考研考博-英语-保山学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-保山学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

The（

）physicisthasbeenchallengedbyothersinhisfield.

问题1选项

A.respectable

B.respectful

C.respective

D.respecting

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项respectable“可敬的，值得尊敬的”；B选项respectful“尊敬的，有礼貌的”；C选项respective“各自的，分别的”；D选项respecting“尊敬，尊重”。根据选项的意思，可知A选项最符合句意。句意：这位受人尊敬的物理学家在他的领域受到了其他人的挑战。

2.单选题

Theseillegalimmigrantshavetoworklonghoursadaydespitetheappallingworkingconditions.

问题1选项

A.bewildering

B.exasperating

C.dismaying

D.upsetting

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。appalling表示“可怕的，令人震惊的”；A项bewildering“使人困惑的”，B项exasperating“使人恼怒的”，C项dismaying“令人震惊的，令人惊恐的”，D项upsetting“令人心烦意乱的”。句意：尽管工作条件恶劣，这些非法移民每天还是得工作很长时间。根据句意可知，选择C项正确。

3.单选题

OnOctober11th,1994,JohnForbesNash,Jr.wontheNobelPrizeforpioneeringworkingametheory.

NashbeganhisPh.D.atPrincetonin1948whenhewasjust20.Whilehewasstillonly21,liewrotea27doctoraldissertationongametheory(博弈论)——themathematicsofcompetition.ThegreatJohnvonNeuman,thenatPrinceton,hadtreatedwin-losecompetitions.NowNashshowedhowtoconstructmathematicalsituationsinwhichbothsideswon.Hefoundstablesituationswherenopersoncontinuestoprofitfromcompetition.

Nashintroducedsomethingtotallynew.Andhedrewtheattentionoftheoreticaleconomists.Theyturnedgametheoryintoatool.Thisyounggeniushadsucceeded.

HewentontoMITandforeightyearsgreatlyimpressedthemathematicalworld.Heworkedineconomics.HeeveninventedthegameofHex,marketedbyparkerBrothers.Hemarriedin1957.NewYorkTimeswriterSilviaNasartellshowFortuneMagazinesingledhimoutinJuly1958asAmerica'sbrilliantyoungstarofthe“newmathematics”.Everythingwasgoingsmoothly.

Then,disaster!Mentalillnessovertookhim.He’donceastonishedmathematicianswithhisunlikelyresults.Nowhisresultsstoppedmakingsense,andthedividinglinewasn’tclearatfirst.Hebeganlookingforsecretmessagesinnumbers.

Psychologistsofthe1950sclaimedthathiswife’spregnancyhadtippedhimovertheedge.Nicethingtolayonawomanalreadystressedtotheedgebyherhusband’scollapse!Themarriageended,butshehousedhim,backinPrinceton.

For25years,mentalillnesscontrolledJohnNash.Itwasinthemid-1980sthatNashatlastlearnedtomanagehisillnessand,onceagain,hecoulddomathematics.Meanwhile,gametheoryhadbecomeastapletoolofbusinessandeconomics.AllthewritinginthatfieldpointsbacktoNash'sseminalwork.Finally,NashreceivedtheNobelPrizeineconomics.

1.NashwontheNobelPrize（

）.

2.Theword“They”(Para.3)refersto

（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.WhydoyouthinkNashmadehisachievementinthefieldofmathematicsbutwashonoredwiththeNobelPrizeforeconomicsinstead?

5.Thepurposeofthisarticlemightbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.forpioneeringworkinestablishingatheory

B.forcombiningmathematicswitheconomics

C.forgreatlyimpressingthemathematicalworldfor8years

D.forhismerit

问题2选项

A.theoreticaleconomists

B.Nashandhiscolleagues

C.Nashandotherscientists

D.competitors

问题3选项

A.Nash’swifedivorcedhim,butgavehimahouseasagift.

B.Nash’swifeagreedthatherpregnancycontributedtoNash’smentalcollapse.

C.Theauthorthinksit’srighttoblameNash’swifeforhismentalcollapse.

D.Theauthorthinksit’sunfairtoblameNash’swifeforhismentalcollapse.

问题4选项

A.Becausehisgametheorydrewtheattentionoftheoreticaleconomists.

B.Becausehisgametheoryhasbecomeastapletoolofbusinessandeconomics.

C.Becauseheturnedhisgametheoryintoatool.

D.BecauseNashwasaneconomist.

问题5选项

A.totellastoryofamathematicsgenius

B.todepictamathematicsgenius

C.totellthereadersaboutJohnForbesNash.Jr.

D.totellhowNashconqueredhismentalillness

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。根据第一段的内容“JohnForbesNash,Jr.因博弈论的开创性工作获得诺贝尔奖。”选项A符合原文。

第2题:语义题。根据第三段的内容“Nashintroducedsomethingtotallynew.Andhedrewtheattentionoftheoreticaleconomists.Theyturnedgametheoryintoatool.”Nash介绍了一些全新的东西。他引起了理论经济学家的注意。他们把博弈论变成了一种工具。由此可知，这里的“they”指的是上句中的“theoreticaleconomists”。所以选项A正确。

第3题:判断推理题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Themarriageended,butshehousedhim,backinPrinceton.”离婚后，他的妻子把他安置在普林斯顿。而不是送了一套房子给他，所以选项A错误；根据倒数第二段第一句“Psychologistsofthe1950sclaimedthathiswife’spregnancyhadtippedhimovertheedge.”20世纪50年代的心理学家们声称，他妻子的怀孕让他陷入了崩溃的边缘。但原文并没有说这是导致他精神崩溃的原因，所以选项B错误；再根据倒数第二段第二句“Nicethingtolayonawomanalreadystressedtotheedgebyherhusband’scollapse!”虽然英文表达为感叹句，但其实这里应该翻译为：将责任归因于一位因精神崩溃的丈夫而背负巨大压力的女性真的好吗？潜在意思是说，这是不公平的，所以选项C错误，选项D正确。

第4题:细节事实题。根据最后一段最后几句“Meanwhile,gametheoryhadbecomeastapletoolofbusinessandeconomics.AllthewritinginthatfieldpointsbacktoNash'sseminalwork.Finally,NashreceivedtheNobelPrizeineconomics.”与此同时，博弈论已经成为商业和经济学的主要工具。相关领域的所有文章都基于Nash具有重大意义的研究成果。最后，Nash获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。由此可知，是因为Nash的博弈论已经成为商业和经济学的主要工具，所以他获得的是诺贝尔经济奖。选项B正确。

第5题:主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲的是Nash的一生。他虽然精通数学领域，但他获得的却是诺贝尔经济奖。所以选项A和B错误；选项D“讲述Nash是如何战胜精神疾病的”只是他人生的一部分，所以选项D错误；选项C为正确答案。

4.单选题

Somemightconsideritanuglytruththatattractivepeopleareoftenmoresuccessfulthanthose________blessedwithlooks.

问题1选项

A.less

B.more

C.most

D.least

【答案】A

【解析】考查语法知识。根据题干中more…than结构可知空格处应填写比较级与之对应，因此排除C和D。而attractive与blessedwithlooks表达同义，无法比较，因此空格处应选择否定意义。句意：有些人可能会认为这是一个丑陋的事实，有吸引力的人往往比那些颜值没那么高的人更成功。因此A选项符合题意。

5.单选题

Letusgetoutquickly.Itisnogood____time.

问题1选项

A.waste

B.towaste

C.wasting

D.tohavewasted

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.waste浪费B.towaste浪费

C.wasting浪费D.tohavewasted浪费

【答案】C

【考查点】固定搭配

【解题思路】本题考查的是固定句型：It/Thereisnogooddoingsth.=Itdoesnogoodtodosth.“做什么是没用的。”因此，C选项wasting“浪费”，符合要求。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句型搭配。

【句意】我们赶快出去。浪费时间是没用的。

6.单选题

Mobileofficeisthemutualproductofeconomic,scientific,andsocialprogress.Mobileofficehasbecomeasolutionthatprovidesuserswithconvenient,prompt,safe,reliable,andreasonablypricedcommunicationsandofficefacultyanywhereanytimeviathesupportofmobileinterconnectionplatform(MIP)anditsapplicationssystems.

