2022年生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译

Biologists

and

chemists

divide

compounds

into

two

principal

classes,

inorganic

and

organic.

Inorganic

compounds

are

defined

as

molecules,

usually

small,

that

typically

lack

carbon

and

in

which

ionic

bonds

may

play

an

important

role.

Inorganic

compounds

include

water,

oxygen,

carbon

dioxide,

and

many

salts,

acids,

and

bases.

生物学家和化学家分裂成两个重要种类化合物、无机和有机。无机化合物被定义为分子,一般小,一般缺少的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。无机化合物涉及水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。

All

living

organisms

require

a

wide

variety

of

inorganic

compounds

for

growth,

repair,

maintenance,

and

reproduction.

Water

is

one

of

the

most

important,

as

well

as

one

of

the

rmost

abundant,

of

these

compounds,

and

it

is

particularly

vital

to

microorganisms.

Outside

the

cell,

nutrients

are

dissolved

in

water,

which

facilitates

their

passage

through

cell

membranes.

And

inside

the

cell

,

water

is

the

medium

for

most

chemical

reactions.

In

fact,

water

is

by

far

the

most

abundant

component

of

almost

all

living

cells.

Water

makes

up

5%

to

95%

or

more

of

each

cell,

the

average

being

between

65%

and

75%.

Simply

stated,

no

organism

can

survive

without

water

所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。水是其中一种最重要的、也是最丰富的,此类化合物,这是特别至关重要,微生物。细胞外,营养溶解在水中,有助于她们通过细胞膜。和进入细胞,水介质对大多数化学反映。事实上,水是迄今为止最丰富的组件几乎所有的活细胞。水产生的5%

~

95%或更多的每一种细胞,平均在65%和75%之间。简朴的说,没有生物能生还,没有水。

Water

has

structural

and

chemical

properties

that

make

it

particularly

suitable

for

its

role

in

living

cells.

As

we

discussed,

the

total

charge

on

the

water

molecule

is

neutral,

but

the

Oxygen

region

of

the

molecule

has

a

slightly

negative

charge

and

the

hydrogen

region

has

a

slightly

positive

charge.

Any

molecule

having

such

an

unequal

distribution

of

charges

is

called

a

polar

molecule.

The

polar

nature

of

water

gives

it

four

characteristics

that

make

it

a

useful

medium

for

living

cells

水具有的构造和化学特性使得其尤为适合在活细胞中发挥作用。像我们讨论过的同样,总金额在水分子是中立的,但氧区域的分子均有稍微否认的电荷和氢地区稍微正电荷。有这样一种任何分子分派不均等的指控被称为一种极性分子。极地自然的水给它有四个特点,使它成为一种有用的活细胞中。

First,

every

water

molecule

is

capable

of

forming

four

hydrogen

bonds

with

nearby

water

molecules.

This

property

results

in

a

strong

attraction

between

water

molecules.

Because

of

this

strong

attraction,

a

great

deal

of

heat

is

required

to

separate

water

molecules

from

each

other

to

form

water

vapor,

thus,

water

has

a

relatively

high

boiling

point

(1OO℃).

Since

water

has

such

a

high

boiling

point,

it

exists

in

the

liquid

state

on

most

of

the

earth's

surface,

Furthermore,

the

hydrogen

bonding

between

water

molecules

affects

the

density

of

water,

depending

on

whether

it

occurs

as

ice

or

a

liquid.

for

example,

the

hydrogen

bonds

in

the

crystalline

structure

of

water

(ice)

make

it

more

spacious.

As

s

result，

ice

has

fewer

molecules

than

an

equal

volume

of

liquid

water.

This

makes

its

crystalline

structure

less

dense

than

an

equal

olume

of

liquid

water.this

makes

its

crystalline

strucrure

less

dense

than

liquid

water.

It

is

for

this

reason

that

ice

floats

and

can

serve

as

an

insulating

layer

on

the

surfaces

of

lakes

and

streams

that

harbor

living

organisms.

