英语语言学之Morphology课件

Lecture5

授课题目:morphology.

Lecture51教学目标及基本要求：Teachingtargetandobject

(1)

Letstudentsknowwhatmorphologyis,andhowthemorphemesarecombinedintolargerunitsforhumancommunication.(2)

Letstudentsknowhownewwordsareformed.

教学目标及基本要求：Teachingtargetand2教学重点Teachingfocus(1)

wordandwordclasses(2)

word,morphemes,andallomorph(3)

typesofmorphemes(4)

morphologicalrules(5)

theformationofnewwords教学重点Teachingfocus3RevisionexercisesWhatisphonology?Whatisthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology?Howcanwedistinguishaphone,aphonemeandanallophone?Whatisaminimalpair?Giveussomeexamples.RevisionexercisesWhatisphon4WhatisMorphologyMorphologystudiesmorphemesandtheirdifferentformsandthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Soitreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.WhatisMorphologyMorphology5Forexample:

“Purify”consistsoftwoparts:“pur(e)”and“–ify”,fromwhichonecanworkoutarule:anewformofverbcanbeformedbyadding“-ify”toanadjective.Thisiscalledamorphologicalrule.“doing”consistedoftwoparts“do”and“-ing”,fromwhichwecanworkoutarule:wecanput“–ing”toaverbtoforma“-ing’participle.形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.Forexample:6

Whatisaword?Whatarethemainfeaturesofaword?Whatisaword?7Whatdoyouthinkofthefollowingdefinitionsofaword?Awordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorwrittenhorizontallyacrossapieceofpaper.Awordis“aminimumfreeform”,thatis,thesmallestformthatcanoccurbyitself.Whatdoyouthinkofthefollo8ThefourcharacteristicsofawordAwordisasoundorcombinationofsoundswhichweproducevoluntarilywithourvocalequipment.e.g.“we”[wi:]Awordissymbolic.Itstandsforsomethingelsesuchasobject,happeningorideas.“table”Wordsarepartofthelargercommunicationsystemwecalllanguage.“Iteachlinguistics”Wordshelphumanbeingsinteractculturallywith

oneanother.(p.75)Thefourcharacteristicsofa9ThedefinitionofawordandtheclassificationofwordsAwordisameaningfulandgrammatical

languageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown.EverywordbelongstoacertainwordclassandinEnglish,wordscanbedividedintothefollowingtenclasses:n.article,determiner,conjunction,interjection.ThesetenwordclassescanbedividedintoOpenClassandClosedClassThedefinitionofaword10OpenClass

referstonoun,verb,adjective,andadverb,becausewecanregularlyaddanothermorphemeoranewwordtothesewordclasses.E.g.“boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”.Openclasswordsarealsotermedlexicalwordsorcontentwordsorvariablewordsfortheyallcarrycertainsemanticcontents.Eg.Bookbooksbook’sWorkworksworkedworkingFastfasterfastestOpenClass11ClosedClass

referstoprep.Article,conjunction,interjection;pron,prep,anddeterminer,becauseitisimpossibletoaddnewwordstotheseclassesofwords.Closedwordsarealsocalledgrammaticalwordsorfunctionwords,

orinvariablewordssincetheirrolesarelargelyorwhollygrammatical.ClosedClass12Isawordthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?Whatisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?Isawordthesmallestmeaning13Whatisamorpheme?（词素）

Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland/orsemanticmeaning.Thismeansthatitcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallergrammaticalunits.Amorphememaybeacompletewordoranaffix.Whatisamorpheme?（词素）14Forexample:

“book”,“help”,clap”,”from”“television”,‘gentleness”“unavoidable

Forexample:15RelyonemorphemeRely+abletwomorphemesRely+able+itythreemorphemesUn+rely+able+ityfourmorphemesRely16UnbearableuneducatedWatchfulinspiringSoft-heartedhorsemanshipUnbearableuneducated17

