考研考博-英语-山东现代学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东现代学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.填空题

Tasteissuchasubjectivematterthatwedon’tusuallyconductpreferencetestsforfood.Butbecausethetwobigcolacompanies—Coca-ColaandPepsiColaaremarketedsoaggressively,we’vewonderedhowbigaroletastepreference

A

B

C

actuallyplaysforbrandloyalty.

D

【答案】Dfor改为in

【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】playaroleinsth.为固定搭配，其意思为“在……中起作用”，howbigarole到句尾的部分还原成一般陈述语序为tastepreferenceactuallyplaysabigroleinbrandloyalty，所以D部分应为in。

【句意】因为口味是主观问题，所以一般不会对食物进行偏好测试。但由于两大可乐公司——可口可乐和百事可乐的营销非常激进，我们想知道口味偏好在品牌忠诚度中到底起到了多大作用。

2.单选题

Werarelyperceivemorethanaminute（

）ofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponoursenseorgans;thegreatmajoritypassusby.

问题1选项

A.fiction

B.function

C.fraction

D.friction

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。fiction“小说，虚构的事”；function“功能，职能”；fraction“小部分，少量”；friction“摩擦，冲突”。句意：我们只能察觉到被我们感官所接收的很少一部分的景象和声音，而忽视了大部分。选项C符合题意。

3.单选题

6.

问题1选项

A.Itwillrainsoon.

B.It’srighttobeproposed.

C.Sheisworriedabouttheweather.

D.Tobesafe,they'dbetterstayathome.

【答案】B

【解析】M:Idon’tthinkyouneedtotakeanumbrella.

W:Itmightrain,bettersafethansorry.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

【解析】常用习语。女士说：bettersafethansorry，这是一句谚语，意思是“谨言慎行不吃亏，轻率莽撞必后悔”。

4.单选题

Itdidnottakelongforthecentralbankto（）theirfears.

问题1选项

A.soothe

B.snub

C.smear

D.sanctify

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。soothe“使平静，安慰，缓和”；snub“冷落，斥责”；smear“涂上，抹掉，诽谤”；sanctify“使神圣”。句意：银行并没有花费很长时间就缓解了人们的忧虑。选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties,however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessionandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.

Morerecently,whileexaminehousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivitytotheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn’tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

1.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries______.

2.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem_____.

3.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.workforcesisthat_____.

4.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged_____.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation_____.

问题1选项

A.issubjectgroundlessdoubts

B.hasfallenvictimofbias

C.isconventionaldowngraded

D.hasbeenoverestimated

问题2选项

A.requiressufficientlaborforce

B.takeseffortsofgenerations

C.demandspriorityfromthegovernment

D.challengeseconomistsandpoliticians

问题3选项

A.theU.S.workforceismoreorganized

B.theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined

C.theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive

D.theU.S.workforcehasabettereducation

问题4选项

A.asaresultofpressureongovernment

B.whenpeoplenolongerwenthunting

C.whenpeoplehadenoughtime

D.priortobetterwaysoffindingfood

问题5选项

A.followsimprovedproductivity

B.resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments

C.doesnotdependoneconomicperformance

D.cannotaffordpoliticalchanges

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。寻找句内线索，定位到文章第一段第二三句话…however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.“……然而，传统观点认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的首要任务之一，这种观点是错误的。我们很幸运，因为在那里建立新的教育系统，并让足够多的人通过这些系统来改善经济表现，需要两三代人的努力”，从这句可知很多人都会认为不发达国家要想获得快速发展就的通过发展教育来达成，但事实是仅仅是新的教育体系发展起来都得需要经历两到三代人的努力才能实现，达不到快速这个目标，所以教育的作用是被高估了的，所以答案选D“被高估了”。

A选项“受到无端质疑”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

B选项“变成了偏见的受害者”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

C选项“通常被贬低”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

2.事实细节题。定位到第一段第三句话Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.“我们很幸运，因为在那里建立新的教育系统，并让足够多的人通过这些系统来改善经济表现，需要两三代人的努力”，从这里可知答案选B“需要几代人的努力”；

A选项“需要足够的劳动力”，第一段没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“要求政府放在首位”，定位到第一段第二句话…however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.“……然而，传统观点认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的首要任务之一，这种观点是错误的”，这里只是提到人们会下意识的认为要把教育放在第一位，与题目描写的新教育体系的建立无关，这里属于出处错误；