Whenyouleaveyourofficetoattendmeetingsortravelonbusiness,whatwouldhappentoyourbusinessroutine?Ofcourse,faxesande-mailswouldbestillsenttoyourfaxmachineore-mailbox,butyoucannotreadthemandmakepromptreactiontimely.Whenyourclientsneedyoutomakesomeurgentmodificationsonyourworkandyouareneitherintheofficenorcarryingrelevantdocuments,whatcanyoudo?Maybeyouhavetosay"sorry"totheclients.Butyourbusinesswillbeaffected,theclientswillbeunhappyanddisappointedbecauseofyourdelay,andyouwilllosealotofbusinessopportunities.

Infact,veryfrequently,youneedtocheck,reply,distribute,display,modify,orreadsomematerialswhenyouarenotinyouroffice.Youmustgetoutofthisdilemma.Thebestsolutiontonormallyhandleyourbusinessanywhereanytimeandnottodisappointyourclientsistoletyouroffice"move"withyou.Thus,youcanhaveconvenient,prompt,safe,reliable,andreasonablypricedcommunicationsandofficefacultyanywhereanytime.Withthedevelopmentofcommunicationstechnology,networkapplication,andwirelessinterconnection,mobileofficehasbecomesimplerandsmaller,andevencanberealizedviaonemobilephonewithdatacommunicationsfunction.Thus,mobileofficehasalreadybeenputintoyourpocket,andofficemobilityhasbeenrealized.

Mobileofficehasprovidedpeoplewithconvenient,casualworkingenvironment,butatthesametimeitstillhassomeunsatisfactoryaspectssuchasmismatchingequipmentinterfaceandinadequatebattery.Nevertheless,webelievethatwithtechnicalprogress,peoplecancertainlyovercomeallkindsofdifficulties.Mobileofficewillmakeyourcareerunimpeded,andwillrealizethedreamofcompletelyfreecommunication.Userswillenjoymorecolorfullifeandbetterworkingenvironment,andusers'livingstandard,workingefficiency,andevenenterprises’productionefficiencywillcertainlybeimmenselyraised.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

2.Welearnfromthepassagethatwithoutmobileoffice,（）.

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatmobileofficeisnecessary,especiallywhen（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementbestexpressesthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?

5.Intheeyesoftheauthor,mobileoffice（）.

问题1选项

A.mobileofficeistheonlywaybywhichpeoplecouldenjoypromptandsafeworkingenvironment

B.withthedevelopmentofscience,mobileofficecomestoourlifeinevitably

C.peoplehadnoconvenientandreliablecommunicationsandofficefacultybefore

D.mobileinterconnectionplatformanditsapplicationsystemsisthecoreofmobileoffice

问题2选项

A.youcannotputyourbusinessroutineasideorattendmeetings

B.youcannotreadfaxesande-mailswhenyoutravelonbusiness

C.youcannotmakeapologiestotheclientsforyourdelay

D.youcannotcatchanybusinessopportunitiesbecauseofbadworkingcondition

问题3选项

A.youneedtomakesomeurgentmodificationonyourwork

B.youneedtoreadandreplyfaxesande-mails

C.youareoutoftheofficetoattendmeetings

D.youcanputthemobileofficeintoyourpocket

问题4选项

A.Whenyouleaveyouroffice,youshouldnotforgetyourbusinessroutine.

B.Youwilllosealotofbusinessopportunitiesifyoualwaysdelayyourwork.

C.Whenyouleaveyouroffice,yourbusinessroutinewouldbeharmed.

D.Whenyoucannotmeettheneedofyourclients,youshouldsay“sorry”.

问题5选项

A.hassomefatalshortcomings

B.istooexpensivetoafford

C.wouldberealizedinthefuture

D.hasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。由第一段“Mobileofficehasbecomeasolutionthatprovidesuserswithconvenient,prompt,safe,reliable,andreasonablypricedcommunicationsandofficefacultyanywhereanytimeviathesupportofmobileinterconnectionplatform(MIP)anditsapplicationssystems.移动办公通过移动互联平台（MIP）及其应用系统的支持，已成为一种为用户提供方便、及时、安全、可靠、价格合理的通信和办公能力的解决方案。”可知D项“移动互联平台及其应用系统是移动办公的核心”正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段“Whatwouldhappentoyourbusinessroutine?Ofcourse,faxesande-mailswouldbestillsenttoyourfaxmachineore-mailbox,butyoucannotreadthemandmakepromptreactiontimely.你的日常工作会发生什么?当然，传真和电子邮件仍然会发送到你的传真机或电子信箱，但你不能及时阅读并且做出迅速反应。”可知B项正确。

