语用学常月圆课件

语用学常月圆课件语用学常月圆课件2语用学常月圆课件3语用学常月圆课件4语用学常月圆课件5语用学常月圆课件67Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

778Performatives:

utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:

name,bet,etc.8Performatives:utteranceswhi89Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.9910FeaturesofPerformativesFirstpersonsingularsubject第一人称单数主语Speechactverbs/performativeverbs:Simplepresenttense一般现在时Indicativemood陈述语气Activevoice主动态10FeaturesofPerformatives1011Ipromisetobethere.I’llbethere.IadmitIwaswrong.Iwasfoolish.Ithankyou.I’mverygrateful.Iapologize.I’msorry.Iorderyoutositdown.Youmustsitdown.11Ipromisetobethere.11

2.2IllocutionaryActTheory

行事行为/施为行为理论Speechactscanbeanalyzedon3levels:2.2IllocutionaryActTheory12Level1Alocutionaryact

发话行为/言内行为:

theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.13Morning!Level1Alocutionaryact发话行为/13Level2Anillocutionaryact行事行为:

anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysomethingistodosomething.14Level2Anillocutionaryact行1415Morning!＝Sheofferedagreeting.15Morning!＝Sheofferedagreet15Level3Theperlocutionaryact成事行为/取效行为theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.Bysayingxanddoingy,Ididz(thewordsandactionswillhavedifferenteffectsonthehearer).Level3Theperlocutionaryact16Level317AshowoffriendshipAninstanceofhypocrisyORLevel317Ashowoffriendship17Theeffectofthespeaker’swordsmaybenotwhatthespeakeroriginallyintended,butitisstillaperlucutionaryactperformedbyhimorher.Illocutionaryactisrelatedtothespeaker’sintentionandperlocutionaryactisnot.18Theeffectofthespeaker’swo18Briefly19Briefly1919ExerciseCanyourecognizethelocutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionaryactperformedbythefollowingutterance??20ExerciseCanyourecognizethe20Awifesaystoherhusband:“There’snomilkinthefridge.”Locutionaryact:???Illocutionaryact:???Perlocutionaryact:???21Uttering“Thereisnomilkinthefridge.”Makingarequest:husbandshouldgooutandbuysome.Offeringanexplanation:nomilkleft,soIwillbuysome.Husbandfollowstherequestandbuysomemilk.Husbandunderstandswhyhiswifeisreadytogoout.Orhemaysuspectthereasonhiswifeoffers:isshereallygoingouttogetsomemilk?Awifesaystoherhusband:“T213Classifyingspeechactsalsomadehiscontributiontothestudyofillocutionaryspeechacts.Hespecifiedfivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts.

22JohnSearle(1932-)3Classifyingspeechactsalso221)representative描述性

Iguessthathehascome2)directive

指示性

Openthedoor!3)commissive

承担性

Ipromisetoloveyou!4)expressive

表达性

It’sverykindofyouto

havethoughtofme.5)declaration

宣告性Ideclarethemeeting

open/Ifireyou!1)representative描述性Iguessth234ConversationalImplicature

会话含义Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.HerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)WilliamJameslecturesat

Harvardin1967LogicandConversationin19754ConversationalImplicature

244.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)

合作原则CooperativePrinciple:Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.使你所说的话,在其所发生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向4.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)

合254.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP264.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP2627MaximofQuantity:数量准则/适量准则Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofQuality:质量准则/真实准则Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;27MaximofQuantity:数量准则/适量准则2728MaximofRelation:相关准则Berelative.MaximofManner:方式准则/明晰准则

Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.28MaximofRelation:相关准则284.3ViolationofthemaximsWhenweviolatethesemaxims,insomesituations,conversationalimplicaturewillarise.4.3ViolationofthemaximsWh29304.3Violationofthemaxims(Quantity)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.

A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:就买了些东西。>Idon’twanttotellyouwhatIbought.304.3Violationofthemaxims30312.

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn.>Hersonshouldnotbeblamed.312.Donotmakeyourcontribu31324.3Violationofthemaxims

(Quality)1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Youarethecreaminmycoffee.Xrunsasfastasadeer.Heismadeofiron.324.3Violationofthemaxims32332.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.A:NanjingisinJiangSu,isn’tit?B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.>It’sridiculous.332.Donotsaythatforwhich33344.3Violationofthemaxims(Relation)Berelevant.A:Prof.Wangisanoldbag.B:Niceweatherforthetimeofyear.>Idon’twanttotalkaboutProf.Wang.344.3Violationofthemaxims34354.3Violationofthemaxims

