2015年12月大学英语六级英语考试真题（三）

2015年12月大学英语六级考试真题(三）2015年12月大学英语六级考试真题(三）PAGE112015年12月大学英语六级考试真题(三）PartIWriting (30minutes)Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldfocusontheharmcausedbymisleadinginformationonline.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Ijustfeelunfortunatetoliveinaworldwithsomuchmisleadinginformation!注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。PartⅡ ListeningComprehension (30minutes)SectionADirections：Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.A)Shehascompletelyrecovered. C)Sheisstillinacriticalcondition.B)Shewentintoshockafteranoperation. D)Sheisgettingmuchbetter.2.A)Orderingabreakfast. C)Buyingatrainticket.B)Bookingahotelroom. D)Fixingacompartment.3.A)Mostborrowersneverreturnedthebookstoher.B)Themanistheonlyonewhobroughtherbookback.C)Sheneverexpectedanyonetoreturnthebookstoher.D)Mostofthebooksshelentoutcamebackwithoutjackets.4.A)SheleftherworkearlytogetsomebargainslastSaturday.B)Sheattendedthesupermarket’sgrandopeningceremony.C)Shedroveafullhourbeforefindingaparkingspace.D)ShefailedtogetintothesupermarketlastSaturday.5.A)Heisbotheredbythepaininhisneck. C)Hecannotaffordtohaveacoffeebreak.B)Hecannotdohisreportwithoutacomputer.D)Hefeelssorrytohavemissedthereport.6.A)Onlytopartstudentscanshowtheirworksinthegallery.B)Thegalleryspaceisbigenoughfortheman’spaintings.C)Thewomanwouldliketohelpwiththeexhibitionlayout.D)Themanisuncertainhowhisartworkswillbereceived.7.A)Thewomanneedsatemporaryreplacementforherassistant.B)Themanworksinthesamedepartmentasthewomandoes.C)Thewomanwillhavetostayinhospitalforafewdays.D)Themaniscapableofdealingwithdifficultpeople.8.A)Itwasbetterthanthepreviousone. C)Itexaggeratedthecity’seconomicproblems.B)Itdistortedthemayor’sspeech. D)Itreflectedtheopinionsofmosteconomists.Questions9to12arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.9.A)Toinformhimofaproblemtheyface.C)Todiscussthecontentofaprojectreport.B)Torequesthimtopurchasecontroldesks.D)Toaskhimtofixthedictatingmachine.10.A)Theyquotethebestpriceinthemarket.C)Theycannotdeliverthesteelsheetsontime.B)Theymanufactureandsellofficefurniture.D)Theycannotproducethesteelsheetsneeded.11.A)Bymarkingdowntheunitprice.C)Byallowingmoretimefordelivery.B)Byacceptingthepenaltyclauses.D)Bypromisingbetterafter-salesservice.12.A)Givethecustomeratenpercentdiscount.B)Claimcompensationfromthesteelsuppliers.C)AsktheBuyingDepartmenttochangesuppliers.D)Cancelthecontractwiththecustomer.Questions13to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.13.A)Stockbroker. B)Physicist.C)Mathematician.D)Economist.14.A)Improvecomputerprogramming.C)Predictglobalpopulationgrowth.B)Explaincertainnaturalphenomena.D)Promotenationalfinancialhealth.15.A)Theirdifferenteducationalbackgrounds.C)Chaostheoryanditsapplications.B)Changingattitudestowardnature.D)Thecurrentglobaleconomiccrisis.SectionBDirections：Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B)，C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。PassageOneQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Theylaygreatemphasisonhardwork.C)Theyrequirehighacademicdegrees.B)Theyname150starengineerseachyear.D)TheyhavepeoplewithaveryhighIQ.17.A)Longyearsofjobtraining.C)Distinctiveacademicqualifications.B)Highemotionalintelligence.D)Devotiontotheadvanceofscience.18.A)Goodinterpersonalrelationships.C)Sophisticatedequipment.B)Richworkingexperience.D)Highmotivation.PassageTwoQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.19.A)Adiary.C)Ahistorytextbook.B)Afairytale.D)Abiography.20.A)Hewasasportsfan.C)Hedislikedschool.B)Helovedadventures.D)Helikedhair-raisingstories.21.A)Encouragepeopletoundertakeadventures.C)Raisepeople’senvironmentalawareness.B)Publicizehiscolorfulanduniquelifestories.D)AttractpeopletoAmerica’snationalparks.PassageThreeQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Thefirstinfectedvictim.C)Thedoctorwhofirstidentifiedit.B)AcoastalvillageinAfrica.D)AriverrunningthroughtheCongo.23.A)Theyexhibitsimilarsymptoms.C)TheyhavealmostthesamemortalityrateB)Theycanbetreatedwiththesamedrug.D)Theyhavebothdisappearedforgood.24.A)Byinhalingairpollutedwiththevirus.C)BydrinkingwaterfromtheCongoRiver.B)Bycontactingcontaminatedbodyfluids.D)ByeatingfoodgrowninSudanandZaire.25.A)MorestrainswillevolvefromtheEbolavirus.ScientistswilleventuallyfindcuresforEbola.AnotherEbolaepidemicmayeruptsoonerorlater.Onceinfected,onewillbecomeimmunetoEbola.SectionCDirections：Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetime.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。Theidealcompanionmachinewouldnotonlylook,feel,andsoundfriendlybutwouldalsobeprogrammedtobehaveinanagreeablemanner.Those26thatmakeinteractionwithotherpeopleenjoyablewouldbesimulatedascloselyaspossible,andthemachinewould27charming,stimulating,andeasygoing.Itsinformalconversationalstylewouldmakeinteractioncomfortable,andyetthemachinewouldremainslightly28andthereforeinteresting.Initsfirstencounteritmightbesomewhathesitantandunassuming,butasitcametoknowtheuseritwouldprogresstoamore29andintimatestyle.Themachinewouldnotbeapassive30butwouldadditsownsuggestions,information,andopinions;itwouldsometimes31indevelopingorchangingthetopicandwouldhaveapersonalityofitsown.Themachinewouldconveypresence.Wehaveallseenhowacomputer’suseofpersonalnamesoften32peopleandleadsthemtotreatthemachineasifitwerealmosthuman.Suchfeaturesareeasilywrittenintothesoftware.Byintroducing33forcefulnessandhumor,themachinecouldbepresentedasavividanduniquecharacter.Friendshipsarenotmadeinaday,andthecomputerwouldbemoreacceptableasafriendifit34thegradualchangesthatoccurwhenonepersonisgettingtoknowanother.Atan35timeitmightalsoexpressthekindofaffectionthatstimulatesattachmentandintimacy.PartⅢ ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections：Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asitis,sleepissoundervaluedthatgettingbyonfewerhourshasbecomeabadgeofhonor.Plus,weliveinaculturethat36tothelate-nighter,from24-hourgrocerystorestoonlineshoppingsitesthatneverclose.It’snosurprise,then,thatmorethanhalfofAmericanadultsdon’tgetthe7to9hoursofshut-eyeeverynightas37bysleepexperts.Whetherornotwecancatchuponsleep—ontheweekend,say—isahotly38topicamongsleepresearchers.Thelatestevidencesuggeststhatwhileitisn’t39,itmighthelp.WhenLiu,theUCLAsleepresearcherandprofessorofmedicine,brought40sleep-restrictedpeopleintothelabforaweekendofsleepduringwhichtheyloggedabout10hourspernight,theyshowed41intheabilityofinsulin（胰岛素）toprocessbloodsugar.Thatsuggeststhatcatch-upsleepmayundosomebutnotallofthedamagethatsleep42causes,whichisencouraging,givenhowmanyadultsdon’tgetthehourstheyneedeachnight.Still,Liuisn’t43toendorsethehabitofsleepinglessandmakingupforitlater.Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenot44aneffectiveremedyeither.“Asleepingpillwill45oneareaofthebrain,butthere’snevergoingtobeaperfectsleepingpill,becauseyoucouldn’treallyreplicate（复制）thedifferentchemicalsmovinginandoutofdifferentpartsofthebraintogothroughthedifferentstagesofsleep,”saysDr.NancyCollop,directoroftheEmoryUniversitySleepCenter.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)alternativelyF)idealK)presumptionB)catersG)improvementsL)readyC)chronicallyH)necessarilyM)recommendedD)debatedI)negotiatedN)surpassesE)deprivationJ)pierceO)targetSectionBDirections：Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Climatechangemaybereal,butit’sstillnoteasybeinggreen

