2022届全国新高考英语冲刺复习-名词性从句

2022届全国新高考英语冲刺精品复习名词性从句本章内容安排如下:!名词从句的本质2主语从句3宾语从句4表语从句5同位语从句6从句嵌套结构!名词从句的本质1名词从句的本质:三种句子充当四种成分所谓名词从句,就是把完整句子当作名词来使用,在另一个句子中充当某种成分。一般来讲,名词在句中主要充当四种成分:主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同样,我们可以把一个完整的句子当作名词来使用,也在另一个句中充当这四种成分,于是便有了常说的四种名词从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。现在问题的关键是：我们可以把何种句子当作名词来用呢?经研究发现,能够相当于名词作用的句子主要有三类：陈述句、一般疑问句以及特殊疑问句。因此,名词从句可简单概括为这样一句话:名词从句就是用三种句子来分别充当另外一个句子的四种句子成分。这即是名词从句的本质特征。2引导名词从句的常用连词在《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》里,我们具体讨论了陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句是如何按照一系列规则进行变化后才能充当四种句子成分的,在此不再赘述。下列表格给出了名词从句的引导词与简单句之间的对应关系。请注意这些名词从句的连接词的用法特点。对应名词从句的引的简引导词是否引导词是导词单句作成分否省略类型连词that陈述that在从句中在不影响句既不作成分,句子意思也没有实义的情况下,宾语从句中的that可以省去连词whether,一般whether,if不能省if疑问在从句中不去,因为句作成分,但它们具有具有“是否''"是否''的含义的含义连接副词特殊when,where,不能省when,where,疑问why,how在去,因为why.how:句从句中作状它们既作连接代词who»语;成分,又whom,what,who,whom,有思义which,whosewhat在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;which,whose在从句中作定语,后面接名词连用从上面的表格中我们有以下重要发现,这是要求读者认真理解和掌握的:第一,对于陈述句,连接词that是后来添加上去的,此时的that自然不充当从句里的任何成分,而且也没有任何意义,只起连接主句和从句的作用。第二,对于一般疑问句,连接词whether/if也是后来添加上去的,目的是为了保留句子的疑问意义,有“是否‘’的含义,即whether/if是有意义的,这不同于that。与that相同的是,whether/if也不充当任何句子成分。第三,对于特殊疑问句,我们不需要添加任何连接词,因为特殊疑问词就充当了连词,从而变成了相应的连接词。但关键是,我们需要把倒装语序还原成陈述语序。这些特殊疑问词都是在句中充当各种成分的,比如连接代词可以充当主语、宾语或表语,而连接副词则充当状语。需要提醒读者注意的是,我们要特别关注这些连词是否在句中充当句子成分。比如:that不作任何句子成分,只起连接作用,后面要接陈述句;what一定充当从句的主语或宾语等成分;which和whose后面都要接名词等等。这些都是考试重点,比如下面这道考研真题:Concernswereraisedwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that正确答案D。妙语点睛本题考查的是名词从句中连词的使用。我们看到从句witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts是ー个完整的陈述句,不缺任何成分,因此需要往空格中填入的连词也应该是不充当任何成分的。显然只有选项D满足这ー要求。这里的that从句是ー个同位语从句,其先行词是concerns,所以这句话本来的结构应该是Concerns(thatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtheirstoriesincourttoensureguilty)wereraised.M里由于that从句比谓语wereraised结构复杂而长,所以将谓语部分wereraised提前,从而造成同位语从句与其先行词concerns被分隔开的现象。此外还要提醒读者注意的是,名词从句中的连词that不充当从句成分,但是定语从句中的关系代词that是充当从句成分的。精品译文人们日益担心,证人可能会因此而受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大其词以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。思维总结请读者深刻理解名词从句的本质:三种句子(陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句)充当四种成分(主语、宾语、表语和同位语),于是便构成了四种名词从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)。同时请掌握各类连词的用法特点,包括是否作句子成分、是否有含义、是否可以省去等。为此,请读者做下面的练习。思维训练Exercise1将括号中的句子进行适当的句式变换后填入空格中。Thereisapopularsaying(Familyinstabilitycausessocialinstability.).Nooneknowsexactly.(Istherelifeonotherplanets?).Nooneknew.(Wouldinterestratesrise?)aminterestedinthequestion.(Willpeopleliveonthemoonsomeday?)Nooneknowsforsure.(Willthegainsbegreaterthanthelosses?)Myquestionis.