D选项“挑战经济学家和政治家”，定位到第一段第一句Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike“在贫穷国家，正规教育和经济增长之间的关系被经济学家和政治家们广泛误解”，这说的是经济学和政治学家的一种误解，与题目描写的新教育体系的建立无关所以不选，这里属于出处错误。

3.事实细节题，定位到第二段倒数第一句话YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts“然而，研究显示，本田、尼桑和丰田的美国工厂的生产率达到了日本同行的95%左右”，从这里可以知道，虽然美国工人能够达到日本工人95%的生产率但是日本工人的生产效率还是高一些的，所以C选项“日本的劳动力效率更高”。

A选项“美国的劳动力更有组织”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项“日本的劳动力更有纪律性”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；

D选项“美国劳动力有更好的教育”，定位到第二段第三句话TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducated…“美国的劳动力被嘲笑为受教育程度低……”从这里可知，D选项错误，属于反向干扰。

4.判断推理题。由题干关键词定位到倒数第二段倒数第二句“Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood（一万年前，当我们的祖先还是猎人和采集者时，除了寻找食物，他们没有时间思考其他事情）”，这个“其他事情”指向定位句的上一句“Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted（毕竟，教育就是这样开始的）”，此处说的就是教育的出现需要一个很重要的条件“时间”。因此C选项“当人们有了足够时间时”符合题意。

A选项“这是政府压力的结果”来自于倒数第二段“evenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit（即使政府不强迫）”，但是这并非说明政府压迫是导致教育出现的原因，本段说的是“经济发展与教育的关系”，属于偷换概念。

B选项“当人们不再去打猎”同样来自倒数第二句“ourancestorswerehunters”，但这里是说，由于需要寻找食物，才没有时间去思考其他事情，并未提及不再打猎这个条件，属于偷换概念。

D选项“教育先于更好的寻找食物的方法出现”来自倒数第二段最后一句“Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings（只有当人类开始以更有效的方式获取食物时，才有时间做其他事情）”，因此“betterwaysoffindingfoods”应先出现，才有教育的可能性，属于曲解原文。

5.判断推理题。根据题干定位到最后一段第一二句Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.“随着教育的改善，人类的生产力潜力也在增加。当竞争环境推动我们的祖先发挥这种潜力时，他们反过来也能负担得起更多的教育”，从这里可知，教育能够提高生产力潜能，当潜能被竞争激发出来生产率提高时，反过来又可以提高教育水平，所以答案选A选项“随着提高的生产率而来”；

B选项“直接来自竞争环境的结果”，属于反向干扰，竞争激发生产潜能然后再有助于教育提高，不是直接参与教育的发展；

C选项“不依赖于经济表现”，定位到最后一段第三句Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.（对于先进的经济表现所要求的复杂的政治制度来说，教育水平的日益提高可能是必要的，但不是充分的条件），教育发展是依赖于复杂政治制度的必要不充分条件，所以说教育的发展不能推动政治的发展，而政治的发展可以推动教育的发展，从文章可以看出而政治的发展依赖于经济表现，所以可以说教育的发展依赖于经济表现，所以C选项错误；

D选项“无法承受政治变革”，定位到第四段第四句Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.（因此，如果没有政治变革，穷国可能无法摆脱贫困陷阱，而政治变革只有通过更广泛的正规教育才能实现），这里没有提及政治变革对教育的影响只讲看教育对政治变革的影响，所以D选项属于曲意理解。

6.单选题

Awordprocessorismuchbetterthanatypewriterinthatitenablesyoutoenterand（

）yourtextmoreeasily.

问题1选项

A.register

B.edit

C.propose

D.discharge

【答案】B

【解析】句意:文字信息处理机比打字机好得多，因为它能使你更容易地输入和编辑文本。

动词辨析。Register登记，注册;edit编辑，校对;propose建议，打算;discharge排放，解雇。因此B符合句意。

7.单选题

EveryoneinAmericathesedaysseemstobe（）withhisorherphysicalfitness,andeveryoneistalkingaboutgettinginshape.

问题1选项

A.concerned

B.allured

C.connected

D.attracted

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。beconcernedwith指涉及，关心。根据句意可知这里指如今的美国人关心自己的健康，选项A符合句意。

8.单选题

Thefirestartedonthefirstfloorofthehospital______wereelderlyandweak.

问题1选项

A.manyofitspatients

B.manyofwhichpatients

C.manypatientsofwhom

D.manyofwhosepatients

【答案】D

【解析】考查定语从句。句意：大火从医院的一楼开始蔓延，在一楼有许多年老体弱的病人。横线到句尾部分是修饰firstfloor的定语从句，patients和firstfloor是所属关系，用引导词whose，D选项manyofwhosepatients符合题意。A选项中its不是引导词，不引导从句；B选项中which不表示所属关系；C选项中whom用在先行词是人的情况。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

PresidentCoolidge’sstatement,"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness,"stillpointstoanimportanttruthtoday——thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment.Whydobusinessinstitutionspossessthisgreatprestige?