Seetheexercises1and2onpage82Seetheexercises1and2on181)un-+bear+-able 2)watch+-ful 3)person+-ify(i)+-cation4)un-+exception+-al+-ly5)un-+educate+-(e)d 6)inspir(e)+-ing 7)soft+heart+-ed 8)horse+man+-ship1)un-+bear+-able 191)geography 2)inter-+nation+-al+-ly 3)forget+-(t)en 4)Washington 5)inform+-ation 6)industry(i)+-al+-iz(e)+-ation 7)pre-+dominat(e)+-ant 8)pre-+conscious1)geography 20Allomorph（词素变体）:Anallomorphisthedifferentvariantsofthesamemorpheme.Itcanbephonologicallyormorphologicallyconditioned.Seemoreonp.82Allomorph（词素变体）:Anallomorphi21Themorphemerepresentingthepluralformofnounscanbeexpressedby[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-vz]etc.Sothephoneticsegments[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-vz]arethemorphsofthesamemorpheme{-s},thephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthemorpheme{s}:–s.-es,-vesaretheallomorphsofthesamemorphemerepresentingthepluralformoftheEnglishwords.Themorphemerepresentingthe22Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralmorpheme”-s’have?Theplural“s“hasmanymorphologically-conditionedallomorphs.Forexample.(1)–(e)s,asin“cats”,“matches”(2)–(r)en:asin“oxen”,“children”(3)–e-:asin“men”,“women”(4)–ee-,asin“feet”,“teeth”(5)zero,asin“sheep”,“deer”Howmanyallomorphsdoesthep23Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepastformmorpheme“ed”have?-edasin“worked”-dasin“lived”Zeroasin“put”Howmanyallomorphsdoesthep24

Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepresentparticiplemorphemeform“ing”have?Howmanyallomorphsdoesthe251.2.Typesofmorphemes:Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.MorphemescanbedividedintoFreemorphemes自由词素andBoundmorphemes.粘着词素Freemorphemes:Afreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword(freeformbyitself,suchas“bed”,”tree”,’sing”.”dance”.Sofreemorphemesaresomethinglikeroot.1.2.Typesofmorphemes:26

Boundmorphemes:

aboundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,”-al”in“national”,“-dis”in“disclose”.Theycannotstandbythemselves.Thustheword‘distempered’hasthreemorphemes:“dis+temper+ed”,ofwhich‘temper’isafreemorpheme.Lookatthefollowingwords:‘unavoidable’“un+avoid+able”,“boyishness””boy+ish+ness”;“gentlemanliness””gentle+man+li+ness”Boundmorphemes:27Lookatthefollowingwords:‘unavoidable’un+avoid+able“boyishness”boy+ish+ness;“gentlemanliness”gentle+man+li+nessLookatthefollowingwords:28Boundmorphemescanbefurtherdividedinto

derivationalmorphemes（派生词素）

inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）;Boundmorphemescanbefurther29Thederivationalmorphemesmainlyrefertotheaffixes:prefixesandsuffixes.Theyareattachedtotheotherfreemorphemesandusuallychangethecategoryandthegrammaticalfunction.Whentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes,anewwordisderivedorformed.e.g.“-ify”,“-ate”,“-ic”etc.Thederivationalmorphemesmai30Inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）refertothemorphemeswhichneverchangetheirsyntacticcategorybutrepresenttheconceptoftenseandaspect.InEnglish,thereareeightinflectionalmorphemes:“-s(动词第三人称单数）”,“-ed（动词过去式）”,‘-ing（现在分词）”,“thepastparticiple(-en)”“-s”(名词复数)“-s’（名词所有格）”,”-er（形容词比较级）”,“-est（形容词最高级）”.Inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）r31MorphemeFreemorpheme

自由词素Boundmorpheme

粘着词素Derivationalmorpheme

派生词素Inflectionalmorpheme

曲折词素

Prefixes前缀Suffixes后缀LexicalmorphemesFunctionalmorphemesFreemorphemeBoundDerivationa322.MorphologicalRulesofwordformationLookatthefollowinglistofwords:

A.B.kroupslowlyrearmclearlyslarmquicklyThewordsincolumnAareonlypermissiblesoundsequencewithoutanymeanings,butthewordsincolumnbareperfectEnglishwordsmadeupoftwomorphemes.Thewayswordsareformedarecalledmorphologicalrules.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.2.MorphologicalRulesofword33Thecommonmorphologicalrules