(Dowehaveenoughtimetogotothemovie?)September11,2001startedoutasanordinaryday,butwillbeforeveretched(铭亥リ)inourmemories.(Whathappenedthatmorning?)iswhollynewkindofpoliceforce.(Whatdoweneed?)Childrenoftenask_.(Howdobearssurvivewinter?)istrue.(Whatdidhetellyou?)1hasnotyetbeendecided.(Whowillchairthemeeting?)hasnotyetbeendecided.(Whenisthemeetingtobeheld?)isstillamystery.(Whydidherefusetocooperatewithus?)ismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.(Howdoesapersonmasterhisfate?)Couldyoutellme._?(Whereisthepostoffice?)Wedon'tknow.(Whydidn'thecomeyesterday?)ThisisWheredoesourbasicinterestlie?)Myquestionis.(Wherearewegoingtohaveourholidays?)2.选择及填空题(what/which/that辨析)。Hedidn'tliveuptohadbeenexpectedofhim.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.allwhat20.1realizedIsaidwasnotexactlyImeanttosay.A.what,that,whatB.that,what,whatC.that,which,whichD.that,that,what2AlthoughAnneishappywithhersuccessshewonderswillhappentoherprivatelife.A.thatB.whatC.itD.which22.Themerefactmostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.why23.Oneofthequalities(that/what/who/why)separateustwo-leggedanimalsfromthefour-leggedonesiscompassion.ltis(which/that/what)makesusstanduptallinsteadofcrawlingaboutonallfours.Andstandinguptallis(which/that/what)freesourarmstoreachouttoafellowbeingandsay,"Letmehelpyou."24.Changeis(which/that/what)keepsusfreshandinnovative.Changeis(which/that/what)keepsusfromgettingstale.Changeis.(which/that/what)keepsusyoung.2主语从句在这ー节里,我们主要讨论陈述句和疑问句用作主语的情况。此外,英语里还可以用because引导的从句来充当句子主语,对此我们也将予以介绍。2.1that引导的主语从句对于that引导的主语从句,我们要重点看其在句中的位置特点:它ー般是置于句末的,偶尔也可以置于句首。由that引导的主语从句可以直接放在句首。请看例句:1Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.妙语点睛这里that从句thattheseasarebeingoverfished即是ー个主语从句,直接置于主语位置。精品译文海洋正在被人们过度捕捞,许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事情了。2Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.妙语点睛这里that从句thattheplatesaremoving即是ー个主语从句,直接置于主语位置。精品译文地球板块是在漂移的,这一点毫无争议。有时候,即使that从句比较长而复杂,也可能被直接置于句首来作主语（这样的句子结构并不常见）,比如:Thatsuchaconjunctionofcircumstancesmightoccuragainsoon,especiallyconsideringshrinkingUSdefensebudgetsanddiminishingoverseasbaseaccess,isproblematicalatbest.图解解句Thatsuchaconjunctionofcircumstancesthat弓I导的从句作主语mightoccuragainsoon由that引导的主语从句,especiallyconsideringshrinkingls你h主语从句的令词作状类是语以句带有自己defensebudgetsanddiminishingovereas语baseaccessisproblematicalatbest主句的谓语部分妙语点睛看到句首的thatsuch就知道,这里的that只能作为连词而不是指示词,因此可以判断其后接的必然是一个主语从句。另外,两个分词俎语shrinkingUSdefensebudgets和diminishingoverseasbaseaccess是并列关系,一同作分词considering的宾语。请注意:不要误认为considering与diminishing并歹!J。精品译文至于在近期内能否再次出现这种各个情况巧合的局面,即使是最乐观的看法也是值得怀疑的,尤其是考虑到美国国防预算缩减和海外基地减少的情况。译文心得这句话的语序不是常见的英文惯用语序。按照正常的英文思维的表达应该是Itisproblematicalatbestthat...即先表达态度,再展开叙事。而这句英文却符合汉语的思维方式,即先叙事后表态。所以,这句话就可以按照原文的顺序来翻译成汉语。但是,更常见的情况是用it作形式主语置于句首,而将that主语从句放在句末。因此,下列都是常见的主语从句句型（作文中常用的句型,重点内容）：ー、It+be动词+过去分词+that从句It'sreportedthat..据报道 Itisgenerallythoughtthat..人们普遍认为…,Ithasbeenfoundthat.现已发现......It'sbelievedthat...据信 Itshouldbenotedthat...应当注意 Itmustbepointedoutthat..必须指出 同样可以这么用的动词还有:say,expect,know,estimate,forecast等。比如下面这些句子:Asachild—andasanadultaswell—BillGateswasuntidy.lthasbeensaidthatinordertocounteractthis,Marydrewupweeklyclothingplansforhim.精品译文童年时期,以及即使长大成人后,比尔・盖茨也不修边幅。据说为了改掉他的这个毛病,玛丽为他制定了一周着装计划。Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.妙语点睛该主语从句的基本结构是itisimaginedthat..andthat..即这里是两个that从句并列,在句中作主语,即并列的主语从句。精品译文许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。6Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reasonlogically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.妙i音点睛这里是在过去分词agreed前面加了副词generally修饰,其他可以这么使用的副词有:universally,normally,usually等。精品译文人们普遍认为,高智商的人有这样的一些特点:理解力强、辨别力强、逻辑推理能力强,并且在解决问题的过程中善于利用文字或数学符号。二、It+be动词+形容词+that从句Itisclearthat...显然Itislikelythat..很可能 Itiscertainthat...可以相信 Itisfortunatethat...幸3S的是••……Itispossiblethat...很可能♦•……Itisnaturalthat..很自然...”Itisstrangethat...奇怪的是 Itisnecessarythat..有必要 请看例句:Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'sadvisersstilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.妙语点睛该主语从句的基本结构是itisobviousthat...即这里是that引导的主语从句。精品译文幸好白宫已经开始注意到全球变暖问题。但是很显然,总统周围的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待该问题。Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.妙语点睛该主语从句的基本结构是itisobviousthat..andthat...,即这里是that引导的并列主语从句,两个连词that都要保留,尤其是第二个that不能省去。精品译文再者,很显然，ー个国家的经济实カ与其エ农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高又有赖于各类科技人员的努力。三、It+be动词+名词短语+that从句Itisapitythat..可惜的是 Itisgoodnewsthat 真是太好了。Itisnowonderthat..难怪 Itisafactthat..事实是••…Itisagoodthingthat 真是件好事。俊活iCshomehot-.遗憾的是 其是大不!tisanhonorthat..真荣幸…•Itismybeliefthat...我相信...…Itiscommonknowledgethat 是‘吊识。!tisamiraclethat 真是奇迹。请看例句:Itisanestablishedfactthatfactoryworkersworkbetter,harder,andhavefeweraccidentswhentheirmachinesarepaintedorangeratherthanblackorgrey.精品译文事实证明,如果把エ厂里的机器漆成橘黄色而不是黑色或灰色,工人就会干得更勤奋、更出色,事故也会更少。10Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.（《傲慢与偏见》“PrideandPrejudice”中的第一句话）精品译文一个众所周知的事实是,ー个单身汉若是非常有钱,那么他一定想要找个妻子。四、It+不及物动词+that从句Itseemsthat..似,乎 Ithappensthat..碰巧 Itcomesaboutthat..结果是 Itfollowsthat..因此••…/由此可见・…Itturnsoutthat..结果证明是五、其他结构Itdawnsupon/onsb.that..某人突然想起 Itmakesnodifferencethat...•…无所谓Itisoflittleconsequencethat 无关紧要!toccurstosb.that..某人突然想起 Itdoesn'tneedtobebotheredthat..不必担忧请看例句:11Itdawneduponmethatthereisalogicalconnectionbetweenallthethingsthathappeninthatimmenselyconnectedbodyofsaltedwaterthatcovers71percentofthesurfaceoftheearth.妙语点睛注意itdawns叩onsb.that这个句型在译成汉语时要用人作主语,译作“某人想到“……”,但在英语里是用it作形式主语。