第1周 文体与翻译概述

BackCourse:StylisticsandTranslationLecturer:LiuQian刘倩E-mail:1BackCONTENTSofthiscoursepracticeStylisticsandTranslationVariousstylesandtheirtranslation2BackStylisticsandTranslationAcquiresomeknowledgeofstylisticsandtranslationaswellastherelationshipbetweenstyleandtranslation;Masterfeaturesandcharacteristicsofvariousstyles;Improvethecapabilityintranslatingvariousstyles.OBJECTIVES3BackCourseIntroductionCoursetitle:StylisticsandtranslationCoursehours:2perweek,36intotalAssessment:1.Attendance;After-classpreparationforrelatedtopicsandpractice;In-classperformanceandinvolvement2.Finalexam4BackPreparation(1)Notebook,exercisesheet,blackpenandredpen(2)homework(punctual,cleanandtidy,writingintherightplace);5Aboutthecourse6781.Whatistranslation?What

isstylistics?

2.stylisticsandtranslation

ExitToday’stasks:3.theoreticalframework9Back翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基）Definitionof

Translation把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。（季羡林、许国璋）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另外一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非）10BackDefinitionof

TranslationTranslationconsistsinproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Eugine.A.Nida)Translationistheexpressioninonelanguage(ortargetlanguage)ofwhathavebeenexpressedinanother(sourcelanguage)preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalence.(Dubois.J.etal)11BackF.Tytler’sthreelawsoftranslation:Thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginal.Translationprinciples12Back

严复：信达雅

faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.傅雷：神似

spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.强调原作神韵再现。Translationprinciples13BackWhatIsStylistics?Languageisamediumofcommunicatinginformationandconveyingfeelings.Consideringdifferentcommunicativeenvironmentsandpurposes,communicatorschoosedifferentlanguagevarieties(语言“变体”）orcorrespondingmethodswhichhavedifferentlanguagefunctionssoastoachievetheirpurposes.Thesevarietiesarethe“styles”.(文体)14Stylemaybeseenasthevariouscharacteristicusesoflanguagethatapersonorgroupofpersonsmakeinvarioussocialcontexts.文体又可理解为风格，既可指一个作家运用语言的特色，又可指某个时代盛行的文风；既可指某种语篇体裁的语言特征，又可指某篇作品的语言格调和表现风格。狭义的文体指文学文体；广义的文体则指包括文学文体在内的各种语言变体。15Back英语中已经形成的各种变体，例如因交际媒介不同而形成的口语语体和书面语体；因交际者双方关系不同而形成的正式语体和非正式语体等;因语言的使用领域不同而形成的各种功能变体（新闻语体、广告语体、法律语体、旅游语体、科技语体等）。16BackWhatIsStylistics?Forinstance,wemayclassifythewritingsinto“EST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology),EnglishforAdvertising,EnglishforPress,EnglishforTourism,etc.Asfor“文体”,LiuXie,afamousliterarycriticinancientChina,oncementionedthat“若总其归涂,则数穷八体:一曰典雅,二曰远奥,三曰精约,四曰显附,五曰繁缛,六曰壮丽,七曰新奇,八曰清靡。”17BackWhatIsStylistics?Inthemiddle1970s,manyscholarsmadetheapplicationofmodernlinguisticsandliterarystudiestotheexploringstudyofvariousstylesorvarioustypesofwritings,whichbroughtusanewdiscipline---Stylistics.(文体学）Simplydefined,STYLISTICSisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguage.18Backstylisticscoverssuchfields:

analyzingvarioushabitsoflanguageusetoensurethetypicalcharacteristicsofacertainstyle;explainingthereasonthatacertainstylehasitsowncharacteristics;classifyingthesecharacteraccordingtotheirlanguagefunctions.

19Backstylisticscoverssuchfields:

Asamatteroffact,differentwritingshavedifferentlinguisticcharacteristicsintheaspectsof

vocabulary,syntax,rhetoric,structureetc.

20BackStylisticsandTranslationAccordingtolinguistsBulerandJackbson,therearethreefunctionsoflanguage:expressivefunction(表情功能）,informativefunction（信息功能）,andvocativefunction（呼唤功能）.