一方面,每个水分子的氢键能力四个形成与附近的水分子。这个属性导致水分子间有强烈的吸引力。由于这个强烈的吸引力,大量的热被规定从彼此分开的水分子形成的水蒸气,因此,水有一种相对高沸点(1

OO℃)。由于水有这样一种高沸点,它存在于液体状态对大部分的地球表面,此外,水分子间的氢键的密度与水的影响,取决于它是冰或液体。例如,氢键在水晶构造水(冰)使它更宽阔。成果作为年代,ice已经比少与等体积分子液态水。这使其晶体构造体积密度要不不小于同等的液态水。这使其水晶所有的密度要不不小于液态水。正是由于这一因素,冰漂浮的,也可以作为隔热层表面的湖泊和溪流滋生的活的有机体。

Second,the

polarity

of

water

makes

it

an

excellent

disolving

medium

or

solvent.many

polar

substances

dissociate

(separate)

into

individual

molecules

in

water-that

is,

dissolve-because

the

negative

part

of

the

water

molecule

is

attracted

to

the

positive

part

of

the

molecules

in

the

solute

(dissolying

substance)

,

and

the

positive

part

of

the

water

molecules

is

attracted

to

the

negative

part

of

solute

molecules.

Substances

(such

as

salts)

that

are

composed

of

atoms

(or

groups

of

atoms)

held

together

by

ionic

bonds

tend

to

dissociate

into

separate

cations

and

anions

in

water.

Thus,

the

polarity

of

water

allows

molecules

of

many

different

substances

to

separate

and

become

surrounded

by

water

molecules.

第二,极性的水使它成为一种优秀的disolving中型或solvent.many

极性物质(独立)游离water-that中的个别分子,dissolve-because悲观部分的水分子被吸引到积极的分子的一部分溶质(dissolying物质),积极的部分水分子被你吸引溶质分子的悲观作用。物质(如盐)构成的原子(或群体中的原子)通过离子债券维系在一起的倾向于分开成单独的阳离子和阴离子在水里。因此,水分子的极性容许许多不同的物质分离,成为水分子包围。

Third,

polarity

accounts

for

water's

characteristic

role

as

a

reactant

or

product

in

many

chemical

reactions.

Its

polaritv

facilitates

the

splitting

and

rejoining

of

hydrogen

(H+

)

and

hydroxide

(OH

)

ions.

Water

is

a

key

reactant

in

the

digestive

processes

of

organisms,

whereby

larger

molecules

are

broken

down

into

smaller

ones.

Water

molecules

are

also

involved

in

synthetic

reactions--water

is

an

important

source

of

the

hydrogen

and

oxygen

that

are

incorporated

into

numerous

organic

compounds

in

living

cells.

第三,极性占水的特性作为反映物或产品在许多化学反映。它有助于分裂和重新polaritv氢(H

+)和氢离子(哦)。水是一种核心的反映物在消化过程的有机体,因此更大的分子分解成较小的分子。水分子也参与——水是合成反映的重要来源,氢气和氧气纳入许多有机化合物在活体细胞。

Finally,

the

relatively

strong

hydrogen

bonding

between

water

molecules

makes

water

an

excellent

temperature

buffer,

A

given

quantity

of

water

requires

a

great

gain

of

heat

to

increase

its

temperature

and

a

great

loss

of

heat

to

decrease

its

temperature,

as

compared

with

many

other

substances.

Normally,

heat

absorption

by

molecules

increases

their

kinetic

energy

and

thus

increases

their

rate

of

motion

and

their

reactivity.

In

water,

however,

heat

absorption

first

breaks

hydrogen

bonds

rather

than

increasing

the

rate

of

motion.

Therefore.

much

more

heat

must

be

applied

to

raise

the

temperature

of

water

than

to

raise

the

temperature

of

a

nonhydrogen-bonded

liquid.

The

reverse

is

true

as

water

cools.