精品译文我忽然明白了,覆盖地球表面71%的巨大盐水体中所发生的一切事情之间都是有联系的。!2WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfull-timeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.妙语点睛注意itoccurstosb.that这个句型译成汉语时用人作主语,译作“某人想到・•…”,但在英语里是用it作形式主语。精品译文当我决定放弃全职工作的时候,我怎么也没有想到我会成为ー个新的国际流行趋势的一部分。2.2whether及连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句连词whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导主语从句一般放在句首,这不同于上面讨论的that引导的主语从句。请看例句:1WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.妙语点睛这里是whether引导的主语从句,谓语部分是dependsontheissue〇of后面接的which从句是ー个宾语从句,补充说明issue,相当于issue的同位语。精品译文政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方面看作是驱动性的カ量。2However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.妙语点睛这个句子看起来较复杂,其实还是由whether引导的主语从句。这里是两个并列主语从句,由并列连词or连接,谓语动词是is〇精品译文不过,这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的,还是来自于35,000,000年以前他们共同的祖先,这还是ー个未解之谜。Whethertheeyesare"thewindowsofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.妙语点睛这个句子里包含两个主语从句,分别由whether和that引导。精品译文眼睛是否是“心灵的窗口’这还有争议;但无疑,眼睛在人际交流中有着重要的作用。我们再来看几个由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句,此时从句一般位于句首。Whoevertriestoresolveaconflictsoonlearnsthatnothingpleaseseverybody.妙语点睛这里的连词代词whoever相当于who的强调形式,它引导的从句作主语,主句的谓语是learns。其中whoever在从句中作主语。精品译文任何想要试图解决这个矛盾的人很快就会发现,他不可能让所有人都满意。WhathappenedonSeptember11,2001willbeforeveretched（铭刻）inourmemories.精品译文200I年的“9・11”事件将会永远印刻在人们的脑海里。6Severaldaysago,aBeijing-basedITcompanyfiredabout400peopleovernight.Theactstartledthefiredemployeesandatthesametimeworriedtherest.Moreover,whatwasspecialaboutthiscasewasthatthedaybeforethe400werefired,theyallreceivedfromtheirbossagift—thebookWhoMovedMyCheese?妙语点睛这里是连词代词what引导的主语从句,what在从句中作主;五レロ。精品译文几天前,北京一家IT公司一夜之间就解雇了400名员エ。这ー事件震惊了被解雇的员エ,同时也让其余员エ感到担心。此外,有意思的是,就在这400名员エ被解雇的前一天,他们都从老板那收到了一份礼物——一本名为《谁动了我的奶酪?》的书。Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.妙语点睛这里是连词副词how引导的主语从句,howwell在从句中充当状语,修饰动词validated。精品译文这些预测将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,取决于采用的信息的数量、可靠性、适应性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。.3because引导的主语从句在英语中,还有一种较为特殊的主语从句,即是由because引导的主语从句。这种主语从句的结构一般是“because+陈述句”,置于主语位置,后面直接加谓语,而且这个谓语往往都是doesnotmeano在because前面往往会有justー词,起强调语气的作用。请看例句:Justbecausesomeonedoesn'tloveyouthewayyouwantthemtodoesn'tmeantheydon'tloveyouwithalltheyhave.妙语点睛该句的主i甘是justbecausesomeonedoesn'tloveyouthewayyouwantthemto这个从句,谓格是doesn'tmean〇精品译文如果有人没有以你希望的方式去爱你,并不意味着他们没有全身心地爱你。Somethingwhichseemsvaluableatfirstmayturnouttobeworthless.Example:"Allthatglittersisnotgold!"Justbecausesomethingappearsvaluabledoesnotmeanthatitreallyisvaluable.妙语点睛该句的主语是justbecausesomething叩pearsvaluable这个从句,谓语是doesnotmean〇精品译文有些东西乍看起来很值钱,但后来却证明是一文不值。比如,人们常说“闪光的并不都是金子’只是看起来很值钱的东西并不意味着真的很值钱。再看下面这个比较好的例句,也许能引起读者的一些思考:Thereisabigdifferencebetweenactivityandaccomplishment.Justbecauseyouaredoingsomethingdoesn'tmeanyouaregettinganywhere.Onemustevaluateone'sactivityinordertohaveaccomplishment.妙语点睛该句的主语是justbecauseyouaredoingsomething这个从句,谓语是doesn'tmean〇精品译文工作与成就这两者之间是有很大差距的,仅仅是在不停地工作并不意味着你就取得了成就。因此,人们必须认真审视自己眼下的工作,看是否真的能够取得成就。思维总结本节的重点是that主语从句的各种句型。其次,了解because引导的主语从句,做到会翻译即可。思维训练Exercise2选择最佳答案填空。Itisobviousonmoreimportantthings.A.whichthemoneyshouldwespendB.whatthemoneyshouldwespendC.thatthemoneyshouldwespendD.thatweshouldspendthemoneyhardwaterdoesnotmixwellwithsoap.A.Thatisawell-knownfactB.Thatisawell-knownfactinwhichC.Itisawell-knownfactthatD.Itisawell-knownthateverymagnetissurroundedbyamagneticfield.A.ItbelievesthatB.ItbelievedthatC.ItisbelievedthatD.It'sbelievingthatwastoreturntoschool.ThatreallyinterestedhimWhatreallyinterestedhimC.WhichreallyinterestedhimD.Thatinterestedhimreallyyourmenhavebeenonmylandwithoutpermission.A.ItseemsthatB.ThereseemstobeC.ThatseemsD.Itseemsforhavemadenoarrangementstodealwithsuchcases.A.ItappearthatB.ThatappearsC.TheyappearthatD.Itappearsthatthatthefirstcheesewasprobablymademorethan4,000yearsagobynomadictribesinAsia.A.ThebeliefB.AlthoughtheybelieveC.ItisbelievedD.Believingtospacetravelersishighaccelerationordecelerationforces.A.ThatcanbedangerousB.WhatcanbedangerousC.TheycanbedangerousD.Itcanbedangerousunstableandexplodesasasupernovaisnotknown.A.ForastartobecomeB.HowastarbecomesC.AstarbecomesD.Thatastarisbecomingcomposedtraditionallyhasbeenasubjectofdebateamongscholars.A.WhereballadshowB.BalladswerehowtheyHowballadsthatwereD.Howballadswerethattheprofessor'sstrictnesswithhimisnottopunishacarelessstudentbuttoteachhimhowtobeprecise.A.JosephwasdawnedB.ItwasdawnedonJosephC.ItdawnedonJosephJosephdawnediton12.wasnotourconcern.A.NomatterhowhemightpasstheexaminationB.WhetherhepassedtheexaminationornotC.ThoughhemightpasstheexaminationD.Whilehepassedtheexamination3宾语从句对于宾语从句,同样是由前面讨论过的连词引导,在这里就不再ーー列举。我们这里主要是关注一下宾语从句在句中的不同位置关系。在及物动词后作宾语读者对这种类型的宾语从句应该都比较熟悉。请看下面这个很美的例句:I'velearnedthatlove,nottime,healsallwounds.I'velearnedthateveryoneyoumeetdeservestobegreetedwithasmile.I'velearnedthatthere'snothingsweeterthansleepingwithyourbabiesandfeelingtheirbreathonyourcheeks.妙语点睛这里有三个that引导的宾语从句,都是直接跟在及物动词learn后边的。精品译文我明白了,是爱,而不是时间能治愈一切创伤。我明白了,你遇到的每ー个人都值得你以笑脸相迎。我明白了,世间最美好的事莫过于你睡在孩子身边,感受着他们飘散在你脸庞上的呼吸。在双宾动词后作直接宾语IassureyouthatIhadnointentionofoffendingyou.妙语点睛这里that引导的从句thatIhadnointentionofoffendingyou充当assure的直接宾语,而you作间接宾语。精品译文我向你保证,我当时决不是故意冒犯你。Prof.Lee'sbookwillshowyouhowwhatyouhaveobservedcanbeusedinothercontexts.妙语点睛这里how引导的从句howwhatyouhaveobservedcanbeusedinothercontexts充当show的直接宾语,而you作间接宾语。精品译文李教授的这本书会让你知道如何把你观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。