考研考博-英语-山东第一医科大学押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东第一医科大学押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Inourgreatsocialistcountry,millionsofordinarymenandwomenareworkingselflesslyto（）povertyandbackwardness.

问题1选项

A.figureout

B.wipeout

C.carryout

D.takeout

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项figureout“理解，算出”；B选项wipeout“消灭，消除”；C选项carryout“实行”；D选项takeout“拿走，去掉”。句意：在我们伟大的社会主义国家里，千百万普通男女正在为消除贫穷落后而无私地工作着。选项B符合句意。

2.单选题

Nuclearscienceshouldbedevelopedtobenefitthepeople（

）harmthem.

问题1选项

A.morethan

B.otherthan

C.betterthan

D.ratherthan

【答案】D

【解析】句意:发展核科学是给人们造福，而不是危害人们。

短语辨析。Morethan多于，超出;otherthan除了;betterthan超过，多于;ratherthan而不是。故选D。

3.单选题

AscientistnamedChardonnetif,bywatchingsilkworms,realizedthatliquidleavesmustbeforcedthroughmanytinyholes（

）formfine,silk-likethreads.

问题1选项

A.whento

B.thatthey

C.iftheyareto

D.astheyareto

【答案】D

【解析】语法（状语从句）题。分析题干可知，空格后的“formfine,silk-likethreads”在原句中为状语从句，所以排除B选项；A选项缺少主语，排除；C选项的if引导的如果是真实条件句，主句部分则需要用将来吋态，所以排除；D选项as可以引导的时间状语从句，正确，句意是‘一位名叫Chardonnetif的科学家通过观察桑蚕发现，富含汁液的树叶必须通很多微孔才能形成纤细的，如丝般的纹理。’

4.单选题

Whatwecallnatureis,______,thesumofthechangesmadebyallthevariouscreaturesandnaturalforcesintheirintricateactionsandinfluencesuponeachotherandupontheirplaces.

问题1选项

A.incommonsense

B.fromasense

C.bythesense

D.inasense

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.incommonsense普通常识B.fromasense从一种感觉

C.bythesense凭感觉D.inasense在某种意义上

【考查点】插入语。

【解题思路】分析句子可知，句子结构意义完整，而空格处位于系动词和表语之间，且用逗号隔开，可推知空格处填入一个插入语，按照句意“我们所称的自然，______，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影响的过程中所发生的变化的总和”可知，空格处填入D项符合句意，故该题选择D项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C项都不符合句意。

【句意】从某种意义上说，我们所称的自然，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影响的过程中所发生的变化的总和。

5.单选题

Toconductsomeformsofsleepresearch,wehavetofindawaytotracksleepinessovertheday.Somepeoplemightbelievethatmeasuringsleepinessisafairlytrivialtask.Couldn'tyou,forinstance,simplycountthenumberoftimesapersonyawnsduringanygivenhourorso?

Inmostpeople'sminds,yawning—thatslow,exaggeratedmouthopeningwiththelong,deepinhalationofair,followedbyabrieferexhalation—isthemostobvioussignofsleepiness.Itisacommonbehaviorsharedbymanyanimals,includingourpetdogsandcatsbutalsocrocodiles,snakes,birds,andevensomefishes.Itiscertainlytruethatsleepypeopletendtoyawnmorethanwide-awakepeople.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhosaytheyareboredbywhatishappeningatthemomentwilltendtoyawnmorefrequently.However,whetheryawningisasignthatyouaregettingreadyforsleeporthatyouaresuccessfullyfightingoffsleepisnotknown.Simplystretchingyourbody,asyoumightdoifyouhavebeensittinginthesamepositionforalongperiodoftime,willoftentriggerayawn.

Unfortunately,yawnsdon'tjustindicatesleepiness.Insomeanimals,yawningisasignofstress.Whenadogtrainerseesadogyawninginadogobedienceclass,itisusuallyasignthattheanimalisunderagooddealofpressure.Perhapsthehandlerispushingtoohardormovingtoofastforthedogtofeelincontrolofthesituation.Amomentortwoofplayandthenturningtoanotheractivityisusuallyenoughtobanishyawningforquiteawhile.