Thus,

water

more

easily

maintains

a

constant

temperat

最后,较强的水分子间的氢键使水成为优秀的温度缓冲区,给定数量的水需要一种重大收获的热增长它的温度和一种伟大的热量损失减少温度,相比而言,许多其她的物质。正常状况下,由分子吸取热量增长,从而增长动能的运动速度和反映。在水里,然而,第一种打破氢键吸取热量的速度,而不是增长运动。因此。更多的热量必须应用水的温度升高的温度升高一种nonhydrogen-bonded液体。事实正相反作为冷却水。因此,水更容易建立保持不变

when

inorganic

salts

such

as

sodium

chloride

(NaCl)

are

dissolved

in

water,

they

undergo

dissociation,

or

ionization.

That

is,

they

break

apart

into

ions.

Substances

called

acids

and

bases

show

similar

behavior.

当无机盐如氯化钠(盐)溶解在水中,她们经历了分离、或游离。也就是说,她们分裂成离子。物质称为酸和碱显示类似的行为。

An

acid

can

be

defined

as

a

substance

that

dissociates

into

one

or

more

hydrogen

ions

(H+

)

and

one

or

more

negative

ions

(anions).

Thus,

an

acid

can

also

be

defined

as

s

proton

CH+

)

donor.

A

base

dissociates

into

one

or

more

positive

ions

(cations)

plus

on

or

more

negatively

charged

hydroxide

ions

(OH-

)

that

can

accept,

or

combine

with,

protons.

Thus,

sodium

hydroxide

(NaOH)

is

a

base

because

it

dissociates

to

release

hydroxide

ions,

which

have

a

strong

attraction

for

protons

and

are

among

the

most

important

proton

acceptors.

A

salt

is

a

substance

that

dissociates

in

water

into

cations

and

anions,

neither

of

which

is

H

or

OH

酸可以被定义为一种物质dissociates成一种或多种氢离子(H

+)和一种或多种负离子(阴)。因此,一种酸也可以被定义为s质子CH

+)捐献者。基地dissociates成一种或多种正离子(阳离子)加上或更多的带负电荷的氢离子(哦-),可以接受,或者结合、质子。因此,氢氧化钠(氢氧化钠)是一种基地,由于它dissociates氢离子的释放,这有一种很大的吸引力,为质子质子中最重要的杂质。盐是一种物质dissociates阴离子在水变成阳离子,这两者都是H或哦历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清

Where

the

definition

in

a

monograph

states

the

tolerances

as

being

"calculated

on

the

dried

(or

anhydrous

or

ignited)

basis,

"

the

directions

for

drying

or

igniting

the

sample

ptor

to

assaying

are

generally

omitted

from

the

Assay

procedure.

Assay

and

test

procedures

may

be

performed

on

the

undried

or

unignited

substance

and

the

results

calculated

on

the

dried,

anhydrous,

or

ignited

basis,

provided

a

test

for

Loss

on

drying

,

or

Water

,

or

Loss

on

ignition

,

respectively,

is

given

in

the

monograph.

Where

the

presence

of

moisture

or

other

volatile

material

may

interfere

with

the

procedure

,

previous

drying

of

the

substance

is

specified

n

the

individual

monograph

and

is

obligatory.

在美国的定义中公差的专著是“干计算(或无水或点燃)的基本上,发展的方向ptor干燥或点燃,样品分析测试一般是被检测程序。检测、实验程序可以进行物质或unignited未晒干的话,计算成果在干燥、无水,或点燃的基本上,提供了一种测试损失干燥、或水点火或损失,分别在专著。在存在水分或其他挥发性物质也许干预程序,此前是指定的干燥物质n个人专著,是必须的。

Throughout

a

monograph

that

includes

a

test

for

Loss

on

drying

or

water,

the

expres,

sion

+previously

dried"

without

qualification

signifies

that

the

substance

is

to

be

dried

as

directed

under

Loss

on

drying

or

Water

(gravimetric

determination).在一篇有关,涉及实验干燥或水损失、表情,“此前干“未经资格意味着要干物质是按照损失干燥或水(重力坚定)。

Unless

otherwise

directed

in

the

test

or

assay

in

the

individual

monograph

or

In

a

general

chapter,

USP

Reference

Standards

are

to

be

dried

before

use,

or

used

without

prior

drying,

specifically

in

accordance

with

the

instructions

given

in

the

chapter

USP

Reference

Stand,

ards,

and

on

the

label

of

the

Reference

Standard.

