英文版解剖学和生理学基础教材美国大学教科书电子版

GlossaryofKeyTermsAabdomen:Theregionofthetrunkboundedbythediaphragmandpelvis.(1)abdominopelviccavity:Theportionoftheventralbodycavitythatcontainsabdominalandpelvicsubdivisions;alsocontainstheperitonealcavity.(1)abducens:CranialnerveVI,whichinnervatesthelateralrectusmuscleoftheeye.(14)abduction:Movementawayfromthemidlineofthebody,asviewedintheanatomicalposition.(9)abortion:Theprematurelossorexpulsionofanembryoorfetus.(29)abscess:Alocalizedcollectionofpuswithinadamagedtissue.(4,22)absorption:Theactiveorpassiveuptakeofgases,fluids,orsolutes.(25)accommodation:Analterationinthecurvatureofthelensoftheeyetofocusanimageontheretina.(17)acetabulum:Thefossaonthelateralaspectofthepelvisthataccommodatestheheadofthefemur.(8)acetylcholine(ACh):Achemicalneurotransmitterinthebrainandperipheralnervoussystem;thedominantneurotransmitterintheperipheralnervoussystem,releasedatneuromuscularjunctionsandsynapsesoftheparasympatheticdivision.(10,12,16)acetylcholinesterase(AChE):Anenzymefoundinthesynapticcleft,boundtothepostsynapticmembrane,andintissuefluids;breaksdownandinactivatesacetylcholinemolecules.(1(),12)acetyl-CoA:AnacetylgroupboundtocoenzymeA,aparticipantintheanabolicandcatabolicpathwaysforcarbohydrates,lipids,andmanyaminoacids.(25)acetylgroup:-»CH3CO.(25)Achillestendon:Seecalcanealtendon.acid:Acompoundwhosedissociationinsolutionreleasesahydrogenionandananion;anacidicsolutionhasapHbelow7.0andcontainsanexcessofhydrogenions.(2,27)acidosis(as-i-D〇sis):AnabnormalphysiologicalstatecharacterizedbyaplasmapHbelow7.35.(2,25,26,27)acinus/acini:Ahistologicaltermreferringtoablindpocket,pouch,orsac.acoustic:Pertainingtosoundorthesenseofhearing.(17)acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(AIDS):Adiseasecausedbythehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV);characterizedbythedestructionofhelperTcellsandaresultingsevereimpairmentoftheimmuneresponse.(22)acromegaly:Aconditioncausedbytheoverproductionofgrowthhormoneinadults,characterizedbyathickeningofbonesandanenlargementofcartilagesandothersofttissues.(6,18)acromion:Acontinuationofthescapularspinethatprojectssuperiortothecapsuleofthescapulohumeraljoint.(8)acrosomalcap:Amembranoussacatthetipofaspermatozoonthatcontainshyaluronidase.(28)actin:Theproteincomponentofmicrofilamentsthatformsthinfilamentsinskeletalmusclesandproducescontractionsofallmusclesthroughinteractionwiththick(myosin)filaments;seealsoslidingfilamenttheory.(3,10)actionpotential:Apropagatedchangeinthetransmembranepotentialofexcitablecells,initiatedbyachangeinthemembranepermeabilitytosodiumions;seealsonerveimpulse.(10,12)activetransport:TheATP-dependentabsorptionorsecretionofsolutesacrossacellmembrane.(3,26)acute:Suddeninonset,severeinintensity,andbriefinduration.adaptation:Achangeinpupillarysizeinresponsetochangesinlightintensity(17);adecreaseinreceptorsensitivityorperceptionafterchronicstimulation(15);physiologicalresponsesthatproduceacclimatization(25)Addison'sdisease:Aconditionresultingfromthehyposecretionofglucocorticoids;characterizedbylethargy,weakness,hypotension,andincreasedskinpigmentation.(5,18)adduction:Movementtowardtheaxisormidlineofthebody,asviewedintheanatomicalposition.(9)adenine:Apurine;oneofthenitrogenousbasesinthenucleicacidsRNAandDNA.(2)adenohypophysis:Theanteriorlobeofthepituitarygland.(18)adenoids:Thepharyngealtonsil.