OnereasonisthatAmericansviewbusinessasbeingmorefirmlybasedontheidealofcompetitionthanotherinstitutionsinsociety.SincecompetitionisseenasthemajorsourceofprogressandprosperitybymostAmericans,competitivebusinessinstitutionsarerespected.Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself,itisalsothemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.

Competitionprotectsthefreedomoftheindividualbyensuringthatthereisnomonopolyofpower.Incontrasttoone,allpowerfulgovernment,manybusinessescompeteagainsteachotherforprofits.Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremanybusinessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlikeinferiorsorslaves.

Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.Becausebusinessiscompetitive,manyAmericansbelievethatitismoresupportiveoffreedomthangovernment,eventhoughtgovernmentleadersareelectedbythepeopleandbusinessleadersarenot.ManyAmericanbelieve,then,thatcompetitionisasimportant,orevenmoreimportant,thandemocracyinpreservingfreedom.

Competitioninbusinessisalsobelievedtostrengthentheidealofequalityofopportunity.Competitionisseenasanopenandfairracewheresuccessgoestotheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclassbackground.CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityofopportunityratherthanthearistocraticideaofinheritedprivilege.

1.Thestatement"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness"probablymeans（

）.

2.Americansbelievethattheycanrealizetheirpersonalvaluesonly

（

）.

3.Whocanbenefitfrombusinesscompetition?

4.Governmentisbelievedtodifferstrikinglyfrombusinessinthatgovernmentischaracterizedby

（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbeliever（

）.

问题1选项

A.ThebusinessinstitutionsinAmericaareconcernedwithcommerce.

B.BusinessproblemsareofgreatimportancetotheAmericangovernment.

C.BusinessisofprimaryconcerntoAmericans

D.Americaisagreatpowerinworldbusiness

问题2选项

A.whengivenequalityofopportunity

B.throughdoingbusiness

C.byprotectingtheirindividualfreedom

D.bywayofcompetition

问题3选项

A.Honestbusinessmen.

B.Bothbusinessmenandtheircustomers.

C.Peoplewithidealsofequality.

D.Businessinstitutionsandgovernment.

问题4选项

A.itsabsolutecontrolofpower

B.itsfunctionpreservingpersonalfreedom

C.itsroleinprotectingbasicAmericanvalues

D.itsdemocraticwayofexercisingleader

问题5选项

A.Americansaremoreambitiousthanpeopleinothercountries

B.Inmanycountriessuccessoftendependsonone'ssocialstatus

C.Americanbusinessesaremoredemocraticthantheseinothercountries

D.BusinessesinothercountriesarenotascompetitiveasthoseinAmerica

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment（在美国社会中，商业机构比任何其他类型的组织都有更高的声誉，包括政府）可知C选项“商业是美国人最关心的问题”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself,itisalsothemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.（竞争本身不仅是好的，它也是美国其他基本价值观如个人自由、机会平等和努力工作的保护手段）可知D选项“通过竞争”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremanybusinessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlikeinferiorsorslaves.（理论上，如果一个企业试图利用其客户的不公平优势，它将输给对其客户更公平的竞争性企业。当许多企业为了顾客的钱而竞争时，他们不能像对待下级或奴隶那样对待他们）可知是从从企业与客户两个角度说明商业竞争的，因此选B。

4.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.（人们常常将商业和政府进行对比，一个具有竞争性，另一个具有垄断性）可知A选项“其对权力的绝对控制”符合题意。

5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityofopportunityratherthanthearistocraticideaofinheritedprivilege.（竞争成功通常被视为是美国人对基于家庭背景的社会等级的替代方式。因此，商业被视为是机会平等观念的一种表达，而不是继承特权的贵族观念）可知B选项“在许多国家，成功往往取决于一个人的社会地位”符合题意。

10.写作题

Directions:Presentyourperspectiveontheissuebelow,usingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplestosupportyourviews.

Writeacompositionofabout350wordsentitledAnOccupationthatCanBringMyCreativeDrivesandTechnicalKnowledgeintoFullPlay.