Yawningcanalsobeasignofstressinhumans.Once,whenobservingairbornetroopsabouttotaketheirfirstparachutejump,Inoticedthatseveralofthesoldiersweresittingintheplaneandyawning.Itwas10a.m.,justafteracoffeebreak,andIdoubtedthattheyweretired;Iknewforafactthattheywerefartoonervoustobebored.WhenIaskedaboutthis,theofficerinchargelaughedandsaiditwasreallyquiteacommonbehavior,especiallyonthefirstjump.

Thereisalsoasocialaspecttoyawning.Psychologistshaveplacedactorsincrowdedroomsandauditoriumsandhadthemdeliberatelyyawn.Withinmoments,thereisusuallyanincreaseinyawningbyeveryoneelseintheroom.Similarly,peoplewhowatchfilmsorvideosofothersyawningaremorelikelytoyawn.Evenjustreadingaboutyawningtendstostimulatepeopletoyawn.

Thetruthofthematteristhatwereallydon'tknowwhatpurposeyawningserves.Scientistsoriginallythoughtthatthepurposeofyawningwastoincreasetheamountofoxygeninthebloodortoreleasesomeaccumulatedcarbondioxide.Wenowknowthatthisisnottrue,sinceincreasingtheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheairseemsnottomakepeoplemorelikelytoyawnbuttomakethembreathefastertotrytobringinmoreoxygen.Ontheotherhand,breathing100percentpureoxygendoesnotseemtoreducethelikelihoodofyawning.

Sinceyawningseemstobeassociatedwithalotmorethantheneedforsleep,weobviouslyhavetofindsomeothermeasureofsleepiness.Someresearchershavesimplytriedtoaskpeoplehowsleepytheyfeelatanytimeusingsomesortofself-ratingscale.Thereare,however,problemswithgettingpeopletomakethesetypesofjudgments.Sometimespeoplesimplylietotheresearcherswhenaskedabouthowsleepytheyare.Thisoccursbecauseinmanyareasofsocietyadmittingthatoneisfatiguedandsleepyisconsideredamarkofweaknessorlackofambitionanddrive.Inotherinstances,peoplemayadmittheyneedfourcupsofcoffeetomakeitthroughthemorning,butitmayneveroccurtothemthatthismightbeduetothefactthattheyaresosleepythattheyneedstimulationfromcaffeinetobeabletodotheirrequiredtasks.Forthesereasons,manyresearchershavedevelopedanalternatemethodtodeterminehowsleepyapersonis.Itisbaseduponasimpledefinitionofsleepneed:Thegreateryoursleepneed,orthesleepieryouare,thefasteryouwillfallasleepifgiventheopportunitytodoso.

1.ThequestioninLines3-4(Paragraph1)isbasedonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?

2.Theauthoruseswhichofthefollowinginthefourthparagraph?

3.Theauthormentionsthe"coffeebreak"toemphasizethata（）

4.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostdirectlydisprovewhat"scientistsoriginallythought"？

5.Thepassageasawholeisbestcharacterizedas（）

问题1选项

A.Directobservationistheonlyreliablemethodofconductingsleepresearch.

B.Peoplewillyawnmostfrequentlyinthemomentsbeforetheyfallasleep.

C.Thereisadirectcorrelationbetweenyawningandsleepiness.

D.Yawningisabehavioroverwhichindividualsexertlittleconsciouscontrol.

问题2选项

A.Understatement.

B.Anecdote.

C.Analogy.

D.Metaphor.

问题3选项

A.briefrespitewassorelyneeded

B.givenattitudewasinappropriate

C.specificresponsewasunderstandable

D.certainbehaviorwasunexpected

问题4选项

A.Carbondioxidedoesnotaffectpeople'sbreathingrates.

B.Yawningdoesnotreducetheneedforsleep,thoughitmaymakeapersonfeellesstired.

C.Becauseyawningbringsmoreairintothelungs,itcanincreasetherateatwhichoxygenisabsorbed.

D.Peopledonottendtoyawnmuchathighaltitudes,whereoxygenlevelsintheairarelow.

问题5选项

A.informative

B.confessional

C.philosophical

D.argumentative

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:文章首段的问题是很多人认为测量睡眠不难，难道数一数在测定时间内的哈欠数不可以吗？在第二段中提及打哈欠是失眠最明显的迹象。言外之意是在睡眠与哈欠之间有某种关系。选项C正确。

第2题:信息归纳题。understatement"陈述"；anecdote"奇闻轶事"；analogy"类比"；metaphor"暗喻"。第四段作者举了一个亲身经历的例子，关于士兵第一次跳伞都会打哈欠的事例，此例子应属于奇闻轶事。选项B正确。

第3题:信息推断题。根据关键词“coffeebreak”定位到第四段，作者认为士兵们刚过了coffeebreak，不应该感到困乏。所以打哈欠这个行为是出乎意料的。选项D正确。

第4题:信息推断题。根据第六段第二句的科学家最初认为打哈欠的目的是增加血液中的氧气含量或释放一些积聚的二氧化碳。根据第六段倒数第二句可知选项A表述错误；选项B与题干不符；选项C在文中没有提及；选项D在氧气浓度低的高地，人们并没有打更多哈欠的趋势。按照科学家的理论，在氧气浓度低的地方，为了增加血液中的氧气，人们要多打哈欠，而现在恰恰没有多打,因此证明科学家之前的想法是不正确的。所以本题选D。

第5题:观点态度题。informative"教育性的"；confessional"忏悔的"；philosophical"哲学的"；argumentative"争辩的"。本文主要针对别人的观点进行了反驳，看似是辩论，但文中的反驳都是为作者的叙述而服务的，并非针锋相对的辩论，所以总体看来还是一篇以普及教育为主的文章，所以选项A更为合适。

6.单选题

Thebadweather（

）allourhopesofgoingout.

问题1选项

A.halted

B.frustrated

C.submerged

D.immersed

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。halt意为“停止，中止”；frustrate意为“使沮丧，阻止，挫败”；submerge意为“浸没，淹没”；immerse意为“深陷于，沉浸在”。

句意：坏天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。

7.单选题

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpointsperiodscountries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone'sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalogchildhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytiC.Theoldquestions"Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”,ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhy"ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistoiydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.ButthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintenD."Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.ThiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstooditPsychohistoryderivesitsfacts"notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoiy,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto.andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetohistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirthesesPsychohistories,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe"deepest"explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminesinthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandcircumstances.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

3.Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?

4.Theauthorofthepassageputstheword"deepest"(ParA.3)inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto（）.

5.Inpresentingheranalysis,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughittackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians

C.Areasofsociologicalstudysuchaschildhoodandworkareoflittleinteresttotraditionalhistorians.

D.Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual'sbehaviorandattitudesismorenormativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife

问题2选项

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whenweretheconventionsgoverningthepracticeoftraditionalhistoiyfirstestablished?

C.Whendotraditionalhistoriansconsiderpsychologicalexplanationsofhistoricalexplanationsofhistoricaldevelopmentsappropriate?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

问题3选项

A.Thelivesofhistoricalfiguresarepresentedinepisodicratherthinnarrativeform

B.Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars

C.Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicdiagram.

D.Eventsintheadultlifeofahistoricalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure

问题4选项

A.signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistoriars'claimsfortheirwork

B.drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistoriansmethod

C.emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians'methodandthatofhistorians

D.disassociateheropinionofthepsychohistorians'claimsfromheropinionoftheirmethod

问题5选项

A.Makegeneralstatementswithoutreferencetospecificexamples

B.Describesomeofthecriteriaemployedbytraditionalhistorians

C.Questiontheadequacyofthepsycholistorians'interpretationofevents

D.Pointoutinconsistenciesinthepsychohistorians’applicationoftheirmethods

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文分析可见，本题的正确选项应该是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的选项，A项翻译为：“心理学史家对历史研究的态度，尽管它突破了传统史学方法的严密性和可验证性，但目前仍在流行”。综合考虑，该选项符合题意，正确。

2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻译为：“它（即心理、历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被所有的历史学家评价”可推断出D项“传统历史学家需要的历史证据的标准是什么”正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干中关键短语“psychohistorians”可以定位到答案信息在原文第三、四段。但是三、四段没有给出本题答案的具体信息。综合考虑，一般人们阐述问题的规律为：理论到实践。故最佳答案为C项“过去和现在的事件都放在同一个确定性状态图中”。

4.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻译为：它（即心理历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被所有的历史学家评价。以及原文“Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories.”，中文翻译为：“心理历史学家确信自己理论的绝对正确。”结合语境可以得出A项正确。

5.推理判断题。选项A可定位到文章第三段第六、七、八句，选项B可定位到文章第一段第一、二句，选项C可以定位到第三段的尾句。因此选择D项。

8.翻译题

晶体管（transistor）与电子管（electrontube）相比有好多优点（advantage）。

【答案】Transistorhasmanyadvantagesoverelectrontube.

9.单选题

（）he’salreadyheardthenews.

问题1选项

A.Chancesare

B.Chanceis

C.Opportunitiesare

D.Opportunityis

【答案】A

【解析】句意:他很可能已经听到这个消息了。

10.单选题

Ithinkshehurtmyfeelings（）ratherthanbyaccidentassheclaimed.

问题1选项

A.virtually

B.literally

C.appropriately

D.deliberately

【答案】D

【解析】根据下半句“ratherthanbyaccident..”可推测,“我认为她是故意伤害我的感情而不是她声称的偶然伤害”。所以选项D符合语境。

11.翻译题

小班上课要求学生参与讨论，因此他们不再被动听课。在与老师和同学进行学术交流时，他们的能力大幅度提高。这种交流有助于教师在考试前了解学生掌握了哪些知识，因此能提高自己的教学质量。这样的课程需要教师们精力充沛、富有想象、认真思考，所有这一切可能令人身心疲惫，但却能促使学生对自己的学业负责。

【答案】Smallclassesrequirestudentstoparticipateindiscussions,sotheynolongerlistenpassively.Theirabilitiesaregreatlyimprovedinacademicexchangeswithteachersandclassmates.Thiskindofcommunicationhelpsteacherstoknowwhatstudentshavemasteredbeforetheexam,thusimprovingthequalityoftheirteaching.Suchcoursesrequireenergetic,imaginativeandthoughtfulteachers,allofwhichcanbeexhausting,butcanmakestudentstakeresponsibilityfortheirstudies.

12.单选题

Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyorscience.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy,”distinctfromandsittinginjudgmentonsuchpursuitsastheologyandscienceturnsout,oncloseexamination,tobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardtoimagine.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore-consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether-hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.Philosophybecame“primary”nolongerinthesenseof“highest”butinthesenseof“underlying”.AfterKant,philosopherswereabletoreinterpretseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurythinkersasattemptingtodiscover“Howisourknowledgepossible?”andtoprojectthisquestionbackevenontheancients.

31.Accordingtotheauthor,philosophybecamedistinctfromscienceandtheologyduringthe________.

32.TheauthorsuggeststhatDescartes’supportforthenewscienceoftheseventeenthcenturycanbecharacterizedas________.

33.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingindiscussingthedevelopmentofphilosophyduringthenineteenthcentury?

34.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthewritingofhistorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

35.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto________.

问题1选项

A.ancienttime

B.medievalperiod

C.seventeenthcentury

D.nineteenthcentury

问题2选项

A.pragmaticandhypocritical

B.cautiousandinconsistent

C.daringandopportunistic

D.strongbutprudent

问题3选项

A.Nineteenthcenturyphilosophytookscienceasitsmodelforunderstandingthebasesofknowledge.

B.Theroleofacademicinstitutionsinshapingmetaphysicalphilosophygrewenormouslyduringthenineteenthcentury.

C.NineteenthcenturyphilosopherscarriedoutaprogramofinvestigationexplicitlylaidoutbyDescartesandSpinoza.

D.Kanthadanoverwhelmingimpactonthedirectionofnineteenthcenturyphilosophy.

问题4选项

A.Historyshouldnotemphasizetheroleplayedbyideasovertheroleplayedbyindividuals.

B.Historyshouldnotbedistortedbyattributingpresentdayconsciousnesstohistoricalfigures.

C.Historyshouldnotbefocusedprimarilyonthosepasteventsmostrelevanttothepresent.

D.Historyshouldbeconcernedwithdescribingthoseaspectsofthepastthatdiffermostfromthoseofthepresent.

