfororganizingtwobigpopconcertsonthesameday．/r/n 盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。/r/n beknownto"为/r/n……/r/n所了解／知道",其后接表示人的词语。"〔人们都知道",其后接动词原形。如：/r/n Heisknowntoallinourvillage．村子里的人都了解他。/r/n Hewasknowntohaveinventedmanythings．＝Itwasknownthathehadinventedmanythings．/r/n 人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。/r/n38、borrow,lend /r/n borrow借入。如：CanIborrowyourpenforamoment/r/n lend把/r/n……/r/n借给。如：Canyoulendmeyourbike/r/n39、bring/take/fetch/carry /r/nbring<vt.>带来：表示从别处把某人或某物拿到说话者处。 /r/ntake<vt.>取走：表示将某物从讲话者处带走 /r/nfetch<vt.>去取：表示到某地将某物或某人拿到讲话者处。 /r/ncarry<vt.>携带：表示用人力或交通工具把某物或某人,从一地带到另一地。该动词不含方向意味。 /r/n Theballwentoverthefenceandoneoftheplayersaskedaboytofetchit./r/n Thecity’sundergroundcarriesmorepeoplethanthebuses./r/n Youhadbettertakeanumbrellawithyouincaseofrain./r/n Waiter,bringmeabottleofbeerplease./r/n40、cause,reason /r/n cause指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因,后接ofsth./doingsth/r/n reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由,后接forsth./doingsth.thereasonforbeinglate/r/n41、chance,opportunity,occasion /r/nchance多指偶然的机会,意外的机会,带有侥幸的意味。如：Evenso,itwasaluckychancethathecoulddoit.〔即使如此,那也是他凭着侥幸才做到这点。 /r/nopportunity主要指能够去做某事,尤其是达到自己目的,实现某种愿望的好机会。如：Youshouldmakethemostofyouropportunitiesofseeingthecountryandlearningthelanguage.〔你应该尽量利用你的机会去看看这个国家,学习它的语言。 /r/n occasion主要指"时机","场合",也含有"机会"的意思。如：TheflagsarehungoutontheoccasionoftheNationalDay.〔每逢国庆节,国旗都悬持出来了。/r/n42、childish,childlike /r/nchildish幼稚的。如：Itwasverychildishofhimtolosehistemperoversomethingsounimportant. /r/nchildlike孩子般天真的。如：Whenshewonthegoldmedal,therewaschildlikesmileonherface. /r/n43、cloth,clothing /r/n cloth布。如：Ineedthreeyardsofclothtomakeasuit./r/n clothing衣服〔总称。如：You/r/n’/r/ndbettergivealltheoldclothingaway./r/n44、compare/r/n…/r/nwith;compar/r/n…/r/nto;comparedwith／to /r/n compare/r/n…/r/nwith意为"把/r/n……/r/n与/r/n……/r/n相比",侧重指两者间的区别。/r/n 如：Comparethiscarwiththatone,andyouwillfindthedifferencesbetweenthem．/r/n 把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较,你就会发现它们之间的区别。/r/n compare/r/n…/r/nto/r/n…/r/n意为"把/r/n……/r/n比作/r/n……/r/n",着重注意两者间的相似点。如：/r/n Thissongcomparesourcountrytoabigfamily．这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。/r/n compare既可以单独用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时,以comparewith/r/n…/r/n形式出现,表示"与/r/n……/r/n相比"。如：/r/n Livingherecan/r/n’/r/ntcomparewithlivinginShanghai．在这儿生活不能和在上海〔生活相比。/r/n Ifyoucomparethetwowords,youcantellthedifferencebetweenthem．/r/n 如果你比较这两个单词,你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。/r/n comparedwith/r/n…/r/n和comparedto/r/n…/r/n都可用作状语,意义基本相同,可互换。如：/r/n Comparedto／withhim,youarelucky．与他相比,你是幸运的。/r/n Itwasasmalltownthen,comparedto／withwhatitisnow．