66篇考研英语阅读真题

1996-2010考研英语精读1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text1Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget."Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget."?[A]You'llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.[B]It'snousedreaming.[C]Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.fD]It'sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.blueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob|B|anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjobaguidelineforjobdescriptionaprincipleforjobevaluationAccordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecausethatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployerthatistherequirementoftheemployer|C]itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices[D]itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimselfWhenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething.definitetoofferimaginarytoprovidepracticaltosupplydesirabletopresentText2WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation'snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostation.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children'sprogrammesandfilmsforanannuallicensefeeof83poundsperhousehold.Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years-yettheBBC'sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC—includingordinarylistenersandviewers—tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC'sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.DefendersoftheCorporation—ofwhomtherearemany—arefbndofquotingtheAmericanslogan”Ifitain'tbroke,don'tfixit.''TheBBC"ain'tbroke/,theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword4broke',meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels-TVandChannel4—wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment'sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels—fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers'subscriptions—whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces.theproblemofnewcoverageanuncertainprospectinquiriesbythegeneralpublic|D|shrinkageofaudienceInthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.|C]Potentialsforfurtherinternationalco-operations.Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.TheBBC's"royalcharter"(Line4,Paragraph3)standsfor.thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamilytheprivilegesgrantedbytheQueenacontractwiththeQueenauniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamilyTheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan.[A]theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels[BItheenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment|C|theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs[D]thechallengeofnewsatellitechannelsText3Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and"labour"wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfinnwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand"shareholding"meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.It'strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat.IA|theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerationstheyfailedforlackofindividualinitiativetheylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompaniestheycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayersThegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin.theseparationofcapitalfrommanagementtheownershipofcapitalbymanagers[C|theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclassestheparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusinessAccordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat.theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkerstheoldfirmownershandabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers[C|thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothlythetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiveroleTheauthorismostcriticalof.familyfilmowners|B|landownersmanagersshareholdersText4WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica-breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial“thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium“system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."Thisnonverbal“spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,4Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."Whenalltheseshapingforces-schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking-interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartduetoelementaryschoolsenthusiasticworkerstheattractivepremiumsystemaspecialwayofthinkingItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics.IA]benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledgeshedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagementwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometrainingowedalottothetechnologicaldevelopmentAtechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause.theyarebothwinnersofawardstheyarebothexpertsinspatialthinkingtheybothabandonverbaldescriptiontheybothusevariousinstrumentsThebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.InventiveMind|B|EffectiveSchoolingWaysofThinking|D|OutpouringofInventionsText5Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksonereationism/evolutionareinthepublisher'spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.AtScientific^^creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor"equaltime“intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard^scientific"creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher'sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:'Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes—andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.*4Creationism"inthepassagerefersto.IA|evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverseanotionofthecreationofreligionthescientificexplanationoftheearthformationthedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverseKitcher'sbookisintendedto.|A|recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists[B]exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists|C|cursebitterlyatthisopponents[D]launchasurpriseattackoncreationistsFromthepassagewecaninferthat.reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebatecreationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning|C|evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialistscreationismissupportedbyscientificfindingsThispassageappearstobeadigestof.abookreview|B|ascientificpaperamagazinefeatureanewspapereditorial199フ年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It'sworldhistory."Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIIIlawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,righttolifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia-whereanagingpopulation,lifeextendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart-otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretherighttodiemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath-probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill-toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera"coolingoff'periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54yearoldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIIIlawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition."I'mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,"hesays.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat.IA|theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries|B]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia|C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw|D|ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassageWhentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans.observersaretakingawaitandseeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasiasimilarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountriesobserversarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes|D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastopWhenLloydNicksondies,hewill.facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasiaexperiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatienthaveanintensefearofterriblesufferingundergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendaysTheauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof.|A]opposition[B]suspicion|C]approval[D]indifferenceText2AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Smallmindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.4tIwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner—amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword"friend,"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld,.rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUS|B|smallmindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscommentCanadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighborsmostAmericansarereadytoofferhelpItcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationship|B|courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated[C]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends|D|socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventionsFamiliesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers.toimprovetheirhardlifeinviewoftheirlongdistancetraveltoaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylifeoutofacharitableimpulseThetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers.[A|tendstobesuperficialandartificialisgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStatesisalwaysunderstoodproperlywassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrailsText3Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse“isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse"tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning”mind・manifesting")becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone'sstateofconsciousness.“Substanceabuse"(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto"drugabuse"inthat.substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused"drugabuse"isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakersalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocainemanysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonousTheword"pervasive"(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean.[A]widespread|B|overwhelming[C]piercing|D|fashionablePhysicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom.uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftimeexclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposesquantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases|D|carelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptomsFromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.IA]stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthemind[B]hallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealth|C]depressan