(22,23)adenosine:Acombinationofadenineandribose.(2)adenosinediphosphate(ADP):Acompoundconsistingofadenosinewithtwophosphategroupsattached.(2,25)adenosinemonophosphate(AMP):Anucleotideconsistingofadenineplusaphosphate3-group(PO4);alsocalledadenosinephosphate.(AM)adenosinetriphosphate(ATP):Ahigh-energycompoundconsistingofadenosinewiththreephosphategroupsattached;thethirdisattachedbyahigh-energybond.(2,10,25)adenylatecyclase:AnenzymeboundtotheinnersurfacesofcellmembranesthatcanconvertATPtocyclic-AMP;alsocalledadenylylcyclase.(12)adhesion:Thefusionoftwomesenteriallayersafterdamageorirritationoftheiropposingsurfaces;thisprocessrestrictsrelativemovementoftheorgansinvolved(4);thebindingofaphagocytetoitstarget(22)adipocyte:Afatcell.(4)adiposetissue:Looseconnectivetissuedominatedbyadipocytes.(4,18)adrenalcortex:Thesuperficialportionoftheadrenalglandthatproducessteroidhormones.(18)adrenalgland:Asmallendocrineglandthatsecretessteroidsandcatecholaminesandislocatedsuperiortoeachkidney;alsocalledsuprarenalgland.(18)adrenalmedulla:Thecoreoftheadrenalgland(18);amodifiedsympatheticganglionthatsecretescatecholaminesintothebloodduringsympatheticactivation(16)adrenergic:Asynapticterminalthat,whenstimulated,releasesnorepinephrine.(12)adrenocorticalhormone:Anysteroidproducedbytheadrenalcortex.(18)adrenocorticotropichormone(ACTH):Thehormonethatstimulatestheproductionandsecretionofglucocorticoidsbythezonafasciculataoftheadrenalcortex;releasedbytheanteriorlobeofthepituitaryglandinresponsetocorticotropin-releasinghormone.(18)adventitia:Thesuperficiallayerofconnectivetissuesurroundinganinternalorgan;fibersarecontinuouswiththoseofsurroundingtissues,providingsupportandstabilization.(24)aerobic:Requiringthepresenceofbicmetabolism:Thecompletebreakdownoforganicsubstratesintocarbondioxideandwater,viapyruvicacid;aprocessthatyieldslargeamountsofATPbutrequiresmitochondriaandoxygen.(3,1(),25)afferent:Toward.afferentarteriole:Anarteriolethatcarriesbloodtoaglomerulusofthekidney.(26)afferentfiber:Anaxonthatcarriessensoryinformationtothecentralnervoussystem.(12)agglutination:Theaggregationofredbloodcellsduetointeractionsbetweensurfaceantigensandplasmaantibodies.(19,22)agglutinins:Immunoglobulinsinplasmathatreactwithantigensonthesurfacesofforeignredbloodcellswhendonorandrecipientdifferinbloodtype.(19)agglutinogens:Surfaceantigensonredbloodcellswhosepresenceandstructurearegeneticallydetermined.(19)aggregatedlymphoidnodules:Lymphoidnodulesbeneaththeepitheliumofthesmallintestine;alsocalledPeyer'spatches.(22)agonist:Amuscleresponsibleforaspecificmovement;a.k.a.primemover.(11)agranular:Withoutgranules;agranularleukocytesaremonocytesandlymphocytes.(19)AIDS:Seeacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.alba:White.albicans:White.albuginea:White.aldosterone:Amineralocorticoidproducedbythezonaglomerulosaoftheadrenalcortex;stimulatessodiumandwaterconservationatthekidneys;secretedinresponsetothepresenceofangiotensinII.(18,26,27)alkalosis:TheconditioncharacterizedbyaplasmapHgreaterthan7.45;associatedwitharelativedeficiencyofhydrogenionsoranexcessofbicarbonateions.(2,27)alphareceptors:Membranereceptorssensitivetonorepinephrineorepinephrine;stimulationnormallyresultsintheexcitationofthetargetcell.(16)alveolarsac:Anair-filledchamberthatsuppliesairtoseveralalveoli.