(Manner)1.AvoidobscurityofexpressionA:Let’sgetthekidssomething.B:Ok,butIvetoC-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.>Don’tgivethemchocolate.354.3Violationofthemaxims35362.Avoidambiguity买一赠一。362.Avoidambiguity36373.BebriefA:Didyougetmyassignment?B:Ireceivedtwopagesclippedtogetherandcoveredwithrowsofblacksquiggles.>notsatisfied.373.Bebrief37Exercise1Mother:Where’sthecake?Jimmy:Lucywasjustinthekitchen.38MaximsofQuantityandRelation×Exercise1Mother:Where’sthe38Exercise2Man:MayIknowyourname?Woman:DianaWang.Andyours?Man:David.DavidZhang.MyfriendsallcallmeDave.Iamadirectorinajointventure.I’mgoingtoNewYorkonabusinesstripnextweek.39MaximsofQuantity&Relation&Manner×Exercise2Man:MayIknowyou39Exercise3XiaoLiisabachelorwithagoodjobandahandsomeincome.Mrs.Chenisthinkingofdoingamatch-makingforhimandafriend’sdaughter.ShehasthefollowingconversationwithMrs.Yang,acolleagueofXiaoLi:Mrs.Chen:ThatXiaoLiinyourdepartmentlookslikeaniceguy.Heisn’tmarriedyet,ishe?Mrs.Yang:Well,he’sfromthecountrysideofSichuan.He’sgotfivebrothersandsistersandhe’stheeldest.40MaximsofQuantityandRelation×Exercise3XiaoLiisabachelo40ReferencesHuang,Yan.1991.ANeo-GriceanPragmaticsTheoryofAnaphora.JournalofPragmatics,27,301-335.Mey,J.1993.Pragmatics:AnIntroduction.Oxford:Blackwell.胡壮麟姜望琪2019，《语言学高级教程》（英文），北京大学出版社。References41Thankyou!语用学常月圆课件42谢谢语用学常月圆课件43语用学常月圆课件语用学常月圆课件45语用学常月圆课件46语用学常月圆课件47语用学常月圆课件48语用学常月圆课件4950Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

75051Performatives:

utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:

name,bet,etc.8Performatives:utteranceswhi5152Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.95253FeaturesofPerformativesFirstpersonsingularsubject第一人称单数主语Speechactverbs/performativeverbs:Simplepresenttense一般现在时Indicativemood陈述语气Activevoice主动态10FeaturesofPerformatives5354Ipromisetobethere.I’llbethere.IadmitIwaswrong.Iwasfoolish.Ithankyou.I’mverygrateful.Iapologize.I’msorry.Iorderyoutositdown.Youmustsitdown.11Ipromisetobethere.54

2.2IllocutionaryActTheory

行事行为/施为行为理论Speechactscanbeanalyzedon3levels:2.2IllocutionaryActTheory55Level1Alocutionaryact

发话行为/言内行为:

theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.56Morning!Level1Alocutionaryact发话行为/56Level2Anillocutionaryact行事行为:

anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysomethingistodosomething.57Level2Anillocutionaryact行5758Morning!＝Sheofferedagreeting.15Morning!＝Sheofferedagreet58Level3Theperlocutionaryact成事行为/取效行为theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.Bysayingxanddoingy,Ididz(thewordsandactionswillhavedifferenteffectsonthehearer).Level3Theperlocutionaryact59Level360AshowoffriendshipAninstanceofhypocrisyORLevel317Ashowoffriendship60Theeffectofthespeaker’swordsmaybenotwhatthespeakeroriginallyintended,butitisstillaperlucutionaryactperformedbyhimorher.Illocutionaryactisrelatedtothespeaker’sintentionandperlocutionaryactisnot.61Theeffectofthespeaker’swo61Briefly62Briefly1962ExerciseCanyourecognizethelocutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionaryactperformedbythefollowingutterance??63ExerciseCanyourecognizethe63Awifesaystoherhusband:“There’snomilkinthefridge.”Locutionaryact:???Illocutionaryact:???Perlocutionaryact:???64Uttering“Thereisnomilkinthefridge.”Makingarequest:husbandshouldgooutandbuysome.Offeringanexplanation:nomilkleft,soIwillbuysome.Husbandfollowstherequestandbuysomemilk.Husbandunderstandswhyhiswifeisreadytogoout.Orhemaysuspectthereasonhiswifeoffers:isshereallygoingouttogetsomemilk?Awifesaystoherhusband:“T643Classifyingspeechactsalsomadehiscontributiontothestudyofillocutionaryspeechacts.Hespecifiedfivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts.

65JohnSearle(1932-)3Classifyingspeechactsalso651)representative描述性

Iguessthathehascome2)directive

指示性

Openthedoor!3)commissive

承担性

Ipromisetoloveyou!4)expressive

表达性

It’sverykindofyouto

havethoughtofme.5)declaration

宣告性Ideclarethemeeting

open/Ifireyou!1)representative描述性Iguessth664ConversationalImplicature

会话含义Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.HerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)WilliamJameslecturesat

Harvardin1967LogicandConversationin19754ConversationalImplicature

674.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)

合作原则CooperativePrinciple:Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.使你所说的话,在其所发生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向4.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)

合684.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP694.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP6970MaximofQuantity:数量准则/适量准则Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofQuality:质量准则/真实准则Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;27MaximofQuantity:数量准则/适量准则7071MaximofRelation:相关准则Berelative.MaximofManner:方式准则/明晰准则

Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.28MaximofRelation:相关准则714.3ViolationofthemaximsWhenweviolatethesemaxims,insomesituations,conversationalimplicaturewillarise.4.3ViolationofthemaximsWh72734.3Violationofthemaxims(Quantity)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.

A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:就买了些东西。>Idon’twanttotellyouwhatIbought.304.3Violationofthemaxims73742.

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn.>Hersonshouldnotbeblamed.312.Donotmakeyourcontribu74754.3Violationofthemaxims

(Quality)1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Youarethecreaminmycoffee.Xrunsasfastasadeer.Heismadeofiron.324.3Violationofthemaxims75762.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.A:NanjingisinJiangSu,isn’tit?B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.>It’sridiculous.332.Donotsaythatforwhich76774.3Violationofthemaxims(Relation)Berelevant.A:Prof.Wangisanoldbag.B:Niceweatherforthetimeofyear.>Idon’twanttotalkaboutProf.Wang.344.3Violationofthemaxims77784.3Violationofthemaxims

(Manner)1.AvoidobscurityofexpressionA:Let’sgetthekidssomething.B:Ok,