3.推理判断题。由第三段“Infact,veryfrequently,youneedtocheck,reply,distribute,display,modify,orreadsomematerialswhenyouarenotinyouroffice.Youmustgetoutofthisdilemma.Thebestsolutiontonormallyhandleyourbusinessanywhereanytimeandnottodisappointyourclientsistoletyouroffice"move"withyou.事实上，当你不在办公室的时候，你经常需要检查、回复、分发、展示、修改或阅读一些材料。你必须摆脱这种困境。要想在任何时间、任何地点正常处理业务，又不让客户失望，最好的办法就是让你的办公室随你一起“移动”。”可知当不在办公室里时，最需要移动办公。故C项正确。AB两项都缺乏一个前提即人不在办公室。D项与题干无关。

4.主旨大意题。第二段主要讲述了当你离开办公室去出差或参加会议时，如果没有移动办公，你的日常商务活动会受影响。故C项正确。

5.细节事实题。由最后一段“Mobileofficehasprovidedpeoplewithconvenient,casualworkingenvironment,butatthesametimeitstillhassomeunsatisfactoryaspectssuchasmismatchingequipmentinterfaceandinadequatebattery.移动办公为人们提供了方便、随意的工作环境，但同时也存在着设备接口不匹配、电池不足等不尽人意的方面。”可知作者认为移动办公既有优点也有缺点。故D项正确。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

7.单选题

Astheeconomygrew,anincreasingsenseofsamenessprevailedinAmericansociety.Thiswasthegreatageofconformity,whenmembersofallsocialgroupslearnedtoimitatethosearoundthemratherthanstrikeoutontheirown.Third-and-fourth-generationethnicAmericansbecamemuchmorealike.Withimmigrationslowedtoatrickleafter1924,andtiestoEuropeweakened,assimilationoccurred.Televisioncontributedtogrowingconformitybyprovidingyoungandoldwithcommon,sharedvisuallyattractiveexperience.Escapingtheassimilatingtendencieswasdifficult.SociologistDavidRiesmanpointedoutthatintheclassicnurseryrhyme“ThisLittlePigWenttoMarket,”eachpigwenthisownway.“Today,however,alllittlepigsgotomarket;nonestayhome;allhaveroastbeef,ifanydo;andallsay‘we-we.’”

Thewillingnesstoconformtogroupnormsaffectedcollegesanduniversities,wherecautiousstudentssoughtsecurity.Theyjoinedfraternitiesandsororitiesandengagedinpantyraidsandotherpranks,buttooklittleinterestinworldaffairs.“Iobserve,”YalepresidentA.WhitneyGriswoldtoldagraduatingclassin1950,“thatyousharetheprevailingmoodofthehour,whichinyourcaseconsistsofbargainsprivatelymadewithfate—onfate’sterms.”

Americansinthepostwaryearsdiscoveredasharedreligioussenseandreturnedtotheirchurchesinrecordnumbers.Churchmembershipdoubledbetween1945and1970.Inpart,churchattendancereflectedadesiretochallenge“godlesscommunism”attheheightoftheColdWarandtofindsomerelieffromthethreatofanuclearwar;inpart,itresultedfromthepowerofsuggestionthatledAmericanstodowhatothersdid.Religionalsoseemedtoreinforcetheimportanceoffamilylife.Asonesloganputit,“Thefamilythatpraystogetherstaystogether.”Moreover,religionbecameincreasinglyappealing.EvangelistBillyGraham,oftenintroducedas“amanwithGod’smessageforthesecrisisdays,”preachedtomillionsathisrevivals.Hecapitalizedonthemedia,usingradio,television,andfilmtospreadhismessage.Bytheendofthe1950s,fully95percentofallAmericansidentifiedwithsomereligiousdenomination.

46.Accordingtothecontext,wecanguessthat“thegreatageofconformity”roughlymeanstheerawhen______.