和现在比起来,那时它还是个小镇。/r/n45、compose,consist,constitute /r/ncompose为常用词,常用被动语态,如用主动语态,主语应用复数形式。如：Twelvemencomposeajury.〔十二人组成陪审团。 /r/nconsist表一个整体由几个部分组成〔只能用主动语态。如：TheUnitedKingdomconsistsofGreatBritainandNorthernIsland.〔联合王国是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组成。 /r/nconstitute为正式用词,与consist相反,表由哪些部分构成整体。如：Twelvemonthsconstituteayear.〔一年有十二个月。 /r/n46、considerable,considerate /r/nconsiderable相当多的,可观的。如：Hemetaconsiderableamountoftrouble.〔他遇到了许多麻烦。 /r/nconsiderate考虑周到的,体谅的。如：Itwasconsiderateofyounottotroubleus.〔你真体贴人,不打扰我们。 /r/n47、consistent,constant,continual,continuous /r/n consistent一致的,符合的。如：Hisactionisalwaysconsistentwithhiswords./r/nconstant不断的,表示持续和惯常的重现,往往没有变化。如：Heattributeshishealthtohisconstantexercise. /r/ncontinual频频的,不停的,时断时续,中间可有间歇。如：Continualsmokingisbadforhealth. /r/ncontinuous不断延伸的,连续不断的,强调中间无间断。如：Everythingintheuniverseundergoescontinuousdevelopmentandchange. /r/n48、cost/take/spend/pay /r/ncost<vt.>花费：指花费金钱、劳力和时间。主语通常是事或物,可跟双宾语。 /r/ntake<vt.>花费：指花费时间。主语通常是一件事,也可以跟双宾语。 /r/nspend<vt.>花费：指花费时间和金钱,主语总是人。可以形成spend/r/n…/r/nonsth./indoingsth.结构。 /r/npay<vt.&vi.>付钱,后面可以跟双宾语,也可以当不及物动词使用,形成payforsth.结构。比较： /r/n Electricitywillcostmorethanitdidlastyear./r/n Itwilltakemetwodaystofinishthework./r/n Inthepastfewyearsthefactoryspentalotofmoneyimprovingitsworkingconditions./r/n Dick’sunclehastopayforhiseducationashisfatherhascomedownintheworld./r/n49、crack,crash /r/ncrack〔使破裂,砸开。如：Icancrackit,butIcan/r/n’/r/ntbreakit.〔我能把它弄裂,但不能把它弄破。 /r/ncrash摔坏,坠毁。如：Theplanecrashedshortlyafterthetake-off.〔飞机起飞不久就坠毁了。 /r/n50、cure,treat /r/ncure治愈,医治。如：Themedicinewillcureofyourdisease.〔这药能治好你的病。 /r/n cure表示治好,treat只表示"给/r/n……/r/n治病"。/r/n51、current,present /r/n均可表"现在","目前"。 /r/ncurrent强调在现阶段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如：currentEnglish<当代英语> /r/npresent为常用词,指现在正在通用的,在时间上比current的范围更窄。如：What/r/n’/r/nsyourpresentaddress〔你现住址是哪里？ /r/n52、custom,habit /r/n 均可表习惯。/r/n custom为正式用词,多指社团或人们的习惯行为方式。/r/nhabit为常用词,多指个人因多次重复而形成做某事的趋势或意愿。如：Hehasthebadhabitofbitinghisnails.〔他有咬手指的坏习惯。 /r/n53、damage;destroy;ruin /r/n这三个词都有"破坏；损坏"的意思,区别如下： /r/ndamage意为"损坏、破坏"。它可用于表示损坏或破坏具体的物品,一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低,这种损坏是部分性的,通常指损坏的程度不那么严重,还可以修复再用。也可用于表示损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。如： /r/nThecarwasnotdamagedbadlyintheaccident,butfivepeoplewereseriouslyhurt． /r/n汽车在事故中损坏不严重,但却有五个人受了重伤。 /r/nHerheartwasslightlydamagedasaresultofherlongillness．长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。 /r/nWhattheysaidanddiddamagedtherelationsbetweenthetwocountries． /r/n他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。 /r/nSmokinghasdamagedhishealthbadly．吸烟严重地损害了他的健康。 /r/ndamage还可用作