Where

the

label

instructions

differ

in

de.

tail

from

those

in

the

chapter,

the

label

text

is

determinative.除非特定,在测试或分析个人专著或一般章,USP参照原则要干在使用前,或者使用未经干燥,特别是按照批示USP参照站在这一章里,ards,并在标签上的参照原则。在不同的标签上的阐明de.尾巴的一章,标签文本是决定性的。

In

stating

the

appropriate

quantities

to

be

taken

for

assays

and

tests,

the

use

of

the

word

"about"

indicates

a

quantity

within

10%

of

the

specified

weight

or

volume.

However,

the

weight

or

volume

taken

is

accurately

determined

and

the

calculated

result

is

based

upon

the

exact

amount

taken.

The

same

tolerance

applies

to

specified

dimensions.在合适的量,阐明采用截流式合流制、测试法等研究措施,使用的词“大概”量在10%以内,显示指定的重量或体积。然而,重量或体积可以精确地拟定了,计算成果是基于精确的数目缠住了。同样的宽容合用于指定的尺寸。

Where

the

use

of

a

pipet

is

directed

for

measuring

a

specimen

or

an

aliquot

in

conducting

a

test

or

an

assay

the

pipet

conforms

to

the

standards

set

forth

under

Volumetric

Apparatus,

and

is

to

be

used

in

such

manner

that

the

error

does

not

exceed

the

limit

stated

for

a

pipet

of

its

size.

Where

a

pipet

is

specified,

a

suitable

buret,

conforming

to

the

standards

forth

under

Volumetric

Apparatus,

may

be

substituted.

Where

a"to

contain"

pipet

is

specified,

a

suitable

volumetric

flask

may

be

substituted.在使用移液管直接衡量一种或一种能整除的标本进行检测或检测符合原则的移液管提出在容积仪器,应当是用在如此的方式误差不超过极限,以求一种移液管它的大小。一种移液管指定,一种合适的滴定管,必须符合如下原则容积装置发出,可以替代下场。一种“遏制”移液管指定,一种合适的容积瓶可以替代下场。

Expressions

such

as

"25.

0

mL"

and

"25.

0

mg,

"

used

with

respect

to

volumetric

or

gravimetric

measurements,

indicate

that

the

quantity

is

to

be

'accurately

measured"

or

"accurately

weighed"with

the

limits

stated

under

volumetric

apparatus

or

under

weights

and

balances体现形式,如“25。0毫升”和“25。0毫克,”使用就容积或重力测量、显示数量为“精确”和“精确”规定的范畴与重下机器或重量和体积下平衡

the

term"transfer"

is

used

generally

to

specify

a

quantitative

manipulation,

the

term

"concomitantly",used

in

such

expressions

as

"concomitantly

determine"or

"concomitantly

measured",ctions

for

assays

and

tests,is

intended

to

denote

that

the

determinations

or

measurements

are

to

be

performed

in

immediate

succession.