47.SociologistDavidRiesman’sremarksrevealed______.

48.WhatYalepresidentsaidshowsthatcollegestudents______.

49.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,largechurchattendanceseemstohavetodowithallofthefollowingexcept______.

50.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.peoplefromallwalksoflifetooklittleinterestinworldaffairs

B.allsocialmemberstendedtoactthewayothersdid

C.theyoungandtheoldlearnedtonarrowtheirdifferencesandtolerateeachother

D.religionplayedanimportantroleinreinforcingtheimportanceoffamilylife

问题2选项

A.thechangeinthedietofAmericans

B.differencesinAmericans’opinionsonnurseryeducation

C.theeffectsofeconomicgrowthonAmerican’habitsandcustoms

D.theprevailingtrendtowardsassimilationinAmericansociety

问题3选项

A.gaveupstrugglingforabetterfuture

B.werestrugglinghardforabetterfuture

C.wereonlyinterestedinstudents’organizations

D.werefavoredbyfate

问题4选项

A.Americans’keenerawarenessoftheimportanceoffamilylife

B.theever-growingattractionofreligionforAmericans

C.Americans’resolvetogivefullsupporttotheColdWar

D.thegraveinternationalsituationofthetime

问题5选项

A.America:ADifferentSocietyfromthePast

B.SpreadofReligioninPostwarYears

C.Religion:AnImportantAspectofAmericanLife

D.ConformityinAmericanSociety

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】46.【选项释义】

46.Accordingtothecontext,wecanguessthat“thegreatageofconformity”roughlymeanstheerawhen______.46.根据上下文，我们可以猜测“从众的大时代”大致上指的是______时代。

A.peoplefromallwalksoflifetooklittleinterestinworldaffairsA.各行各业的人对世界事务不感兴趣

B.allsocialmemberstendedtoactthewayothersdidB.所有社会成员都倾向于模仿他人的行为方式

C.theyoungandtheoldlearnedtonarrowtheirdifferencesandtolerateeachotherC.年轻人和老年人学会了缩小他们的差异并互相容忍

D.religionplayedanimportantroleinreinforcingtheimportanceoffamilylifeD.宗教在加强家庭生活重要性方面发挥了重要作用

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据thegreatageofconformity定位至第一段第二句“这是一个从众的大时代（thegreatageofconformity），所有社会群体的成员都学会了模仿他们周围的人，而不是开创属于自己的想法（imitatethosearoundthemratherthanstrikeoutontheirown）”，理解可知，thegreatageofconformity（从众的大时代）就是所有社会群体成员模仿他人行为的时代。因此，该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

C选项“年轻人和老年人学会了缩小他们的差异并互相容忍”没提到，无中生有；

A选项“各行各业的人对世界事务不感兴趣”和D选项“宗教在加强家庭生活重要性方面发挥了重要作用”与题干无关，张冠李戴。

47.【选项释义】

47.SociologistDavidRiesman’sremarksrevealed______.47.社会学家大卫•里斯曼的评论揭示了______。

A.thechangeinthedietofAmericansA.美国人饮食的变化

B.differencesinAmericans’opinionsonnurseryeducationB.美国人对幼儿园教育的看法不同

C.theeffectsofeconomicgrowthonAmerican’habitsandcustomsC.经济增长对美国人生活习惯的影响

D.theprevailingtrendtowardsassimilationinAmericansocietyD.美国社会同化的流行趋势

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位到第一段最后一句“社会学家DavidRiesman指出，在经典的童谣《这只小猪去市场》中，每只猪都走自己的路；然而，今天所有的（all）小猪都去市场了，没有一个待在家里；如果有的话，他们都（all）吃烤牛肉，都（all）说‘we-we’。”，其中多次使用了all一词，结合上文提到的同化倾向，社会学家大卫•里斯曼的评论揭示了美国当今越来越盛行的同化趋势。故该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“美国人饮食的变化”和B选项“美国人对幼儿园教育的看法不同”表述曲解原文；