21BackAnyoriginalworkhasthethreefunctions,butdifferentwritingsarecharacterizedbydifferentfunctions.Newmarksays,“Themainfunctionsoflanguageareexpressive(thesubjectiveor“I”form),thedescriptiveorinformative(the‘it’from),andthevocativeordirectiveorpersuasive(the‘you’form).22Backliterarywork:focusesontheexpressivefunctionnon-literaryworks:mainlycenteroninformativefunction.Forexample:谁跑到最后,谁笑得最好。（轮胎广告）2.InMiami,it’snonewelty.(atourads)游了迈阿密，才知天下奇。1.Helaughsbestwhorunslongest.23BackStylisticsandTranslation眼前不远,渔舟三五,凝滞不前,樯影映在水上,仿佛睡去,偶尔微见颤动,似又未尝熟睡,恍若惊梦。3.Somefishingboatswerebecalmedjustinfrontofus.Theirshadowsslept,oralmostslept,uponthewater,agentlequiveringaloneshowingthatwasnotcompletesleeporifsleep,thatwassleepwithdream.24BackStylisticsandTranslation4.Portia:Andyoumustcutthisfleshfromoffhisbreast.Thelawallowsit,andthecourtawardsit.Shylock:Mostlearnedjudge!Asentence!Come,prepare!鲍西娅:你必须从他的胸前割下这磅肉来;法律许可你,法庭判给你。夏洛克：博学多才的法官！判得好！来，预备！25BackWhycanStylisticsbeappliedtotranslationstudy?Itliesinthatbothofthemhavethesameaim,thatis,howtofulfillsocialcommunicationwitheffectivelinguisticmethods.Theybothputemphasisonthesocialstandardofcommunicativefunction;theydon’tignorethetimelinessandindividualityofwritingstyleaswell.Intheprocessoftranslation,itisnecessaryfortranslatortodealwithhistranslationcarefullyinordertomakethetranslationaccordwiththesourcetextintheaspectofstyle.26BackStylisticsandTranslationTherearemanytypesofwritingsinbothEnglishandChinese.Englishwritingscanbeclassifiedintosuchtypes:1.EnglishforPress

2.PracticalEnglishWritings(Letters,telex,notice,contract,instruction,etc.)3.EnglishforAdvertising4.EnglishforTourism5.EST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)6.EnglishforLiteraryWorks27BackStylisticsandTranslation李龙植的《文体学与语言实践》：“文体就是在特定的交际领域,通过有目的地选择所产生的表现手段和表达方式的总体。它是在历史上形成的，同时被整个社会所接受的完整体系。文学文体（诗歌、小说、散文、戏剧）应用文体（公文、法律、经济、条据、启事等）28BackStylisticsandTranslationLiteratureTranslationNovelTranslationPoetryTranslationEssayTranslationDramaTranslationProverbTranslationPracticalTranslationTourismtranslationAdvertisementtranslationEST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)NewstranslationContracttranslationMenutranslation29BackTheoreticalframework:Functionalequivalence(Eugine.A.Nida)Skopostheory(Hans.J.Vermeer)30Back“Thereceptorsofthetranslatedtextcouldrespondtoitwithcomprehensionandappreciationinessentiallythesamemannerandtothesamedegreeastheoriginalreceptorsofthemessage”;“Translationshouldarousethesamefeelinginitsreceptorsasthefeelingofthereadersoftheoriginal”----Nida31Back“SkoposisaGreekwordfor‘purpose’.Accordingtoskopostheorie(thetheorythatappliesthenotionofskopostotranslation),theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(skopos)oftheoveralltranslationalaction.”32Back目的论(skopos

theorie)是德国功能翻译理论中的核心理论。Skopos

是希腊语，其意思是目的、意图、目标、功能。弗美尔（HansJ.Vermeer）在20世纪70年代把这一术语引入了翻译理论，指翻译的目的。翻译的目的可分为三种：译者的目的（如赚钱）、译文在译语文化中的交际目的（如传递信息）以及使用某种翻译策略所要达到的目的（如直译以显示源语的语言结构特点）。目的论中的目的主要是指译文的交际目的。目的论认为，翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译过程，即结果决定方法（参见仲伟合、钟钰，1999：47）。33Back弗美尔的“目的论”包括三条法则，即目的法则(skoposrule)、连贯法则(coherenceruleorintra-textualcoherence)和忠实法则(fidelityruleorinter-textualcoherence)。目的法则(skoposrule)指的是翻译应能在译语环境和文化中，按译语接受者期待的方式发生作用。连贯法则(coherenceruleorintra-textualcoherence)是指译文具有可读性和可接受性，达到语内连贯，与译语接受者的交际情境连贯一致，让译语接受者理解。34Back忠实法则(fidelityruleorinter-textualcoherence)是指译文和原文的连贯性，实现语际连贯，相当于其他翻译理论所谓的忠实于原文，不过与原文忠实的程度和形式取决于翻译的目的。这三条法则的关系是：忠实法则服从于连贯法则，而这二者都服从于目的法则。

35BackRecommendedBooks:[1]陈小慰.新编实用翻译教程（增订版）.北京：经济科学出版社，2011年.[2]刘宓