术语“转向”是指定一种普遍使用定量操作,

术语“相符”,用于这样几条:“与此同步决定”或“与此同步测量”,为检测和测试。可是审稿人,是用来批示出时或尺码立即履行涌现。

Blank

Determination-Where

it

is

directed

that

.Cany

necessary

correction"

be

made

by

a

blank

determination,

the

determination

is

to

be

conducted

using

the

same

quantities

of

the

same

reagents

treated

in

the

same

manner

as

the

solution

or

mixture

containing

the

portion

of

the

substance

under

assay

or

test

,

but

with

the

substance

itself

omitted.在空白,是为了拟定。藤制的必要的纠正”是由一种空白的决心,自觉进行使用相似数量的同一试剂解决在相似的方式,溶液或混合物的下部分的化验或物质的测试,但是与物质自身省略。

Desiccator-The

expression

"in

a

desiccator"

specifies

the

use

of

a

tightly

closed

contain.

r

of

suitable

size

and

design

that

maintains

an

atmosphere

of

low

moisture

content

by

means

of

silica

gel

or

other

suitable

desiccant.干燥机体现"在干燥机”指定使用密闭容器尺寸合适的氛围和设计,保持低水分通过硅胶或其她适合的干燥剂。

A

"vacuum

desiccator"

is

one

that

maintains

the

low-moisture

atmosphere

at

a

reduced

pressure

of

not

more

than

20

mm

of

mercury

or

at

the

pressure

designated

in

the

individual

monograph.

Desiccator-The

expression

"in

a

desiccator"

specifies

the

use

of

a

tightly

closed

contain.

r

of

suitable

size

and

design

that

maintains

an

atmosphere

of

low

moisture

content

by

means

of

silica

gel

or

other

suitable

desiccant.是一种“真空干燥机”就是在保持low-moisture减压的氛围不超过20毫米汞或指定的个人专著的压力。

Dilution-Where

it

is

directed

that

a

solution

be

diluted

"quantitatively

and

stepwise,

an

accurately

measured

portion

is

to

be

diluted

by

adding

water

or

other

solvent.

in

the

pro

portion

indicated,

in

one

or

more

steps.

The

choice

of

apparatus

to

be

used

should

take

into

ecount

the

relatively

larger

errors

generally

associated

with

using

small-volume

volumetric

apparatus.它在哪里下令稀释溶液和定量稀释”,一种精确的逐渐部分被摊薄加入水或其她溶剂。在职业分表达,在一种或多种环节。选择设备应考虑使用相对较大的误差一般用其有关容积装置。

Drying

to

Constant

Weight,the

specification

a

dried

to

constant

weight"

means

that

the

drying

shall

be

continued

until

two

consecutive

weighings

do

not

differ

by

more

than

0.50

mg

per

g

of

substance

taken,the

second

weighing

following

an

additional

hour

of

drying.烘干恒重、干重规格恒”意味着干燥应始终持续到持续两个不同的称重量不高于0.50毫克每克的物质,第二个称重后采用额外的小时的干燥。

Feltration-Where

it

is

directed

to

.Cfilter,"

without

further

qualification,

the

intent

is

that

the

liquid

be

filtered

through

suitable

filter

paper

or

equivalent

device

until

the

filtrate

is

clearFeltration在那里它是针对“过滤”,没有进一步的资格,意愿液体的过滤或同等合用滤纸过滤装置,直到是清晰的

(indentification

Tests)The

Pharmacopeial

tests

headed

identification

are

provided

a3

aid

in

verifying

the

identity

of

articles

as

they

are

purported

to

be,

such

as

those

taken

from

labeled

containers.

Such

tests,

however

specific,

are

not

necessarily

sufficient

to

establish

proof

of

identity:

but

failure

of

an

article

taken

from

a

labeled

container

to

meet

the

requirements

of

a

prescribed

identification

test

indicates

that

the

article

may

be

mislabeted.

Other

tests

and

specifications

in

the

monograph

often

contribute

to

establishing

or

confirming

the

identity

of

the

article

under

examination.

(辨认测试)为首的Pharmacopeial辨认测试提供援助的身份核算a3文章为她们据称是,如那些取自标记的容器中。这些测试,但是具体,未必足以建立的身份证明:但失败的一篇来自标示容器符合规定的规定的辨认实验表白,也许mislabeted条。其她测试规格一般有助于在专著建立或确认身份的文章在审查中。

indicators-Where

the

use

of

a

test

solution

('TS")

as

an

indicator

is

specified

in

a

test

or

an

assay,

approximately

0.