C选项“经济增长对美国人生活习惯的影响”中的“生活习惯”太片面，以偏概全。

48.【选项释义】

48.WhatYalepresidentsaidshowsthatcollegestudents______.48.耶鲁大学校长所说的表明大学生______。

A.gaveupstrugglingforabetterfutureA.放弃了为美好的未来奋斗

B.werestrugglinghardforabetterfutureB.是在为一个更好的未来而奋斗

C.wereonlyinterestedinstudents’organizationsC.只对学生组织感兴趣

D.werefavoredbyfateD.被命运所眷顾

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先定位到第二段最后一句关于耶鲁大学校长所说的话“我注意到，你当时有同样的主导情绪（prevailingmood），就你而言，这是在命运的条件下与命运私下达成的交易”，prevailingmood指的是上文“谨慎的学生为了寻求安全感而参与各种恶作剧”，其中提到了buttooklittleinterestinworldaffairs（但是对世界事务不感兴趣）；综合理解可知，耶鲁大学校长说这一句话是表明大学生放弃了为美好未来生活的奋斗。故该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“是在为一个更好的未来而奋斗”与原文相反，反向干扰；

C选项“只对学生组织感兴趣”表述与原文不符，文中虽然提到学生会参加一些学生组织，但这是因为他们想要寻求安全感，而不是感兴趣，该项曲解原文；

D选项“被命运所眷顾”没有体现，无中生有。

49.【选项释义】

49.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,largechurchattendanceseemstohavetodowithallofthefollowingexcept______.49.根据第三段，大量的出席教会似乎与下列事情有关，除了______。

A.Americans’keenerawarenessoftheimportanceoffamilylifeA.美国人更加意识到家庭生活的重要性

B.theever-growingattractionofreligionforAmericansB.宗教对美国人日益增长的吸引力

C.Americans’resolvetogivefullsupporttotheColdWarC.美国全力支持冷战的决心

D.thegraveinternationalsituationofthetimeD.当时严峻的国际形势

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位至文章第三段，第三句提到“在某种程度上，去教堂做礼拜反映了一种渴望，即在冷战高峰时期挑战‘无神论的共产主义’（challenge‘godlesscommunism’），并从核战争的威胁中寻求某种解脱”，从challenge“godlesscommunism”（挑战“无神论的共产主义”）可以看出，当时美国参与教会部分原因是挑战苏联的无神论共产主义，所以C项与原文相反。因此，该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“美国人更加意识到家庭生活的重要性”定位第三段第四句“宗教似乎也加强了家庭生活的重要性（reinforcetheimportanceoffamilylife）”，可知该项与原文相符；

B选项“宗教对美国人日益增长的吸引力”定位第六句“此外，宗教变得越来越有吸引力（increasinglyappealing）”，可知该项与原文相符；

D选项“当时严峻的国际形势”从第三句中“挑战‘无神论共产主义’”和“从核战争的威胁中寻求某种解脱”可以看出，该项也正确。

50.【选项释义】

50.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?50.下面哪个选项可以作为这篇文章的合适标题？

A.America:ADifferentSocietyfromthePast

A.美国：一个与过去不同的社会

B.SpreadofReligioninPostwarYears

B.战后宗教的传播

C.Religion:AnImportantAspectofAmericanLife

C.宗教：美国生活的一个重要方面

D.ConformityinAmericanSociety

D.美国社会的从众性

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】首先，看到首尾两段核心句，首段第一句“随着经济的发展，越来越多的同一性在美国社会盛行（anincreasingsenseofsameness）”，以及末段第一句“战后，美国人发现了一种共同的宗教意识（asharedreligioussense），重返教堂的人数创下了纪录”，可知文章主要讲述的内容是美国社会的同一性。然后，看到文章行文结构是总分结构，文章首先介绍美国社会同一性产生的历史原因，然后从学校和宗教两个方面来阐述同一性的表现。综上所述可知，文章的关键词是conformity，内容就是美国社会的从众性。故D项正确。

【干扰项排除】A选项“美国：一个与过去不同的社会”、B选项“战后宗教的传播”和C选项“宗教：美国生活的一个重要方面”均属于以偏概全。

8.不定项选择题

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthesignalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.

3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.

4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.

5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

问题1选项

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestit

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswer

问题2选项

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations

B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena

问题3选项

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather

D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerations

问题4选项

A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowth

B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth

C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independent

D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensities/r