1)un+adjective=not+adjectiveun+even=not+even2)re+verb=verb+againre+boil=boil+again3)dis+adjective=not+adjectivedis+continuous=not+continuous4)dis+noun=lackofthenoundis+comfort=lackofcomfortThecommonmorphologicalrules345)dis+verb=refuseto/nottoverbdis+like=nottolike6)in/im/il/ir+adjective=not+adjective/notableto+verbin+formal=not+formalim+perfect=notperfectil+legal=not+legalir+regular=notregular5)dis+verb357)non+adjective=not+adjectivenon+alphabetical=notalphabetical8)non+noun=thelackofnounnon+English=thelackofEnglish9)anti+noun=beingagainst+nounanti+body=beingagainst+body10)pre+verb=verb+inadvancepre+arrange=arrange+inadvance7)non+adjective=not+3611)mis+noun=bad+nounmis+behaviour=bad+behaviour12)verb+able=abletobeverb-edadopt+able=abletobeadopted13)verb+er=aperson+who=verb-ssing+er=apersonwhosing-s14)noun+less=lackingnounchild+less=lackingchild11)mis+noun=bad+3715)verb+less=thatnever+verb-scease+less=thatnevercease-s16)adjective+ness=thequalityof+being+adjectiveloud+ness=thequalityof+being+loud17)noun+ish=belongingtonounSwed+ish=belongingto+Sweden15)verb+less=tha3818)noun+ish=havingthecharacterof+nounself+ish=havingthecharacterof+self19)noun+ify=become+nounperson+ify=become=person

18)noun+ish=having393.TheformationofNewWords3.1CompoundingCompoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocess.Thewayofbuildingnewwordsbyputtingtwowordstogetheriscalledcompounding.3.TheformationofNewWords3.40ThreepatternsofcompoundsNouncompoundsn.+n.Armchairrainbowv.+n.Pickpocketwashclothadj.+n.BluebirdblackroomThreepatternsofcompoundsNou41VerbcompoundsNoun+verb:tovacuum-clean;tomanhandleVerb+verb:tosleep-walkAdj.+verb:tohighlightVerbcompounds42AdjectivecompoundsNoun+adj.:color-blind,snow-whiteVerb+adj.Stir-crazyAdj.+adj.Dark-blue,pale-yellowAdjectivecompounds433.2.DerivationDerivationoraffixationisgenerallydefinedasaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffixorboth.Inotherwords,meaningfullanguageelementsareputtogetherinnewcombinationssuchas“television”,‘transistor”,“defog”,“minibike”.3.2.Derivation443.3.ConversionConversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Soconversionisalsocalledfunctionalshift.Forexample:“Theenemyattacked

usatnight.”“Theenemylaunchedan

attack

onusatnight.”Seemoreonp.883.3.Conversion453.4.Blending(拼缀法)Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms:e.g.“smog”comesfromsmokeandfog.“medicare”comesfrom“medicalcare’,“Brunch”isablendof“breakfastandlunch”Other

examples:videophone/chunnel/motel/gasohol/Eurasia/telecast/hi-tech3.4.Blending(拼缀法)463.5.Back-formation(逆生法)Backingformationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordisjoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage:“beg”from“Beggar’,“housekeep”from“housekeeper”,”lase”from“laser”,“babysit”from“babysitter”(seemoreonp.90)3.5.Back-formation(逆生法)473.6.ShorteningorabbreviationShorteningcanbedividedintoInitialism(首字母缩略词)andacronym(首字母拼音词).Initialism:tousetheinitialletterofeachofthephrasetoformashorteningwordandwhenyouread,thelettersaresimplypronouncedasletters.(利用一个短语中的各个词的首字母构成的缩略词叫首字母缩略词,朗读时按字母名称读)e.g.WTO/BBC/VOA/(seemoreonP.89)3.6.Shorteningorabbreviatio48ATM:automatictellermachineCPU:centralprocessunitDVD:digitalvideodiscGDP:grossdomesticproductGNP:grossnationalproductGRE:GraduateRecordExaminationID:identificationcardATM:automatictellermachine49IQ:intelligentquotientMBA:MasterofBusinessAdministrationMPA:MasterofPublicAdministrationSOS:SaveOurSoulSSCI:SocialsciencecitationindexSCI:ScienceCitationIndex,是由美国科学信息研究所(ISI)1961年创办出版的引文数据库BRT:BusRapidTransitBEC:BusinessEnglishCertificateBFT:BusinessForeignLanguageTest(全国出国培训备选人员外语考试）IQ:intelligentquotient50Acronym:whentheinitialsarenotpronouncedaslettersbutratherserveaslettersinanewwordpronouncedasawhole.E.g.TEFL/TESL//OPEC/APEC/NATO/CALL(把一短语中的首字母连在一起,按拼音规则拼读成一个词,这样的词就是首字母拼音词)(seemoreonp.89)Acronym:whentheinitialsare51AIDS:acquireddeficiencysyndromeAPEC:AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationCALL:computerassistedlanguagelearningCALT:computerassistedlanguageteachingOPEC:OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesSARS:SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeAIDS:acquireddeficiencysynd52TEFL:TeachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageTESL:TeachingEnglishasasecondlanguageTOEFL:TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageGMAT:GraduateManagementAdmissionTest(经企管理研究生入学考试）IELTS:InternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystemTEFL:TeachingEnglishasafo53QuestionsforDiscussionandReview1.Whatismorphology?2.Tellthedifferenceamongtheword,morphemeandallomorph.3.Describethedifferenttypesofmorphemes.4.Definecompounding,derivation,conversion,blending,back-formation,shorteningQuestionsforDiscussionandR545.分析下列单词，说出每个词有多少个词素：Ascendant,specialize,heated,highstyle,imperfection,dinning-room,irregular,unacceptable6.说出下列前缀的意思，并分别举两个例子：Re-,un-,dis-,anti-,pre-,mis-,post-,5.分析下列单词，说出每个词有多少个词素：557.说出下列后缀的意思，并分别举出两个例子：-er,-less,-ness,-ish,-ist,-ify,8.说出下列缩略词的全称EU，OPEC，POW,NATO，prof,,memo,flu,fridge7.说出下列后缀的意思，并分别举出两个例子：56Lecture5

授课题目:morphology.

Lecture557教学目标及基本要求：Teachingtargetandobject

(1)

Letstudentsknowwhatmorphologyis,andhowthemorphemesarecombinedintolargerunitsforhumancommunication.(2)

Letstudentsknowhownewwordsareformed.

教学目标及基本要求：Teachingtargetand58教学重点Teachingfocus(1)

wordandwordclasses(2)

word,morphemes,andallomorph(3)

typesofmorphemes(4)

morphologicalrules(5)

theformationofnewwords教学重点Teachingfocus59RevisionexercisesWhatisphonology?Whatisthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology?Howcanwedistinguishaphone,aphonemeandanallophone?Whatisaminimalpair?Giveussomeexamples.RevisionexercisesWhatisphon60WhatisMorphologyMorphologystudiesmorphemesandtheirdifferentformsandthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Soitreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.WhatisMorphologyMorphology61Forexample:

“Purify”consistsoftwoparts:“pur(e)”and“–ify”,fromwhichonecanworkoutarule:anewformofverbcanbeformedbyadding“-ify”toanadjective.Thisiscalledamorphologicalrule.“doing”consistedoftwoparts“do”and“-ing”,fromwhichwecanworkoutarule:wecanput“–ing”toaverbtoforma“-ing’participle.形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.Forexample:62