(23)alveolus/alveoli:Blindpocketsattheendoftherespiratorytree,linedbyasimplesquamousepitheliumandsurroundedbyacapillarynetwork;sitesofgasexchangewiththeblood(23);abonysocketthatholdstherootofatooth(24)Alzheimer'sdisease:Adisorderresultingfromdegenerativechangesinpopulationsofneuronsinthecerebrum,causingdementiacharacterizedbyproblemswithattention,short-termmemory,andemotions.(16)amination:Theattachmentofanaminogrouptoacarbonchain;performedbyavarietyofcellsandimportantinthesynthesisofaminoacids.(25)aminoacids:OrganiccompoundswhosechemicalstructurecanbesummarizedasR->CHNH2-»COOH.(2,25)aminogroup:-«NH2.(2)amnion:Oneofthefourextraembryonicmembranes;surroundsthedevelopingembryoorfetus.(29)amnioticfluid:Fluidthatfillstheamnioticcavity;cushionsandsupportstheembryoorfetus.(4,29)amphiarthrosis:Anarticulationthatpermitsasmalldegreeofindependentmovement;seeinterosseousmembrane(8)andpubicsymphysis.(9)ampulla/ampullae:Alocalizeddilationinthelumenofacanalorpassageway.(17,24,28)amygdaloidbody:Abasalnucleusthatisacomponentofthelimbicsystemandactsasaninterfacebetweenthatsystem,thecerebrum,andsensorysystems.(14)amylase:Anenzymethatbreaksdownpolysaccharides;producedbythesalivaryglandsandpancreas.(24)anabolism:Thesynthesisofcomplexorganiccompoundsfromsimplerprecursors.(2,25)anaerobic:Withoutoxygen,analgesic:Asubstancethatrelievespain.(15)analtriangle:Theposteriorsubdivisionoftheperineum.(11)anaphase:Themitoticstageinwhichthepairedchromatidsseparateandmovetowardoppositeendsofthespindleapparatus.(3)anaphylaxis:Ahypersensitivityreactionduetothebindingofantigenstoimmunoglobulins(IgE)onthesurfacesofmastcells;thereleaseofhistamine,serotonin,andprostaglandinsbymastcellsthencauseswidespreadinflammation;asuddendeclineinbloodpressuremayoccur,producinganaphylacticshock.(22)anastomosis:Thejoiningoftwotubes,usuallyreferringtoaconnectionbetweentwoperipheralvesselswithoutaninterveningcapillarybed.(21)anatomicalposition:Ananatomicalreferenceposition;thebodyviewedfromtheanteriorsurfacewiththepalmsfacingforward.(1)anatomy:Thestudyofthestructureofthebody.(1)androgen:Asteroidsexhormoneprimarilyproducedbytheinterstitialcellsofthetestisandmanufacturedinsmallquantitiesbytheadrenalcortexineithergender.(18,28)anemia:Theconditionmarkedbyareductioninthehematocrit,thehemoglobincontentoftheblood,orboth.(19)angiotensinI:Thehormoneproducedbytheactivationofangiotensinogenbyrenin(18);angiotensin-convertingenzymeconvertsangiotensinIintoangiotensinIIinlungcapillaries.(26)angiotensinII:Ahormonethatcausesanelevationinsystemicbloodpressure,stimulatesthesecretionofaldosterone,promotesthirst,andcausesthereleaseofantidiuretichormone(18);angiotensin-convertingenzymeinlungcapillariesconvertsangiotensinIintoangiotensinIL(21,26)angiotensinogen:ThebloodproteinproducedbytheliverthatisconvertedtoangiotensinIbytheenzymerenin.(18)anion:Anionbearinganegativecharge.(2,27)anoxia(an-ok-s-e-a):Tissueoxygendeprivation.(23)antagonist:Amusclethatopposesthemovementofanagonist.(10)antebrachium:Theforearm.(8)anterior:Onornearthefront,orventralsurface,ofthebody.antibiotic:Achemicalagentthatselectivelykillspathogens.(20)antibody:Aglobularproteinproducedbyplasmacellsthatwillbindtospecificantigensandpromotetheirdestructionorremovalfromthebody.(19,22)antibody-mediatedimmunity:Theformofimmunityresultingfromthepresenceofcirculatingantibodiesproducedbyplasmacells;alsocalledhumoralimmunity.(22)anticholinesterase:Achemicalcompoundthatblockstheactionofacetylcholineandcausesprolongedandintensivestimulationofpost-synapticmembranes.(12)anticodon:ThreenitrogenousbasesonatRNAmoleculethatinteractwithanappropriatecodononastrandofmRNA.(3)antidiuretichormone(ADH):Ahormonesynthesizedinthehypothalamusandsecretedattheposteriorlobeofthepituitarygland;causeswaterretentionatthekidneysandanelevationofbloodpressure.(18,21,26,27)antigen:Asubstancecapableofinducingtheproductionofantibodies.(22)antigen-antibodycomplex:Thecombinationofanantigenandaspecificantibody.(22)antigenicdeterminantsite:Aportionofanantigenthatcaninteractwithanantibodymolecule.(22)antigen-presentingcell(APC):Acellthatprocessesantigensanddisplaysthem,boundtoMHCproteins;essentialtotheinitiationofanormalimmuneresponse.(22)antihistamines:Achemicalagentthatblockstheactionofhistamineonperipheraltissues.(22)antrum:Achamberorpocket.(28,forexample)anulus:Acartilageorboneshapedlikearing;alsospelledannulus.(9)anus:Theexternalopeningoftheanalcanal.(24)aorta:Thelarge,elasticarterythatcarriesbloodawayfromtheleftventricleandintothesystemiccircuit.(20)apocrinesecretion:Amodeofsecretioninwhichtheglandularcellshedsportionsofitscytoplasm.(4,5)aponeurosis/aponeuroses:Abroadtendinoussheetthatmayserveastheoriginorinsertionofaskeletalmuscle.(4,6,10)appendicular:Pertainingtotheupperorlowerlimbs.(8)appendix:Ablindtubeconnectedtothececumofthelargeintestine.(24)appositionalgrowth:Theenlargementofabonebytheadditionofcartilageorbonymatrixatitssurface.(4)aqueoushumor:Afluidsimilartoperilymphorcerebrospinalfluidthatfillstheanteriorchamberoftheeye.(17)arachidonicacid:Oneoftheessentialfattyacids.(2,18)arachnoidmater:Themiddlemeninxthatenclosescerebrospinalfluidandprotectsthecentralnervoussystem.(13,14)arachnoidgranulations:Processesofthearachnoidmaterthatprojectintothesuperiorsagittalsinus;siteswherecerebrospinalfluidentersthevenouscirculation.(14)arborvitae:Thecentral,branchingmassofwhitematterinsidethecerebellum.(14)arcuate(AR-k"u"at):Curving.areolar:Containingminutespaces,asinareolartissue.areolartissue:Looseconnectivetissuewithanopenframework.(4)arrectorpili:Smoothmuscleswhosecontractionsforcehairstostanderect.(5)arrhythmias:Abnormalpatternsofcardiaccontractions.(20)arteriole:Asmallarterialbranchthatdeliversbloodtoacapillarynetwork.(21)artery:Abloodvesselthatcarriesbloodawayfromtheheartandtowardaperipheralcapillary.(4,20,21)articular:Pertainingtoajoint.articularcapsule:Thedensecollagenfibersleevethatsurroundsajointandprovidesprotectionandstabilization.(6,9)articularcartilage:Thecartilagepadthatcoversthesurfaceofaboneinsideajointcavity.(6,9)articulation:Ajoint(9);theformationofwords(23)arytenoidcartilages:Apairofsmallcartilagesinthelarynx.(23)ascendingtract:Atractcarryinginformationfromthespinalcordtothebrain.(13,14)associationareas:Corticalareasofthecerebrumthatareresponsiblefortheintegrationofsensoryinputsand/ormotorcommands.(14)associationneuron:Seeinterneuron.astrocyte:Oneofthefourtypesofneurogliainthecentralnervoussystem;responsibleformaintainingtheblood-brainbarrierbythestimulationofendothelialcells.(12)atherosclerosis:Theformationoffattyplaquesinthewallsofarteries,restrictingbloodflowtodeeptissues.(21)atom:Thesmalleststableunitofmatter.(2)atomicnumber:Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.