2

mL,

or

3

drops,

of

the

solution

shall

be

added,

unless

oth

erwise

directed(指标),使用一种测试解决方案(“TS”)作为一种指标是指定的测试或检测,约为0。2毫升或者3滴,要加的解决方案,除非另有指挥

Logarethms）Logarithms

used

in

the

assays

are

to

the

base

10.

(Logarethms)用于使用对数基本10。

（microbile

strains）where

a

microbial

strain

is

cited

and

indenfied

strain

shall

be

directly

or,if

subculturedd,shall

be

used

not

more

than

five

passages

removed

from

the

original

strain.

microbile系)微生物菌株在表扬和indenfied应变应当直接或者,如果subculturedd,应不超过五个章节使用取出原菌株。

Negligible-This

term

indicates

a

quantity

not

exceeding

0.

50

mg.可以忽视,这个术语表白量不超过0。50毫克。

Odor-Terms

such

as

"odorless,

,,

practically

odorless,

"

"a

faint

characteristic

odor,,

r

variations

thereof

,

apply

to

examination

,

after

exposure

to

the

air

for

lS

minutes

,

of

either

Or

a

freshly

opened

package

of

the

article

(for

packages

containing

not

more

than

25

g)

or

(for

larger

packages)

of

a

portion

of

about

25

g

of

the

article

that

has

been

removed

from

its

package

to

an

open

evaporating

dish

of

about

100mL

capacity.

An

odor

designation

is

descriptive

only

and

is

not

to

be

regarded

as

a

standard

of

purity

for

a

particular

lot

of

an

article.

Odor-Terms如“无嗅、无味,几乎”、“单薄的气味,变化特点,r组合,合用于考试,在暴露于大气,或动物分钟一种新拧开包的文章(包涉及不超过25克)或(更大的包)部分约25克的文章已被删除从它的包装,开放的蒸发盘大概100毫升容量。指定精确地辨认出相似的味道,而不是描述只被看作是一种原则的纯度为一种特别的许多文章。

Pressure

Measurements--The

term

'Cmm

of

mercury"

used

with

respect

to

measurements

of

blood

pressure,

pressure

within

an

apparatus,

or

atmospheric

pressure

refers

to

the

use

of

a

suitable

manometer

or

barometer

calibrated

in

terms

of

the

pressure

exerted

by

a

colurmi

of

mercury

of

the

stated

height,

压力测量——这个词的使用Cmm的水银”尊重测量血压、压力在一种设备,或大气压力指的是用一种合适的压力或气压计校准方面所发挥的压力的一种colurmn汞的规定的高度,

Solutions-Unless

otherwise

specified

in

the

individual

monograph,

all

solutions

called

for

in

tests

and

assays

are

prepared

with

Purified

Water.Solutions-除非个人专著中另有阐明,所有解决方案的测试和分析规定的准备与纯水。

An

Expression

such

as

o

(1

in

10)

"

means

that

I

part

by

volume

of

a

liquid

is

to

be

dilt

ted

with,

or

I

part

by

weight

of

a

solid

is

to

be

dissolved

in,

sufficient

of

the

diluent

or

ad.

ent

to

make

the

volume

of

the

finished

solution

10

parts

by

volume.一种体现式如o(1在10)我一边”是指一种液体的体积是被稀释,或者我部分固体的重量解散,足够的稀释剂或广告。花使的体积溶液体积10部分完毕An

expression

such

as

"(20:5:2)"

means

that

the

respective

numbers

of

parts,

by

volunme

of

the

designated

liquids

are

to

be

mixed,

unless

otherwise

indicated.一种体现式,如“(20:5:2)"意味着各自的编号的部件,在指定的体积比混合液体,除非另有阐明。

the

notation

"VS"

after

a

specified

volumertric

solution

indicates

that

such

solution

is

standardized

in

accordance

with

directions

given

in

the

individual

monograph

or

under

Volumetric

solutions

in

the

section

Reagents,

Indicators,

and

Solutions,

and

is

thus

differentiated

form

Solutions

ted

from

solutions

of

approximate

normality

or

molarity.