在双宾动词后作间接宾语Theygavewhocametothemeetingapamphlet.妙语点睛这里who弓I导的从句whocametothemeeting构成宾语从句,作主句谓语gave的间接宾语,而gave的直接宾语是apamphlet。精品译文他们给到会的所有人员发一本小册子。在介词后作宾语Ifindthebestwaytoconcentrateistomakenotesonwhattheteachersaresaying.妙语点睛这里what引导的从句whattheteachersaresaying作介词on的宾语。精品译文我认为上课集中注意力的最好办法就是把老师讲的内容记下来。Thereisdisagreementamongeconomistsaboutwhatmoneyisandhowmoneyismeasured.妙语点睛这里what及how引导的从句whatmoneyis和howmoneyismeasured作介词about的宾语。精品译文什么是货币以及怎样计量,这些在经济学家们之间存在分歧。"Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,"hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon'tretreatinthefaceofanythreats."妙语点睛这里有两个宾语从句,ー个是how引导的howwellitcancontrolexpression»另ー1个是whether弓I导的whetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,二者都是放在介词in后面作宾语。精品译文他在《华尔街日报》的ー个专栏中写道:“对任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制言论的自由表达,而在于它是否能最大限度地赋予思想自由和表达自由,尽管其结果有时可能会非常有争议和令人不悦。面对威胁,我们不会退缩Inrecentyears,thedebateoverwhetherfossil-appearingobjectsfromMarswere,infact,indicatorsofpastorpresentlifeonthatplanethaspromptedmanytoaskwhetherpeopleareready,psychologically,toacceptthepossibilityoflifeelsewhere.妙语点睛这里有两个whether引导的从句,ー个是作介词over的宾语,另ー个是作动词ask的宾语,即两个都是宾语从句,但所处的位置不同。精品译文近几年,人们在火星上发现有类似化石的物体,这些物体是否就能表明火星上过去或现在存在生命,对此人们一直在争论。此争议也让很多人不禁要问:我们是否已经在心理上准备好接受地球以外存在生命的可能性。我们再来看下面这道四级考试真题:Iwillgivethisdictionarytowantstohaveit.A.whomeverB.someoneC.whoeverD.anyone正确答案Co妙语点睛本题考查名词从句的引导词。很多考生因为看到介词to,就认为应该填宾格形式的连词,因此选择A。其实这是错误的,因为这里的介词to后面接的不是单独的ー个连词,而是由连词引导的ー个宾语从句。这里的宾语从句是wantstohaveit,显然从句缺主语,因此应该用主格形式的连词whoever,故C正确。所以,这道题的关键是要看到作介词to的宾语是whoeverwantstohaveit这个宾语从句。精品译文谁想要这本词典,我就给谁。宾语从句后置宾语从句若出现在复合宾语结构中,此时的宾语从句被置于补足语后面了,因此是ー个后置的宾语从句,即“动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that宾语从句”。请看例句:Webelieveittruethatthehumanbodyisalsoakindofgoodconductor.妙语点睛这里就是ー个后置的宾语从句结构,用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句thatthehumanbodyisalsoakindofgoodconductor〇形容词true作宾语补足语。精品译文人体也是一种良导体,我们认为这是对的。2Wemustmakeitclearthatthepartiesinvolvedaretomakeeveryefforttocurbthepollution.妙语点睛这里就是ー个后置的宾语从句结构,用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句thatthepartiesinvolvedaretomakeeveryefforttocurbthepollution〇形容词clear作宾语补足语。精品译文我们必须强调清楚,有关部门要尽一切努力来治理污染。3Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.妙语点睛这里就是ー个后置的宾语从句结构,用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句。形容词questionable作宾语补足语。精品译文这些与防御有关的研究项目会不会说明生活水平的提高,或者会不会有利于保护我们日益减少的资源,对此,有人持怀疑态度。that在宾语从句中省略的问题一般来讲,that引导宾语从句时,可将that省去。但若是几个宾语从句并列使用,则连词that一般都不可省去。原因很简单,有了that的“指路牌’’的作用（详见《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》中2.2小节的内容）,便于读者快速判断句子结构。请看例句:Ioncereadthat"thebeautyoflifeisitschanges"andthat"theartoflifeliesinaconstantreadjustmenttooursurroundings".妙语点睛句中含有多个that从句,连词that一般不省去。这里两个that从句作read的宾语,即构成并列的宾语从句。精品译文我曾经读到过这样一句话:“生活的魅力在于变化,而生活的艺术在于不断地适应周围环境的变化。”Forvariousreasons,manywomenareemotionallyneedy,andtheysometimesseeksexoutsideofmarriagetoconfirmthattheyareokay,thattheyarebeautifulanddesirable,thattheyaresexy,andthatsomebodylovesthemfortherealwomentheyareratherthanfortheircooking,housecleaningandchild-rearingabilities.妙语点睛句中含有多个that从句,连词that一般不省去。这里四个that从句作confirm的宾语,即构成并列的宾语从句。精品译文出于种种原因,许多女人缺少感情上的慰藉,她们有时候寻找婚外性伴侣以证明自己还不错、挺漂亮、富于魅力并且很性感。她们需要证明,男人爱她们是因为她们本人而不是因为她们的烹饪、理家以及照顾孩子的能力。思维总结熟悉宾语从句在主句中的不同位置特点,注意宾语从句的后置结构,了解连词that省略的规则。思维训练Exercise3选择最佳答案填空。HeaskedmeIintendedtodoaftermygraduation.A.thatwhatB.whatC.thatD.which2.Listeningcarefullytoinclassmeanslessworklater.A.whatdoestheteachersayB.whattheteachersaysC.thattheteachersaysD.whichtheteachersays.Johndidn'tsayhewouldreturn,butIpresumehe'llbebackfordinner.A.thatwhenB.whenC.ifornotD.where.Aftertheaccident,!openedmyeyesslowlyandrealizedIwasstillalive.A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.which.NooneknowsexactlyA.howdidspeechbeginB.howspeechbeganC.howthebeginningofspeechD.ofhowbeginningspeech.HewonderedA.whatwillbehiswife'sreactionB.whatwouldhiswife'sreactionbeC.howwouldbehiswife'sreactionD.whathiswife'sreactionwouldbe.ApopularbeliefradioandtelevisionhavehomogenizedthelanguageoftheUnitedStates.A.statesthat.thatisstatedC.thatstatesD.statingthatdon'tcareweareinvitedtothedinner.A.ifornot.whetherornotC.whatD.that.ChineseofficialsmadeclearthattherecouldbenonormalizationofrelationuntiltheUnitedStatesterminateddiplomaticrelationswithTaiwan.A.thatB.themC.itD.this.Heiswonderingadoctor.A.whetherornotheshouldseeB.thatheshouldseeornotC.ifornotheshouldseeD.iftoseeornot4表语从句表语从句比较简单,通常就是将从句置于系动词,尤其是be动词（如is或was）后面。请看例句:Mostpeoplegetmarriedbelievingamyth—thatmarriageisabeautifulboxfullofallthethingstheyhavelongedfor:companionship,sexualfulfillment,intimacy,andfriendship.Thetruthisthatmarriage,atthestart,isanemptybox.Youmustputsomethinginbeforeyoucantakeanythingout.Thereisnoloveinmarriage;loveisinpeople,andpeopleputitintomarriage.Thereisnoromanceinmarriage;peoplehavetoinfuseitintotheirmarriages.Acouplemustlearntheartandformthehabitofgiving,loving,serving,praising—keepingtheboxfull.Ifyoutakeoutmorethanyouputin,theboxwillempty.妙语点睛这里的that从句是放在is后面作表语,即构成表语从句。精品译文很多人结婚时都误认为婚姻是ー个美丽的宝盒,里边有他们一直渴望的一切:亲密的伙伴关系、性生活的满足、两人之间的卿卿我我以及友谊。但事实是,婚姻ー开始是一个空盒子,你得先往里面放进ー些东西,才能从里面取出东西。婚姻本身是没有爱的,爱在人的心里,因此人们必须往婚姻中注入爱。婚姻本身也没有浪漫,人们必须在自己的婚姻生活中制造浪漫。夫妻双方应该学会爱的艺术,养成这些良好的习惯:彼此付出、相爱、给予、赞美,让婚姻这个美丽的盒子总是满满的。如果我们的索取多于付出,婚姻这个盒子终究会变空。很喜欢这段关于婚姻的文字,它告诉了我们ー个简单的道理:美好的婚姻或爱情是需要我们用心呵护和经营的,这其中少不了理解、宽容、忍耐和付出,还有就是坚守,不要轻言放弃,因为历经磨难和考验的感情,オ会格外的醇香、深厚,以至于无法割舍。这时的感情オ臻至完美!上面的例句中含有that引导的表语从句,下面我们再来看疑问句用作表语从句的例子。比如下面这句：Womenaremuchtoopreoccupiedbyfamily.Oncethemarriag