Howdoweconvinceourinnercavemantobegreener?Weasksomeoutstandingsocialscientists.Theroadtoclimatehellispavedwithourgoodintentions.Politiciansmaytacklepolluterswhilescientistsdobattlewithcarbonemissions.Butthemostpervasiveproblemislessobvious:ourownbehaviour.Wegetdistractedbeforewecanturndowntheheating.Webreakourpromisenottoflyafterhearingaboutaneighbour’striptoIndia.Ultimately,wecan’tbebotheredtochangeourattitude.Fortunatelyfortheplanet,socialscienceandbehaviouraleconomicsmaybeabletodothatforus.Despitemournfulpolarbearsandchartsshowingcarbonemissionssoaring,mostpeoplefindithardtobelievethatglobalwarmingwillaffectthempersonally.RecentpollsbythePewResearchCentreinWashington,DC,foundthat75-80percentofparticipantsregardedclimatechangeasanimportantissue.Butrespondentsrankeditlastonalistofpriorities.Thisinconsistencylargelystemsfromafeelingofpowerlessness.“Whenwecan’tactuallyremovethesourceofourfear,wetendtoadaptpsychologicallybyadoptingarangeofdefencemechanisms,”saysTomCrompton,changestrategistfortheenvironmentalorganisationWorldWideFundforNature.Partofthefaultlieswithourinnercaveman.Evolutionhasprogrammedhumanstopaymostattentiontoissuesthatwillhaveanimmediateimpact.“Weworrymostaboutnowbecauseifwedon’tsurviveforthenextminute,we’renotgoingtobearoundintenyears’time,”saysProfessorElkeWeberoftheCentreforResearchonEnvironmentalDecisionsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.IftheThameswerelappingaroundBigBen,Londonerswouldfaceuptotheproblemofemissionsprettyquickly.Butinpractice,ourbraindiscountstherisks—andbenefits—associatedwithissuesthatliesomewayahead.MatthewRushworth,oftheDepartmentofExperimentalPsychologyattheUniversityofOxford,seesthisinhislabeveryday.“Oneofthewaysinwhichallagentsseemtomakedecisionsisthattheyassignalowerweightingtooutcomesthataregoingtobefurtherawayinthefuture,”hesays.“Thisisaverysensiblewayforananimaltomakedecisionsinthewildandwouldhavebeenveryhelpfulforhumansforthousandsofyears.”Notanylonger.Bythetimewewakeuptothethreatposedbyclimatechange,itcouldwellbetoolate.Andifwe’renotgoingtomakerationaldecisionsaboutthefuture,othersmayhavetohelpustodoso.FewpoliticallibrariesarewithoutacopyofNudge:ImprovingDecisionsAboutHealth,WealthandHappiness,byRichardThalerandCassSunstein.Theyarguethatgovernmentsshouldpersuadeusintomakingbetterdecisions一suchassavingmoreinourpensionplans—bychangingthedefaultoptions.ProfessorWeberbelievesthatenvironmentalpolicycanmakeuseofsimilartactics.If,forexample,buildingcodesincludedgreenconstructionguidelines,mostdeveloperswouldbetoolazytochallengethem.Defaultsarecertainlypartofthesolution.Butsocialscientistsaremostconcernedaboutcraftingmessagesthatexploitourgroupmentality（心态）.“Weneedtounderstandwhatmotivatespeople,whatitisthatallowsthemtomakechange,”saysProfessorNeilAdger,oftheTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearchinNorwich.“Itisactuallyaboutwhattheirpeersthinkofthem,whattheirsocialnormsare,whatisseenasdesirableinsociety.Inotherwords,ourinnercavemaniscontinuallylookingoverhisshouldertoseewhattherestofthetribeareupto.Thepassiveattitudewehavetoclimatechangeasindividualscanbealteredbycountingusin—andmeasuringusagainst—ourpeergroup.“Socialnormsareprimitiveandelemental,”saysDr.RobertCialdini,authorofInfluence：ThePsychologyofPersuasion.“Birdsflocktogether,fishschooltogether,cattleherdtogether...justperceivingnormsisenoughtocausepeopletoadjusttheirbehaviourinthedirectionofthecrowd.Thesenormscantakeusbeyondgoodintentions.CialdinrconductedastudyinSanDiegoinwhichcoathangersbearingmessagesaboutsavingenergywerehungonpeople’sdoors.Someofthemessagesmentionedtheenvironment,somefinancialsavings,otherssocialresponsibility.Butitwastheonesthatmentionedtheactionsofneighboursthatdrovedownpoweruse.Otherstudiesshowthatsimplyprovidingthefacilityforpeopletocomparetheirenergyusewiththelocalaverageisenoughtocausethemtomodifytheirbehaviour.TheConservativesplantoadoptthisstrategybymakingutilitycompaniesprinttheaveragelocalelectricityandgasusageonpeopledbills.Socialsciencecanalsoteachpoliticianshowtoavoidourcollectivecapacityforself-destructivebehaviour.EnvironmentalcampaignsthattellushowmanypeopledriveSUVsunwittingly（不经意地）implythatthisbehaviouriswidespreadandthuspermissible.Cialdinirecommendssomecarefulframingofthemessage.“Insteadofnormalisingtheundesirablebehaviour,themessageneedstomarginaliseit,forexample,bystatingthatifevenonepersonbuysyetanotherSUV,itreducesourabilitytobeenergy-independent.”Tappingintohowwealreadyseeourselvesiscrucial.Themostsuccessfulenvironmentalstrategywillmarrythegreenmessagetoourownsenseofidentity.Takeyouraveragetradeunionmember,chancesaretheywillbepoliticallymotivatedandbeusedtocollectiveaction—muchlikeEricaGregory.AretiredmemberofthePublicandCommercialServicesUnion,sheissettinguponeof1100actiongroupswiththesupportofClimateSolidarity,atwo-yearenvironmentalcampaignaimedattradeunionists.Ericaisproofthatagreat-grandmothercanhelptoleadtherevolutionifyougetthepsychologyright—inthiscase,bymatchingherenthusiasmfortheenvironmentwithafondnessfororganisinggroups.“Ithinkit’saterrificidea,”shesaysofthecampaign.“Theunionbackingitmakesmembersthinktheremustbesomethinginit.Sheisexpectingupto20peopleatthefirstmeetingshehascalled,atherlocalpubintheCornishvillageofPolperro.NickPerks,projectdirectorforClimateSolidarity,believesthissortofactivityiswherethefutureofenvironmentalactionlies.“Usingexistingcivilsocietystructuresornetworksisamoreeffectivewayofcreatingchange...andobviouslytradeunionsareoneofthebiggestcivilsocietynetworksintheUK,”hesays.The“LoveFood,HateWaste”campaignenteredintoacollaborationlastyearwithanothersuchnetwork—theWomen’sInstitute.LondonerRachelTaylorjoinedthecampaignwiththeaimofmakingnewfriends.Ayearon,themeetingshavemadelastingchangestowhatshethrowsawayinherkitchen.“It’salwaysmoreofanincentiveifyou’redoingitwithotherpeople,”shesays.“Itmotivatesyoumoreifyouknowthatyou’vegottoprovidefeedbacktoagroup.”Thepowerofsuchsimplepsychologyinfightingclimatechangeisattractingattentionacrossthepoliticalestablishment.IntheUS,theHouseofRepresentativesScienceCommitteehasapprovedabillallocating$10millionayeartostudyingenergy-relatedbehaviour.IntheUK,newstudiesareindevelopmentandsocialscientistsareregularlyspottedinBritishgovernmentoffices.Withthehelpofpsychologists,thereisfreshhopethatwemightgogreenafterall.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。46.Whenpeoplefindtheyarepowerlesstochangeasituation,theytendtolivewithit.47.Tobeeffective,environmentalmessagesshouldbecarefullyframed.48.Itisthegovernment’sresponsibilitytopersuadepeopleintomakingenvironment-friendlydecisions.49.Politiciansarebeginningtorealisetheimportanceofenlistingpsychologists,helpinfightingclimatechange.50.Tofindeffectivesolutionstoclimatechange,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmotivatespeopletomakechange.51.Intheirevolution,humanshavelearnedtopayattentiontothemosturgentissuesinsteadoflong-termconcerns.52.Onestudyshowsthatourneighbours’actionsareinfluentialinchangingourbehaviour.53.Despiteclearsignsofglobalwarming,itisnoteasyformostpeopletobelieveclimatechangewillaffecttheirownlives. 54.Weshouldtakeourfutureintoconsiderationinmakingdecisionsconcerningclimatechangebeforeitistoolate.55.Existingsocialnetworkscanbemoreeffectiveincreatingchangeinpeopledbehaviour.SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Morethanadecadeago,cognitivescientistsJohnBransfordandDanielSchwartz,boththenatVanderbiltUniversity,foundthatwhatdistinguishedyoungadultsfromchildrenwasnottheabilitytoretainfactsorapplypriorknowledgetoanewsituationbutaqualitytheycalled“preparationforfuturelearning.”Theresearchersaskedfifthgradersandcollegestudentstocreatearecoveryplantoprotectbaldeaglesfromextinction.Shockingly,thetwogroupscameupwithplansofsimilarquality(althoughthecollegestudentshadbetterspellingskills).Fromthestandpointofatraditionaleducator,thisoutcomeindicatedthatschoolinghadfailedtohelpstudentsthinkaboutecosystemsandextinction,majorscientificideas.Theresearchersdecidedtogodeeper,however.Theyaskedbothgroupstogeneratequestionsaboutimportantissuesneededtocreaterecoveryplans.Onthistask,theyfoundlargedifferences.Collegestudentsfocusedoncriticalissuesofinterdependencebetweeneaglesandtheirhabitats（栖息地）Fifthgraderstendedtofocusonfeaturesofindividualeagles(“Howbigarethey?”and“Whatdotheyeat?”).Thecollegestudentshadcultivatedtheabilitytoaskquestions,thecornerstoneofcriticalthinking.Theyhadlearnedhowtolearn.Museumsandotherinstitutionsofinformallearningmaybebettersuitedtoteachthisskillthanelementaryandsecondaryschools.AttheExploratoriuminSanFrancisco,werecentlystudiedhowlearningtoaskgoodquestionscanaffectthequalityofpeopledscientificinquiry.Wefoundthatwhenwetaughtparticipantstoask“Whatif?”and“Howcan?”questionsthatnobodypresentwouldknowtheanswertoandthatwouldsparkexploration,theyengagedinbetterinquiryatthenextexhibit—askingmorequestions,performingmoreexperimentsandmakingbetterinterpretationsoftheirresults.Specifically,theirquestionsbecamemorecomprehensiveatthenewexhibit.Ratherthanmerelyaskingaboutsomethingtheywantedtotry,theytendedtoincludebothcauseandeffectintheirquestion.Askingjuicyquestionsappearstobeatransferableskillfordeepeningcollaborativeinquiryintothesciencecontentfoundinexhibits.Thistypeoflearningisnotconfinedtomuseumsorinstitutionalsettings.Informallearningenvironmentstoleratefailurebetterthanschools.Perhapsmanyteachershavetoolittletimetoallowstudentstoformandpursuetheirownquestionsandtoomuchgroundtocoverinthecurriculum.Butpeoplemustacquirethisskillsomewhere.Oursocietydependsonthembeingabletomakecriticaldecisionsabouttheirownmedicaltreatment,say,orwhatwemustdoaboutglobalenergyneedsanddemands.Forthat,wehavearobustinformallearningsystemthatgivesnogrades,takesallcomers,andisavailableevenonholidaysandweekends.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Whatistraditional