说明文篇章主题引出方式分类和功能分类 讲义-高考英语一轮复习

说明文篇章主题引出方式分类和功能分类

说明文(exposition)

类型的篇章的最大特色是逻辑性强，句与句之间、段与段之间存在各种各样的关系，对于考生来说，阅读说明文类语篇和解答说明文类试题必须要关注主题(topic)引出的手法以及引出主题呈现引出部分的功能分类，只有解决了这两个问题，我们才能确定每篇说明文的不同主题。

一、说明文篇章主题呈现引出方式分类：1.

事例法2017年6月浙江省高考阅读理解C篇FLORENCE,Italy—Svetlana

Cojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.

ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagrowingimmigrant(移民)populationbydemandinglanguageskillsinexchangeforworkpermits,orinsomecases,citizenship.

Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesmakeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs,suchmeasureswillbecomeamorevehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合).Otherssayit’sonlynaturalthatnewcomerslearnthelanguageoftheirhostnation,seeingitasaconditiontoensuretheycancontributetosociety.OtherEuropeancountrieslaiddownasimilarrequirementforimmigrants,andsometermsareeventougher.Thegovernmentsarguethatthiswillhelpforeignersbetterjointhesocietyandpromoteunderstandingacrosscultures.Italy,whichhasamuchweakertraditionofimmigration,haswitnessedasharpincreaseinimmigrationinrecentyears.In1990,immigrantsnumberedsome1.14millionoutofItaly’sthen56.7millionpeople,orabout2percent.Atthestartofthisyear,foreignerslivinginItalyamountedto4.56millionofatotalpopulationof60.6million,or7.5percent,withimmigrants’

childrenaccountingforanevenlargerpercentageofbirthsinItaly.Cojochru,theMoldovancaregiver,hopedobtainingpermanentresidence(居住权)wouldhelpherbringhertwochildrentoItaly;theylivewithhersisterinMoldova,wheresalariesareamongthelowestinEurope.Shewasskepticalthatthelanguagerequirementwouldencourageintegration.Italiansalways

“seemeasaforeigner,”

anoutsider,eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently,shesaid.

本篇说明文的主题是意大利是尽力通过以语言技能来交换工作资格或在有些情况下交换市民证来控制不断增加的移民人口的最新西欧国家。但是为了呈现这个主题，作者首先描述了一位来自摩尔多瓦的普通移民Svetlana

Cojochru的准备考试情况，这种方法叫做事例法。2.

反衬法2019年6月浙江省高考阅读理解B篇Moneywithnostringsattached.

It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,"GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed."

Peoplequicklycaughton.Andwhilemanytookdollars,manyotherspinnedtheirowncashtotheboard.“Peopleofallages,races,andsocio-economic(社会经济的)backgroundsgaveandtook,”saidTylerBridgesofTheToolbox,whichcreatedtheproject."Weevenhadabrideinherweddingdresscomeuptotheboardandtakeafewdollars."Mostofthebillsontheboardweresingles,butafewpeopleleftfives,tensandeventwenties.Thevideoclip(片段)showsonemanwhohadfounda$20billpinningittotheboard.

“WhatIcansayforthefolksthatgavethemost,isthattheywerefullofsmiles,”Bridgessaid.“There’sacertainfeelingthatgivingcandoforyouandthatwasapparentinthosethatgavethemost."Mostpeoplewhotookdollarstookonlyafew,butBridgessaidaverysmallnumbertookasmuchastheycould.

Whiletheclipmightlooklikepartofanewadcampaign,Bridgessaidtheonlygoalwastoshowgenerosityandsympathy.HeaddedthathehopespeopleinothercitiesmighttrysimilarprojectsandposttheirownvideosontheInternet.

“Afterall,everyonehasbaddaysandgooddays,"hesaid.“Somedaysyouneedahelpinghandandsomedaysyoucanbetheonegivingthehelpinghand.”本篇语篇的主题是一项“自放（钱）自取（钱）”的一项活动。但是在引出这个主题前，作者首先使用了反衬法，先反面说“随意取钱”并不是我们日常可以经常见到的事情，然后正面说上个月在洛杉矶的联盟站，就有一个活动可以实现这样的场景。这样的主题引出手法就是反衬法。3.