Whatisaword?Whatarethemainfeaturesofaword?Whatisaword?63Whatdoyouthinkofthefollowingdefinitionsofaword?Awordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorwrittenhorizontallyacrossapieceofpaper.Awordis“aminimumfreeform”,thatis,thesmallestformthatcanoccurbyitself.Whatdoyouthinkofthefollo64ThefourcharacteristicsofawordAwordisasoundorcombinationofsoundswhichweproducevoluntarilywithourvocalequipment.e.g.“we”[wi:]Awordissymbolic.Itstandsforsomethingelsesuchasobject,happeningorideas.“table”Wordsarepartofthelargercommunicationsystemwecalllanguage.“Iteachlinguistics”Wordshelphumanbeingsinteractculturallywith

oneanother.(p.75)Thefourcharacteristicsofa65ThedefinitionofawordandtheclassificationofwordsAwordisameaningfulandgrammatical

languageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown.EverywordbelongstoacertainwordclassandinEnglish,wordscanbedividedintothefollowingtenclasses:n.article,determiner,conjunction,interjection.ThesetenwordclassescanbedividedintoOpenClassandClosedClassThedefinitionofaword66OpenClass

referstonoun,verb,adjective,andadverb,becausewecanregularlyaddanothermorphemeoranewwordtothesewordclasses.E.g.“boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”.Openclasswordsarealsotermedlexicalwordsorcontentwordsorvariablewordsfortheyallcarrycertainsemanticcontents.Eg.Bookbooksbook’sWorkworksworkedworkingFastfasterfastestOpenClass67ClosedClass

referstoprep.Article,conjunction,interjection;pron,prep,anddeterminer,becauseitisimpossibletoaddnewwordstotheseclassesofwords.Closedwordsarealsocalledgrammaticalwordsorfunctionwords,

orinvariablewordssincetheirrolesarelargelyorwhollygrammatical.ClosedClass68Isawordthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?Whatisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?Isawordthesmallestmeaning69Whatisamorpheme?（词素）

Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland/orsemanticmeaning.Thismeansthatitcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallergrammaticalunits.Amorphememaybeacompletewordoranaffix.Whatisamorpheme?（词素）70Forexample:

“book”,“help”,clap”,”from”“television”,‘gentleness”“unavoidable

Forexample:71RelyonemorphemeRely+abletwomorphemesRely+able+itythreemorphemesUn+rely+able+ityfourmorphemesRely72UnbearableuneducatedWatchfulinspiringSoft-heartedhorsemanshipUnbearableuneducated73

Seetheexercises1and2onpage82Seetheexercises1and2on741)un-+bear+-able 2)watch+-ful 3)person+-ify(i)+-cation4)un-+exception+-al+-ly5)un-+educate+-(e)d 6)inspir(e)+-ing 7)soft+heart+-ed 8)horse+man+-ship1)un-+bear+-able 751)geography 2)inter-+nation+-al+-ly 3)forget+-(t)en 4)Washington 5)inform+-ation 6)industry(i)+-al+-iz(e)+-ation 7)pre-+dominat(e)+-ant 8)pre-+conscious1)geography 76Allomorph（词素变体）:Anallomorphisthedifferentvariantsofthesamemorpheme.Itcanbephonologicallyormorphologicallyconditioned.Seemoreonp.82Allomorph（词素变体）:Anallomorphi77Themorphemerepresentingthepluralformofnounscanbeexpressedby[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-vz]etc.Sothephoneticsegments[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-vz]arethemorphsofthesamemorpheme{-s},thephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthemorpheme{s}:–s.-es,-vesaretheallomorphsofthesamemorphemerepresentingthepluralformoftheEnglishwords.Themorphemerepresentingthe78Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralmorpheme”-s’have?Theplural“s“hasmanymorphologically-conditionedallomorphs.Forexample.(1)–(e)s,asin“cats”,“matches”(2)–(r)en:asin“oxen”,“children”(3)–e-:asin“men”,“women”(4)–ee-,asin“feet”,“teeth”(5)zero,asin“sheep”,“deer”Howmanyallomorphsdoesthep79Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepastformmorpheme“ed”have?-edasin“worked”-dasin“lived”Zeroasin“put”Howmanyallomorphsdoesthep80

Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepresentparticiplemorphemeform“ing”have?Howmanyallomorphsdoesthe811.2.Typesofmorphemes:Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.MorphemescanbedividedintoFreemorphemes自由词素andBoundmorphemes.粘着词素Freemorphemes:Afreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword(freeformbyitself,suchas“bed”,”tree”,’sing”.”dance”.Sofreemorphemesaresomethinglikeroot.1.2.Typesofmorphemes:82