这个符号”和“一种指定的volumertric表白这样的解决方案是原则化按照指挥在个人专著或在容积的解部分试剂、指标,和解决方案,从而解决方案从多种类型的近似常态特德或摩尔浓度。

Where

a

standardized

solution

of

a

specific

concentration

is

called

for

in

a

test

or

an

assay,

solution

of

other

normatity

or

molarity

may

be

used,

provided

allowance

is

made

for

the

lifference

in

concentration

and

provided

the

error

of

measurement

is

not

increased

thereby.

在解决具体的浓度原则规定的是测试或检测、解决其她正常可以使用或摩尔浓度,提供补贴是为不同的浓度和提供了测量误差从而并未增长。

Specific

Gravity-Unless

otherwise

stated,

the

specific

gravity

basis

is

25c/25C,

the

ratio

of

the

weight

of

a

substance

in

air

at

2500

to

the

weight

of

an

equal

volume

oi

water

at

the

same

temperature.(具体重力)除非另有阐明,比重根据25

c

/

25

c的重量之比在空气中物质在2500的重量与等体积水在相似温度下一级。

temperatures-Unless

otherwise

specified,

all

temperatures

in

this

Pharmacopeia

are

expressed

in

centigrade

(Celsius)

degrees,

and

all

measurements

are

made

at

25T),

Where

moderate

heat

is

specified,

any

temperature

not

higher

than

4500

(1130F)

is

indicated.

See

Storage

Temperature

under

Preservation

,

Packaging

,

Storage

,

and

labeling

for

other

definitions.(温度),除非另有阐明,所有的温度在摄氏体现这药典(摄氏度)度,和所有测量在25吨),在适度热指定,任何温度不高于4500(1130

F)治疗。看到贮藏温度下保存、包装、储存、贴标签为其她定义。

（Time

Limit)In

the

conduct

of

tests

and

assays,

5

minutes

shall

be

allowed

for

the

reaction

to

take

place

unless

otherwise

specified,

（Vacuum）he

term

"in

vacuum"

denotes

exposure

to

a

pressure

of

less

than

20

mm

of

mercury

unless

otherwise

indicated.

(时间限制)在解决实验和检测,5分钟应予以反映发生,除非另有阐明,

(真空)她术语“真空”表达接触压力不不小于20毫米汞除非另有阐明。

Where

drying

in

vacuum

over

a

desiccant

is

directed

in

the

individual

monograph,

a

vat

rml

desicator

or

a

vacuum

drying

pistol,

or

other

suitable

vacuum

drying

apparatus,

is

m

be

used.

在一种地方在真空干燥除湿是为了个人专著中,真空干燥器或真空干燥的手枪,或其她适合的真空干燥设备,是被使用。

Water-Where

water

is

called

for

in

tests

and

assays

,

Purified

Water

is

to

be

used

unless

otherwise

specified.

For

special

kinds

of

water

such

as

.<carbon

dioxidtfree

water."

see

the

ntroduction

to

the

section

Reagentst

Indicators,

and

Solutions(水)在那里水是呼吁在测试和化验、纯化水使用,除非另有阐明。对于特殊种类的水如二氧化碳自由水。“看简介部分试剂指标,和解决方案

Water

and

Loss

on

Drying--Where

the

water

of

hydration

or

adsorbed

water

of

a

Pharmacopeial

article

is

determined

by

the

titrimetric

method,

the

test

is

generally

givet

under

the

heading

Water,

Monograph

limits

expressed

as

a

percentage

are

figured

on

a

weight/weight

basis

unless

otherwise

specified.