问题5选项

A.comparetwocompetingmodels

B.analyzeadifficulttheory

C.presentnewevidenceforatheory

D.correctanerroneousbeliefbydescribingitsorigins

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.（这种哲学兴趣和科学实践之间的联系一直持续到19世纪，这时，教会压制学术界的力量的衰退和科学性质的变化导致了哲学与这两者的最终分离。），可知哲学与科学和神学分离是在19世纪，D选项“19世纪”正确，A选项“古代”，B选项“中世纪时期”和C选项“17世纪”错误。因此D选项正确。

32.推理判断题。根据第二段第四句Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophy（他们战斗，尽管是谨慎的，是为了向新科学打开思想世界的大门，把思想生活从教会哲学中解放出来。），可知笛卡尔抱着谨慎的态度激烈推进新科学，坚定并满怀热忱，D选项“强有力而谨慎”正确，A选项“务实并虚伪”和B选项“谨慎并矛盾”错误。C选项“大胆并恰到时机”：文章没有提到在此时是什么时机，大环境如何有利于笛卡尔推进新科学，故错误。因此D选项正确。

33.推理判断题。根据第三段第二句ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.（现代哲学家现在至少可以回溯到笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎，但直到18世纪末，康德才明确提出了这个概念（认识论），直到19世纪末，它才成为学术机构的结构和哲学教授的标准自我描述。），康德提出的概念在19世纪末成为标准，可见影响力巨大，D选项“康德对十九世纪哲学的发展方向产生了压倒性的影响”正确；B选项“学术机构在塑造形而上学哲学方面的作用在19世纪急剧增长”中没有提到形而上学；C选项“19世纪的哲学家们执行了由笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎明确列出的调查程序”中，笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎最先提出，但主要是使用康德的概念。A选项“19世纪的哲学以科学作为理解知识基础的模式”：根据第三段第一句Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.（19世纪早期，一种新观念的发展促进了哲学与科学的区分，即哲学的核心兴趣应该是认识论，即对认识事物的一般解释。），可知在这时哲学与科学分开，哲学的核心是认识论，不符合文章意思。因此D选项正确。

34.观点态度题。根据第二段第一句Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.（然而，这种观点基于对过去的严重误解，是将现代的关注投射到过去的事件上。），可知作者认为过去与现在不同，解读方式就不同，不能用当下的态度解读历史，所以B选项“不能把今天的意识归结于历史人物，从而歪曲历史”正确。A选项“历史不应该强调思想的作用而忽视个人的作用”，C选项“历史不应该主要集中在那些与现在最相关的过去事件上”和D选项“历史应该关注描述过去与现在最不同的那些方面”文章没有提到。因此B选项正确。

35.主旨大意题。文章在开头提出现代哲学家的观点，然后提出这是错误的，再通过回溯这些观点的起源纠正错误观点，文章最后一句提到还可以继续回溯，所以D选项“通过描述其起源来纠正错误的信仰”正确。A选项“比较两个相互竞争的模型”，B选项“分析一个难以理解的理论”和C选项“为一个理论提供新证据”是文章内容的一部分，不足以概括全文。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Thearticleinsinuatedthattheofficialwasbribed.

问题1选项

A.deniedpositively

B.statedflatly

C.arguedconvincingly

D.suggestedindirectly

【答案】D

【解析】insinuate意为暗示。deniedpositively明确否认；statedflatly平平的陈述；arguedconvincingly令人信服地论证；suggestedindirectly迂回的表示。选项D与之意思相近。

14.单选题

Thestationerhasnotyetdeliveredtheyellowpaper,butwhen（）Iwillgiveyousome.

问题1选项

A.theydo

B.theywill

C.hedoes

D.hewill

【答案】C

【解析】考查时态辨析。句意：文具店还没有给你黄色的纸，但是……的时候我会给你一些。根据句意，可推测是一般现在时，因此排除B，D选项，选项A是they，不能指代stationer，因此选项C为正确答案。

15.单选题

WillthereeverbeanotherEinstein?ThisistheundercurrentofconversationatEinsteinmemorialmeetingsthroughouttheyear.AnewEinsteinwillemerge,scientistssay.Butitmaytakealongtime.Afterall,morethan200yearsseparatedEinsteinfromhisnearestrival,IsaacNewton.

ManyphysicistssaythenextEinsteinhasn’tbeenbornyet,orisababynow.That’sbecausethequestforaunifiedtheorythatwouldaccountforalltheforcesofnaturehaspushedcurrentmathematicstoitslimits.Newmathmustbecreatedbeforetheproblemcanbesolved.

ButresearcherssaytherearemanyotherfactorsworkingagainstanotherEinsteinemerginganytimesoon.

Foronething,physicsisamuchdifferentfieldtoday.InEinstein’sday,therewereonlyafewthousandphysicistsworldwide,andthetheoreticianswhocouldintellectuallyrivalEinsteinprobablywouldfitintoastreetcarwithseatstoshare.

Educationisdifferent,too.On