【答案】【略】

11.单选题

Standinginlinehasneverbeenapopularactivity,buttodayitseemsthatAmericansarelikelytobemoreimpatientaboutwaitinginlinethantheyhavebeenin20years.AccordingtoarecentLouisHarrissurvey,Americans’leisuretimehasshrunkby37percentinthelasttwodecades.Withleisuretimemorevaluable,theopportunitycostofwaitinginlinesismuchhigher.

Businessesrecognizethatpeoplechoosetheirproductsonthebasisofthefullopportunitycost,notjustthepriceofthegoodsorservice.Bykeepingcustomerswaitingbusinessesmaybelosingcustomers.Theyarefindingthatpeoplewillchooseoneestablishmentoveranotherbecauseshorterlines.Asaresult,businessesarefocusingontheirmarketingeffortsonwhatmarketerscalltimeutility-providingproductsandservicesinwaysthatdonotconsumevaluabletimeorprovidingvaluestooffsetthetimelosses.Whenthemultiple-linesapproachisusedinbanksandstores,peoplegetfrustratedbecausetheyoftenfindthemselvesintheslowestline.Singlelinesdonotmoveanyquicker,buttheyreducethevarianceofthewaitandthusreducefrustrations.Customerscanlineupbehindthetellerorclerkortheirchoice;orinonelinethatallowsthefirstpersoninlinetogotothenextavailableserver-calledasingle-serverline.Asaresult,mosttypesofbusinessesinwhichseveralservicepeoplehandlecustomershaveswitchedtothesingle-serverline.

Firmshavetriedseveralotherapproachestodealingwithlines.ChemicalBankbeganaprogramwhereanycustomerwhohadtowaitinatellerlineformorethansevenminuteswasgiven$5.HospitalemergencyroomsinLosGatos,California,nowoffera“NoWaiting”guarantee:Ifyouwaitlongerthanfiveminutesforemergency-roomcare,thebillingdepartmentknocks25percentoffyourbill.TheManhattanSavingsBankoffersliveentertainmentduringnoontimebankinghours.Somehotelsandofficebuildingshavemirrorsontheirelevatordoorsinanattempttodistractpeoplewhilewaiting.

Sometimesjusttellingpeoplehowlongtheyhavetowaitcheersthemup.Disneylandhashadtolearntocomfortthoseinline,sinceapopularattractionlikeStarTourscanattractasmanyas1,800peopleinaline.Likemanyamusementparks,Disneylandprovidedentertainmentforthosestandinginline,butitalsogivespeopleupdates,intheformofsigns,noting“fromthispoint,onthewaitis30minutes'Distractionssuchasthesecanhelppeopleforgethowtheycouldbespendingtheirtimeiftheyweren’twaitinginline.

1.Whichisthebesttitleforthisessay?

2.Whatisthemainideaoftheentireessay?

3.Peopleprefersingle-serverlinesbecause（）.

4.Wecaninferfromtheessaythat（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFalse?

问题1选项

A.PreciousLeisureTime.

B.Single-serverLine.

C.NoWaitingGuarantee.

D.TheOpportunityCostofWaiting.

问题2选项

A.Peoplearemoreimpatientthantheyusedtobebecausetheyhavelessleisuretime.

B.Businessestrytoattractcustomersbydecreasingwaitingtime.

C.Timecanbeconsideredpartoftheopportunitycostofaproductorservice.

D.Banks,storesandotherbusinesseshaveintroducedsingle-serverlinesandentertainmentforcustomerswaitinginline.

问题3选项

A.theymovequicker

B.theyoffermoredistractions

C.theyreducefrustrations

D.theyaddvariances

问题4选项

A.peoplejudgeaproductonitsfullopportunitycostincludingtime

B.marketersdonotfindeffectiveapproachestodealingwithtime

C.mostpeoplearepatientwhentheylineforanamusementprogram

D.mostpeopledonotcarefortheentertainmentprogramofferedbythebusinesseswhentheyarewaitinginlonglines

问题5选项

A.Americans’leisuretimehasshrunken37percentinthelasttwodecades.

B.AtChemicalBankcustomerswhohadtowaitmorethansevenminutesweregiven$5.

C.Somehospitalemergencyroomsoffera“NoWaiting”guarantee.