Where

the

determination

is

made

by

drying

under

specified

conditions,

the

test

is

generally

given

under

the

heading

Loss

drying.

However

Loss

on

drying

is

most

often

given

as

the

heading

where

the

loss

weight

is

known

to

represent

residual

volatile

constituents

including

organic

solvents

well

as

water.

水和损失,在水的干燥或吸附水的水化Pharmacopeial是由条滴定法,测试一般是在标题下面吉水、专著限制比例来表达,在计算重量/重量相配,除非另有阐明。决心是由在干燥在规定的条件下,测试一般是在标题下面损失了干燥。然而损失干燥是最常给标题的如果损失重量是众所周知的挥发性成分代表残留有机溶剂和水。

A

The

Microbial

World

A

microbe

or

microorganism

is

a

member

of

a

large

,

extremely

diverse

,

group

of

organisms

that

are

lumped

together

on

the

basis

of

one

property-the

fact

that,

normally,

they

are

all

that

they

cannot

be

seen

without

the

use

of

a

microscope.

细菌或微生物是一种大的、极其多样化、一种性质的集合在一起的生物体。事实上,一般状况下,她们都说她们不使用显微镜不能观测到。

The

word

is

therefore

used

to

describe

viruses

bacteria,

fungi,

protozoa

and

some

algae:

the

relative

sizes

and

nature

of

these

are

shown

in

Table

5-1,因此,这个词是用来形容病毒细菌、真菌、原生动物和某些藻类相对大小和特性的显示于表格5:1,

However,

there

are

a

few

exceptions

for

example,

the

fruiting

bodies

of

many

fungi

such

as

mushrooms

are

frequently

visible

to

the

naked

eye；

equally,

some

algae

can

grow

to

meters

in

length.

Generally,

microbes

may

be

considered

as

fairly

simple

organisms.然而,有少数例外,例如,果期的尸体等许多真菌蘑菇常常是肉眼能看得见的;同样,有些藻类能长到米长。一般来说,微生物可以被看作是相称简朴的生物体

Most

of

the

bacteria

and

protozoa

and

some

of

the

algae

and

fungi

are

single

celled

microorganisms,

and

even

the

multi-celled

microbes

do

not

have

a

great

range

of

cell

types.

Viruses

are

not

even

cells,

just

genetic

material

surrounded

by

a

protein

coat,

and

are

incapable

of

independent

existence.大部分的细菌和原生动物和某些藻类和真菌是单细胞微生物,甚至没有大范畴的细胞类型的微生物。病毒甚至没有细胞,就遗传物质包围在蛋白质外衣,不能独立存在。

The

science

of

microbiology

did

not

start

until

the

invention

of

the

microscope

in

the

mid

16th

century

and

it

was

not

until

the

late

17th

century

that

Robert

Hooke

and

Antoine

van

Leeuwenhoek

made

their

first

records

of

fungi,

bacteria

and

protozoa.微生物学的科学直到16th世纪中期直到17th世纪后期罗伯特虎克和安东尼·范·列文虎克显微镜的发明才开始——使用显微镜初次记录的真菌、细菌和原生动物The

late

19th

century

was

the

time

when

the

first

real

breakthroughs

on

the

role

of

microbes

in

the

environment

nd

medicine

were

made.19th世纪后期是第一种真正的突破的作用在环境医学微生物日。

Louis

Pasteur

disproved

the

theory

of

spontaneous

generation

(

that

living

organisms

spontaneously

arose

from

inorganic

materiaD

and

Robert

Koch's

development

of

pure

culture

techniques

allowed

him

to

show

unequivocally

that

a

bacterium

was

respon

sible

for

a

particular

disease.

路易·巴斯德否认自然发生的理论,从无机生物自发产生的资料),并且把罗伯特·科赫纯培养技术的发展使她毫不模糊地表白,一种细菌被响应为一种特定的疾病。Since

then

the

scien