(2)atomicweight:Roughly,theaveragetotalnumberofprotonsandneutronsintheatomsofaparticularelement.(2)atria:Thin-walledchambersoftheheartthatreceivevenousbloodfromthepulmonaryorsystemiccircuitatrialnatriureticpeptide(ANP):Seenatriureticpeptides.(20)atrialreflex:Thereflexiveincreaseinheartrateafteranincreaseinvenousreturn;duetomechanicalandneuralfactors;alsocalledBainbridgereflex.(20,21)atrioventricular(AV)node:SpecializedcardiocytesthatrelaythecontractilestimulustothebundleofHis,thebundlebranches,thePurkinjefibers,andtheventricularmyocardium;locatedattheboundarybetweentheatriaandventricles.(20)atrioventricular(AV)valve:Oneofthevalvesthatpreventsbackflowintotheatriaduringventricularsystole.(20)atrophy:Thewastingawayoftissuesfromalackofuse,ischemia,ornutritionalabnormalities.(10)auditory:Pertainingtothesenseofhearing.(17)auditoryossicles:Thebonesofthemiddleear:malleus,incus,andstapes.(7,17)auditorytube:Apassagewaythatconnectsthenasopharynxwiththemiddleearcavity;alsocalledEustachiantubeorpharyngotympanictube.(17)auricle:Abroad,flattenedprocessthatresemblestheexternalear;intheear,theexpanded,projectingportionthatsurroundstheexternalauditorycanal,alsocalledpinna(17);intheheart,theexternallyvisibleflapformedbythecollapseoftheouterwallofarelaxedatrium(20)autoantibodies:Antibodiesthatreactwithantigensonthesurfacesofaperson,sowncellsandtissues.(22)autoimmunity:Theimmunesystem'ssensitivitytonormalcellsandtissues,resultingintheproductionofautoantibodies.(22)autolysis:Thedestructionofacellduetotheruptureoflysosomalmembranesinitscytoplasm.(3)automaticity:Thespontaneousdepolarizationtothreshold,characteristicofcardiacpacemakercells.(10,20)autonomicganglion:Acollectionofvisceralmotorneuronsoutsidethecentralnervoussystem.(16)autonomicnerve:Aperipheralnerveconsistingofpreganglionicorpostganglionicautonomicfibers.(16)autonomicnervoussystem(ANS):Centers,nuclei,tracts,ganglia,andnervesinvolvedintheunconsciousregulationofvisceralfunctions;includescomponentsofthecentralnervoussystemandtheperipheralnervoussystem.(12,16)autopsy:Thedetailedexaminationofabodyafterdeath.(AM)autoregulation:Changesinactivitythatmaintainhomeostasisindirectresponsetochangesinthelocalenvironment;doesnotrequireneuralorendocrinecontrol.(1,21,26)autosomal:ChromosomesotherthantheXorYchromosome.(29)avascular:Withoutbloodvessels.(4)axilla:Thearmpit.(1,8)axolemma:Thecellmembraneofanaxon,continuouswiththecellmembraneofthecellbodyanddendritesanddistinctfromanyneuroglialcoverings.(12)axon:Theelongateextensionofaneuronthatconductsanactionpotential.(4,12)axonhillock:Inamultipolarneuron,theportionofthecellbodyadjacenttotheinitialsegment.(12)axoplasm:Thecytoplasmwithinanaxon.(12)bacteria:Single-celledmicroorganisms,somepathogenic,thatarecommonintheenvironmentandinandonthebody.(22)Bainbridgereflex:Seeatrialreflex.baroreception:Theabilitytodetectchangesinpressure.(15,23)baroreceptorreflex:Areflexivechangeincardiacactivityinresponsetochangesinbloodpressure.(21)baroreceptors:Thereceptorsresponsibleforbaroreception.(15,21)basallamina:Alayeroffilamentsandfibersthatattachanepitheliumtotheunderlyingconnectivetissue.(4)basalnuclei:Nucleiofthecerebrumthatareimportantinthesubconsciouscontrolofskeletalmuscleactivity.(14,15)base:Acompoundwhosedissociationreleasesahydroxideion(OH)orremovesa.十.hydrogenion(H)fromthesolution.(2,27)basophils:Circulatinggranulocytes(whitebloodcells)similarinsizeandfunctiontotissuemastcells.(19)Bcells:Lymphocytescapableofdifferentiatingintoplasmacells,whichproduceantibodies.(19,22)benign:Notmalignant.(3)betacells:Cellsofthepancreaticisletsthatsecreteinsulininresponsetoelevatedbloodsugarconcentrations.(18)betaoxidation:Fattyacidcatabolismthatproducesmoleculesofacetyl-CoA.(25)betareceptors:Membranereceptorssensitivetoepinephrine;stimulationmayresultintheexcitationorinhibitionofthetargetcell.(16)bicarbonateions:HCO3;anioncomponentsofthecarbonicacid-bicarbonatebuffersystem.(26,27)bicuspid:Havingtwocuspsorleafs;referstoapremolartooth,whichhastworoots,ortotheleftAVvalve,whichhastwocusps.(24)bicuspidvalve:Theleftatrioventricular(AV)valve,alsocalledmitralvalve.(20)bifurcate:Tobranchintotwoparts.bile:Theexocrinesecretionoftheliver;storedinthegallbladderandejectedintotheduodenum.(24)bilesalts:Steroidderivativesinbile;responsiblefortheemulsificationofingestedlipids.(2)bilirubin:Apigmentthatistheby-productofhemoglobincatabolism.(19)biopsy:Theremovalofasmallsampleoftissueforpathologicalanalysis.(4,13)bladder:Amuscularsacthatdistendsasfluidisstoredandwhosecontractionejectsthefluidatanappropriatetime;usedalone,thetermusuallyreferstotheurinarybladder.(26)blastocyst:Anearlystageinthedevelopingembryo,consistingofanoutertrophoblastandaninnercellmass.(29)blockers/blockingagents:Drugsthatblockmembraneporesorpreventbindingtomembranereceptors.(16)blood-brainbarrier:Theisolationofthecentralnervoussystemfromthegeneralcirculation;primarilytheresultofastrocyteregulationofcapillarypermeabilities.(12,14)bloodclot:Seeclot.blood-CSFbarrier:Theisolationofthecerebrospinalfluidfromthecapillariesofthechoroidplexus;primarilytheresultofspecializedependymalcells.(14)bloodpressure:Aforceexertedagainstvesselwallsbythebloodinthevessels,duetothepushexertedbycardiaccontractionandtheelasticityofthevesselwalls;usuallymeasuredalongoneofthemusculararteries,withsystolicpressuremeasuredduringventricularsystoleanddiastolicpressureduringventriculardiastole.(21)blood-testisbarrier:Theisolationoftheinterioroftheseminiferoustubulesfromthegeneralcirculation,duetotheactivitiesofthesustentacularcells.(28)Bohreffect:Theincreasedoxygenreleasebyhemoglobininthepresenceofelevatedcarbondioxidelevels.(23)bolus:Acompactmass;usuallyreferstocompactedingestedmaterialonitswaytothestomach.(23,24)bone:Seeosseoustissue.bowel:Theintestinaltract.(24)Bowman'scapsule:Thecup-shapedinitialportionoftherenaltubule;surroundstheglomerulusandreceivestheglomerularfiltrate.(26)brachial:Pertainingtothearm.brachialplexus:AnetworkformedbybranchesofspinalnervesC5-T1enroutetoinnervatingtheupperlimb.(13)brachium:Thearm.(11)bradycardia:Anabnormallyslowheartrate,usuallybelow5()bpm.(20)brainnaturalpeptide(BNP):Seenatriureticpeptides.brainstem:Thebrainminusthecerebrum,diencephalon,andcerebellum.(14)brevis:Short.Broca'sarea:Thespeechcenterofthebrain,normallylocatedontheneuralcortexoftheleftcerebralhemisphere.(14)bronchialtree:Thetrachea,bronchi,andbronchioles.(23)bronchodilation:Thedilationofthebronchialpassages;canbecausedbysympatheticstimulation.(23)bronchus/bronchi:Abranchofthebronchialtreebetweenthetracheaandbronchioles.(23)buccal:Pertainingtothecheeks.(24)buffer:AcompoundthatstabilizesthepHofasolutionbyremovingorreleasinghydrogenions.