D.Disneylandhadtocheerupthepeoplewaitinginlonglinesforsomepopularattractions,butnottothecustomers'satisfaction.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:文章第一段提到美国人的休闲时间越来越宝贵，排队等候所费的成本越来越高。在接下来的段落里，作者着重说明商家是如何采取措施来解决排队费时间的问题，向消费者提供费时少的产品和服务。因此可以推断出全文是在讲排队等候的机会成本，所以选项D符合题意。

第2题:根据第1题可知，选项C“时间被认为是产品或者服务的机会成本的一部分”符合题意。

第3题:文章第二段提到人们不喜欢多行的队伍，这样会让他们沮丧，而singlelinesdonotmoveanyquicker,buttheyreducethevarianceofthewaitandthusreducefrustrations，单行队伍能够减少人们的沮丧。选项C符合题意。

第4题:文章第二段第一句话提到商家意识到人们在机会成本的基础上选择商品不仅仅是因为产品的服务或者质量（Businessesrecognizethatpeoplechoosetheirproductsonthebasisofthefullopportunitycost,notjustthepriceofthegoodsorservice）。之后举了商家向人们提供不费时间的产品和服务的例子，由此可知，人们在选择商品时，时间成本也是其中需要考虑的因素之一。选项A符合题意。

第5题:文章第一段第二句话accordingtoarecentLouisHarrissurvey,Americans’leisuretimehasshrunkby37percentinthelasttwodecades，排除选项A；文章第三段第二句话chemicalBankbeganaprogramwhereanycustomerwhohadtowaitinatellerlineformorethansevenminuteswasgiven$5，排除选项B；第三段第三句话hospitalemergencyroomsinLosGatos,California,nowoffera“NoWaiting”guarantee:Ifyouwaitlongerthanfiveminutesforemergency-roomcare,thebillingdepartmentknocks25percentoffyourbill，排除选项C。所以选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

ThemysteriousspokesinSaturn's（土星）ringsmaybecreatedbymassivethunderstormsintheplanet’satmosphere.Ifthetheoryisright,thesefaintfeaturesarethesignatureofawesomeevents:lightningstrokesaretenthousandtimesmoreenergeticthanthoseonEarthreleasingbeamsofelectronsthatsurgeupfromSaturnssurfacetowhack（重击）intotheringsandblastoutjetsofelectricallychargeddust.

Theidea,proposedbyGeraintJonesoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforSolarSystemResearchinKatlenburg-Lindau,Germany,andhiscolleaguesinGeophysicalResearchLetters,remainsspeculative.Noonehaseverseenstorm-inducedelectronbeamsonSaturn.Buttheresearcherssaythatthetheorywouldexplainsomepuzzlingfeaturesofthespokes,andthatitfitswithwhatisknownabouttheeffectsofthunderstormsonEarth.

ThespokesofSaturn’sringswerefirstdiscoveredbytheVoyagerIandIIspacecraftwhentheypassedclosetothegasgiantplanetin1980and1981.Thespokesare“averycomplexphenomenon,andadifficultthingtountangle”,saysCarolynPorcooftheSpaceScienceInstituteinBoulder,Colorado,whowasthefirstpersontoworkonthesemysteriousfeaturesbackintheVoyagerdays.

Thespokesappearasbrightordarkstreaksabout100kmwideandupto20,000kmlongthatcrosstherings,makingthemlookasthoughtheyhavebeensmearedbyagiantfinger.Theyaretransient,buildingupoveraperiodofafewhoursandthendisappearingagainseveralhourslater.Andtheyaren’talwaysthereatall:between1998and2004,whenNASA’sCassinispacecraftreachedtheplanet,therewasnosignofany.SpokesreappearedinSeptember2005,whenCassinitooksnapshotsofthem.

Researchersagreethatthespokesaremadeofdustgrainsthathavebecomeelectricallychargedandarepushedupoutoftheringsinlongstreamersbyelectrostaticrepulsion（静电排斥）.Buttheydon’tknowwhatcausesthecharging.

Onetheoryisthatthishappenswhenmeteoritesplowintotheringsandwhipupacloudofchargedplasma（等离子区），whichthenchargesuptherings’dustparticles.Butthis,saysJones,can’texplainwhythespokesbuildupgraduallyit’simplausible（难信的）thatseveralmeteoriteswouldstriketheringsinthesameplaceinclosesuccession.

AnalternativeexplanationisbasedonthewaythatthunderstormsonEarthcangenerateelectronbeamsintheupperatmosphere.Whileregularlightningboltstravelbetweencloudsandthegroundbelow,high-energyparticlesstreamingfromspacecalledcosmicrayscantriggerelectrondischargesabovetheclouds.TheseelectronsstreamoutwardsintospacealongthefieldlinesoftheEarth’magneticfield.Thiscanproduceflashesofgammaraysaswellasglowingatmosphericfeaturescalledsprites.

ThunderstormsarealsoknowntohappenwithinthethickatmosphereofSaturn,andJonesandcolleaguessaythatthe