Boundmorphemes:

aboundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,”-al”in“national”,“-dis”in“disclose”.Theycannotstandbythemselves.Thustheword‘distempered’hasthreemorphemes:“dis+temper+ed”,ofwhich‘temper’isafreemorpheme.Lookatthefollowingwords:‘unavoidable’“un+avoid+able”,“boyishness””boy+ish+ness”;“gentlemanliness””gentle+man+li+ness”Boundmorphemes:83Lookatthefollowingwords:‘unavoidable’un+avoid+able“boyishness”boy+ish+ness;“gentlemanliness”gentle+man+li+nessLookatthefollowingwords:84Boundmorphemescanbefurtherdividedinto

derivationalmorphemes（派生词素）

inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）;Boundmorphemescanbefurther85Thederivationalmorphemesmainlyrefertotheaffixes:prefixesandsuffixes.Theyareattachedtotheotherfreemorphemesandusuallychangethecategoryandthegrammaticalfunction.Whentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes,anewwordisderivedorformed.e.g.“-ify”,“-ate”,“-ic”etc.Thederivationalmorphemesmai86Inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）refertothemorphemeswhichneverchangetheirsyntacticcategorybutrepresenttheconceptoftenseandaspect.InEnglish,thereareeightinflectionalmorphemes:“-s(动词第三人称单数）”,“-ed（动词过去式）”,‘-ing（现在分词）”,“thepastparticiple(-en)”“-s”(名词复数)“-s’（名词所有格）”,”-er（形容词比较级）”,“-est（形容词最高级）”.Inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）r87MorphemeFreemorpheme

自由词素Boundmorpheme

粘着词素Derivationalmorpheme

派生词素Inflectionalmorpheme

曲折词素

Prefixes前缀Suffixes后缀LexicalmorphemesFunctionalmorphemesFreemorphemeBoundDerivationa882.MorphologicalRulesofwordformationLookatthefollowinglistofwords:

A.B.kroupslowlyrearmclearlyslarmquicklyThewordsincolumnAareonlypermissiblesoundsequencewithoutanymeanings,butthewordsincolumnbareperfectEnglishwordsmadeupoftwomorphemes.Thewayswordsareformedarecalledmorphologicalrules.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.2.MorphologicalRulesofword89Thecommonmorphologicalrules

1)un+adjective=not+adjectiveun+even=not+even2)re+verb=verb+againre+boil=boil+again3)dis+adjective=not+adjectivedis+continuous=not+continuous4)dis+noun=lackofthenoundis+comfort=lackofcomfortThecommonmorphologicalrules905)dis+verb=refuseto/nottoverbdis+like=nottolike6)in/im/il/ir+adjective=not+adjective/notableto+verbin+formal=not+formalim+perfect=notperfectil+legal=not+legalir+regular=notregular5)dis+verb917)non+adjective=not+adjectivenon+alphabetical=notalphabetical8)non+noun=thelackofnounnon+English=thelackofEnglish9)anti+noun=beingagainst+nounanti+body=beingagainst+body10)pre+verb=verb+inadvancepre+arrange=arrange+inadvance7)non+adjective=not+9211)mis+noun=bad+nounmis+behaviour=bad+behaviour12)verb+able=abletobeverb-edadopt+able=abletobeadopted13)verb+er=aperson+who=verb-ssing+er=apersonwhosing-s14)noun+less=lackingnounchild+less=lackingchild11)mis+noun=bad+9315)verb+less=thatnever+verb-scease+less=thatnevercease-s16)adjective+ness=thequalityof+being+adjectiveloud+ness=thequalityof+being+loud17)noun+ish=belongingtonounSwed+ish=belongingto+Sweden15)verb+less=tha9418)noun+ish=havingthecharacterof+nounself+ish=havingthecharacterof+self19)noun+ify=become+nounperson+ify=become=person

18)noun+ish=having953.TheformationofNewWords3.1CompoundingCompoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocess.Thewayofbuildingnewwordsbyputtingtwowordstogetheriscalledco