2002年考研英语真题及答案

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.TherearethreepartsinthisSection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou'veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)Welch'sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversityPhD192877PhD192877YearofMarriageGrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)MainInterestProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)Death(Age)PartBDirections:Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutside6thespeaker'shome?Onereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingtopay7Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking8Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?9Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlessthe10editorsandthenewsdirectorsPartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.Whattheyaremostworriedabout.Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwogetenoughentertainment.havemoreactivities.receiveearlyeducation.haveregularcheckups.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshouldbenoplaceforplay.benearacommonarea.havenoTVsets.haveacomputerforstudy.Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?Familydebts.Banksavings.Monthlybills.Spendinghabits.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?$190,000.$330,000.$500,000.$1,000,000.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?Investintoamutualfund.Usethediscounttickets.Quithiseating-outhabit.Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,domestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer'spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?Fall.Rise.V-shape.Zigzag.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?Toembracechangesofthought.Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.Toreturntothepracticeinthe'60sand'70s.Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.Theywereafraidoflosingface.Theywerewillingtostaytogether.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhavebeenshiftedaroundthecountry.haddifficultybeingpromoted.enjoyedahappierlife.tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）NationalEntranceTestOfEnglishforMA／MSCandidates（2002）考生注意事项考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。本试题为试题（二），共11页（5-15页），含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题（一）、试题（二）交给监考人员。SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame"personal"too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety"begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits"havebeenweighed40"harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later22.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure

24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked26.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]perspective29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]withSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that'sGod,"camethereply,"butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshouldtakeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.showsympathyforyourlisteners.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyareimpolitetonewarrivals.veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.entitledtosomeprivileges.verybusyevenduringlunchhours.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicserviceshavebenefitedmanypeople.arethefocusofpublicattention.areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedeliveredinwell-wordedlanguage.asawkwardlyaspossible.inexaggeratedstatements.ascasuallyaspossible.ThebesttitleforthetextmaybeUseHumorEffectively.VariousKindsofHumor.AddHumortoSpeech.DifferentHumorStrategies.Text2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,"wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld."Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedintheuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.Theword"gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeansprograms.experts.devices.creatures.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'eractwithhumanbeingsverbally.havealittlecommonsense.respondindependentlytoachangingworld.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalsomakeafewdecisionsforthemselves.dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.improvefactoryenvironments.cultivatehumancreativity.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsareexpectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.Text3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceisglobalinflation.reductioninsupply.fastgrowthineconomy.Iraq'ssuspensionofexports.Imoditypricesrise.consumptionrises.oiltaxesrise.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountriesheavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthatoil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseemsoptimistic.sensitive.gloomy.scared.Text4TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecanrryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect,"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath."GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide."Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension."Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthatdoctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareisprolongedmedicalprocedures.inadequatetreatmentofpain.systematicdrugabuse.insufficienthospitalcare.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword"aggressive"(line4,paragraph7)?Bold.Harmful.Careless.Desperate.GeorgeAlongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnatural

selectioninevolutionwasformulat