(2,27)buffersystem:InteractingcompoundsthatpreventincreasesordecreasesinthepHofbodyfluids;includesthecarbonicacid-bicarbonatebuffersystem,thephosphatebuffersystem,andtheproteinbuffersystem.(27)bulbar:Pertainingtothebrainstem.(14)bulbourethralglands:Mucousglandsatthebaseofthepenisthatsecreteintothepenileurethra;theequivalentofthegreatervestibularglandsoffemales;alsocalledCowper'sglands.(28)bundlebranches:SpecializedconductingcellsintheventriclesthatcarrythecontractilestimulusfromthebundleofHistothePurkinjefibers.(20)bundleofHis:SpecializedconductingcellsintheinterventricularseptumthatcarrythecontractingstimulusfromtheAVnodetobundlebranchesandthentoPurkinjefibers.(20)bursa:Asmallsacfilledwithsynovialfluidthatcushionsadjacentstructuresandreducesfriction.(9)calcanealtendon:Thelargetendonthatinsertsonthecalcaneus;tensiononthistendonproducesextension(plantarflexion)ofthefoot;alsocalledAchillestendon.(8,11)calcaneus:Theheelbone,thelargestofthetarsalbones.(8)calcification:Thedepositionofcalciumsaltswithinatissue.(4,6)calcitonin:ThehormonesecretedbyCcellsofthethyroidwhencalciumionconcentrationsareabnormallyhigh;restoreshomeostasisbyincreasingtherateofbonedepositionandtherateofcalciumlossatthekidneys.(6,18)calculus/calculi:Concretionsofinsolublematerialsthatformwithinbodyfluids,especiallythegallbladder,kidneys,orurinarybladder.(26)callus:Alocalizedthickeningoftheepidermisduetochronicmechanicalstresses(5);athickenedareathatformsatthesiteofabonebreakaspartoftherepairprocess(6)calorigeniceffect:Thestimulationofenergyproductionandheatlossbythyroidhormones.(18)canaliculi:Microscopicpassagewaysbetweencells;bilecanaliculicarrybiletobileductsintheliver(24);inbone,canaliculipermitthediffusionofnutrientsandwastestoandfromosteocytes(4,6)cancellousbone:Spongybone,composedofanetworkofbonystruts.(6)cancer:Anillnesscausedbymutationsleadingtotheuncontrolledgrowthandreplicationoftheaffectedcells.(3)cannula:Atubethatcanbeinsertedintothebody;commonlyplacedinbloodvesselspriortotransfusionordialysis.(19)capacitation:Theactivationprocessthatmustoccurbeforeaspermatozooncansuccessfullyfertilizeanoocyte;occursinthevaginaafterejaculation.(28,29)capillary:Asmallbloodvessel,locatedbetweenanarterioleandavenule,whosethinwallpermitsthediffusionofgases,nutrients,andwastesbetweenplasmaandinterstitialfluids.(4,19,20,21)capitulum:Ageneraltermforasmall,elevatedarticularprocess;referstotheroundeddistalsurfaceofthehumerusthatarticulateswiththeheadoftheradius.(8)caput:Thehead.(7)carbaminohemoglobin:Hemoglobinboundtocarbondioxidemolecules.(19,23)carbohydrase:Anenzymethatbreaksdowncarbohydratemolecules.(24)carbohydrate:Anorganiccompoundcontainingcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygeninaratiothatapproximates1:2:1.(2,25)carbondioxide:CO2;acompoundproducedbythedecarboxylationreactionsofaerobicmetabolism.(2,23)carbonicanhydrase:AnenzymethatcatalyzesthereactionH2O+CO2jH2CO3;importantincarbondioxidetransport(23),gastricacidsecretion(24),andrenalpHregulation(26)carcinogenic:Stimulatingcancerformationinaffectedtissues.(3)cardia:Theareaofthestomachsurroundingitsconnectionwiththeesophagus.(24)cardiac:Pertainingtotheheart.(10,20)cardiaccycle:Onecompleteheartbeat,includingatrialandventricularsystoleanddiastole.(20)cardiacoutput:Theamountofbloodejectedbytheleftventricleeachminute;normallyabout5liters.(20)cardiacreserve:Thepotentialpercentageincreasei