提问法2018年11月浙江省高考七选五任务型阅读

Somepeoplearesorude.Whosendsane-mailoratextmessagethatjustsays

"Thank

you"?Wholeavesavoicemailmessageratherthantextsyou?Whoasksforafacteasily

foundontheInternet?

31.

D.Don'tthesepeoplerealizethatthey’rewastingyourtime?

MaybeI'mtherudeonefornotappreciatinglife'slittlecourtesies(礼节).Butmany

social

norms(规范)justdon'tmakesensetopeopledrowningindigitalcommunication.

Takethethank-younote.DanielPostSenning,acoauthorofEmilyPostEtiquette

asked,

"Atwhatpointdoesshowingappreciationoutweighthecost?"

32.

A.Thenthereisvoicemail.

Thinkofhowlongittakestolistentooneofthosemessages.Intexts,you

don'thavetodeclarewhoyouareorevensayhello.E-mail,too,isslowerthanatext.The

worstarethosewholeaveavoicemailandthensendane-mailmessagetotellyoutheylefta

voicemail.Thisisn'tthefirsttimetechnologyhaschangedourmanners.33.

G.Whenthetelephonewasinvented,peopledidn'tknowhowtogreetacaller.

Alexander

GrahamBell,theinventor,suggestedthatpeoplesay,"Ahoy!"Finally,hellowonout,andthe

victoryspedupthegreeting’suseinface-to-facecommunications.Intheageofthesmartphone,thereisnoreasontoaskonce-acceptablequestionsabout

theweatherforecast,abusiness’sphonenumber,ordirectionstoahouse,arestaurant,oran

office,whichcanbeeasilyfoundonadigitalmap.34.

C.Butpeoplestillaskthesethings.

Andwhenyouanswer,they

respondwithathank-youe-mail.Howtohandlethesedifferingstandards?Easy:Consideryouraudience.Somepeople,

especiallyolderones,appreciateathank-youmessage.35.

B.Others,likeme,wantnoreply.Intraditionalsocieties,the

younglearnfromtheold.Butinmodernsocieties,theoldcanalsolearnfromtheyoung.

Here'shopingthatpolitenessnevergoesoutoffashionbutthattime-wastingformsof

communicationdo.

本篇语篇主题倾向贬义，主要是讲网络交流时代一些浪费时间的行为，但是在呈现这一主题之前，作者开篇使用了三个特殊疑问词who引导的特殊疑问句，这种引出主题的手法就是提问法。4.

综合法2018年11月浙江省高考英语概要写作It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanall

starttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybe

liketoliveonacollegecampus(校园)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,

classroomsandathleticequipment

and,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyonce

senioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyifthe

schoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.

Butkeepinmindthat

youaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyou

cantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollege

applicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountry

thatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushould

findsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’d

liketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheadacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon’t

likeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn’tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairs

atCollegeWeek

Live.It’sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,and

collegecounselors(顾问),anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonline

collegefairatcollege

week

.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan’ttaketheplace

ofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearch

willhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou’dliketo

attend.

这篇说明文类的概要写作，在引出主题

“实地考察你即将就读的大学的好处”之前使用了两种不同的手法，从It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanall

starttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybe

liketoliveonacollegecampus(校园)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,

classroomsandathleticequipment

and,ofcourse,thestudents.使用了描述性的事例法，而Itseemsalittlecrazyonce

senioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyifthe

schoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.

则是使用了反衬法，这两种方法综合在一起，共同为了引出主题Butkeepinmindthat

youaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyou

cantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone。

二、说明文主题呈现引出部分功能分类：根据说明文主题引出部分的内容不同我们可以把它们又可以具体分类为why、how和what三种不同的类型，下面我们结合上面四篇语篇进行具体讲解。2017年6月浙江省高考阅读理解C篇FLORENCE,Italy—Svetlana

Cojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.

这篇语篇通过特写Svetlana

Cojochru参加考试和焦虑心情来具体说明主题“意大利尽力通过以语言技能来交换工作资格或在有些情况下交换市民证来控制不断增加的移民人口”来说明这个政策对普通人士所造成的后果，也就是回答了what的问题。2019年6月浙江省高考阅读理解B篇

Moneywithnostringsattached.

It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,"GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYo