99考研真题阅读及详解答案

PassagelIt'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyou滑倒couldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormat门前擦鞋垫orstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers'misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibLeaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight-surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy"doesnotenableusertofly."Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight-issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,"saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability..51.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.avoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.52.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto__[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstconcern53.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat__[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes54.Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe__[A]biased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling[D]objective第一部分文章背景[内容分类--法律下美国的法律架构。第二部分语言点详解1.slip滑倒[大纲词汇]slip滑，滑倒；滑落，滑掉；溜走n.疏忽，小错，口误，笔误[经典例句]Theoldladyslippedonabananaskinandbrokeherleg.2.doormat门前擦鞋垫3.lightup点燃[大纲词汇]light光，光亮，光线；灯，灯光，光源v.(火)，点燃；()变亮，照亮[经典例句]Itisgettingdark-timetolightupthelamp.4.burndown烧毁[大纲词汇]burn燃烧，烧伤，烧毁n.烧伤，灼伤[扩充词组]burndown烧毁，(使)烧成平地[经典例句]Heburneddownhisenemy'shouse.5.warnof警告[大纲词汇]warnv.(of,警告，告戒[经典例句]Thenoticewarnedpeopleofdangerofwalkingonthefrozenriver.6.lawsuit诉讼[扩充词汇]lawsuit诉讼[经典例句]Theinjuredclientsbroughtalawsuitagainsttheairline.7.jury陪审团[大纲词汇]jury陪审团；全体评审员[经典例句]Thejuryfoundtheprisonernotguilty.8.holdliablefor认为···应负有···的责任[大纲词汇]liable有责任的，有义务的[经典例句]Thejudgeheldthedefendantliableforhisfriend'sdeath.9.anticipate预料[大纲词汇]anticipate预期，预料，预感，期望[经典例句]Teraction相互作用[大纲词汇]interact互相作用，互相影响[衍生词汇]interaction相互作用，相互影响[经典例句]Researchersobservedtheinteractionbetweentheheartandlungs.11.federal联邦的[大纲词汇]federal联邦的[经典例句]CongressisthefederallawmakingbodyoftheUnitedStates.12.liability责任[大纲词汇]liability责任，义务；债务[经典例句]Heacceptedtheliabilityforthedamagedonetothecar.13.claim索赔[大纲词汇]claimv.要求；声称，主张；索赔n.要求；主张，断言；索赔；权利，要求权，所有权[经典例句]Thepatientputforwardamalpracticeclaimtothehospital.14.sidewith站在···的一边[大纲词汇]sidev.(with)同意，站在···的一边侧面，旁边；坡，岸，一边，一方[经典例句]Mymothersidedwithmeinmydisputewithmyfather.15.defendant被告[扩充词汇]defendant被告[经典例句]Thedefendantischargedofmurder.16.paralyze使瘫痪[大纲词汇]paralyze/paralyse使瘫痪)；使丧失作用[经典例句]Thedriverwasparalyzedinancaraccident.17.carryweight有分量[大纲词汇]weight重量，重力；负荷，重担；重要性，分量；砝码，秤砣[扩充词组]carryweight有重要性，有影响，有价值，有分量[经典例句]Themayor'sopinioncarriesgreatweightinthistown.18.substantial重大的[大纲词汇]substantial实质的，真实的；坚固的；结实的；富裕的[经典例句]Shehasmadesubstantialprogressinherstudy.19.tortlaw侵权行为法[扩充词汇]tort侵权行为20.bombardwith连续提出···[扩充词汇]bombardv.轰炸；痛斥，不断攻击，想···连续提出问题[经典例句]Thepersecutorbombardedthedefendantwithquestions.21.triviality无足轻重的细节[大纲词汇]trivial琐碎的；无足轻重的[衍生词汇]triviality琐事，无足轻重的事[经典例句]Hewascriticizedforincludingtoomanytrivialitiesinhisreport.22.draftnewguidelines起草新的方针[大纲词汇]draft起草，草拟草稿，草案，草图[扩充词汇]guideline方针，原则23.moderateend稳健的一派[大纲词汇]moderate中等的，适度的，温和的，稳健的[经典例句]Peoplebelieveheisamoderateleader.24.hasitsway自主行事[扩充词组]haveone'sway想怎样就怎样，自主行事[经典例句]Itwouldbedisastrousifyouletyoursontohavehisway.25.forthebenefitof为了···受益[大纲词汇]benefit利益，好处，恩惠v.(from,收益；有益于[经典例句]Hemovedtoabigcityforthebenefitofhischildren.26.inadequacy不适当[大纲词汇]inadequatea.(for,不充足的，不适当的[衍生词汇]inadequacy不充足，不适当[经典例句]Thisisareflectionoftheinadequacyofthepublichospitalsystem.27.makethebestuseof使···得到最好的利用[大纲词汇]makeuseof利用[经典例句]Wemustmakethebestuseofthelimitednaturalresources.28.beobligedto被迫做···]oblige迫使；责成；(使)感激，施恩于[经典例句]Ifeltobligedtoinvitehimtotheparty.第三部分难句解析1.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary-thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample-andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.[结构剖析while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容，and后面的many省略了warningsstate与federal共用regulations。主句部分itthat引导的从句，注意这个从句中有个动词短语protect…from…，后面是一个if引导的条件从句。[阅读重点首先要把握这个句子的主旨，那就是主句中所阐明的warnings对manufacturersandsellerswarnings的解释作用以及it作为形式主语的替代作用。[参考译文尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而()并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。2.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtstosidewithdefendants,especiallyincasesswheresawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.[结构剖析在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由as引导的伴随状语从句，注意这里的claims是个名词；主句的时态用的是正在进行时，表示的这种状况正在开始。这个主句有一个较长的状语短语，原因是cases后面跟了一个where引导的定语从句，修饰cases，这个定语从句的主干是：warninglabelnotchangeanything，解释的时什么样的cases。[阅读重点主句依然是抓住句子大意的关键，该句所要表达的就是：somecourtsbeginningtosidewithdefendantscases后面定语从句指出了哪类cases尤为如此。[参考译文方，尤其是在审理那些警告标签可能起不到什么作用的案件的时候。3.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.[结构剖析这个句子的主干是：presidentsuccessfullyfoughtalawsuit.句子的主语是Julie，后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位，宾语部分，alawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词involving所引导的短语，involving的宾语是afootballplayerwho引导的定语从句，这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语，还原成句子就是：whilehewaswearingaSchutt。[阅读重点以找出其中的关键部分：presidentsofSchuttsuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerparalyzedwhilewearingSchutthelmet.[参考译文五月份的时候，伊利诺斯州Schutt体育用品公司总裁朱力尼蒙斯就打赢了一场官司。这场官司涉及到一位美式橄榄球运动员，他戴着Schutt公司生产的头盔参加比赛，结果受伤瘫痪了。4.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute-asgroupsofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight-issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneed