2022年考研考博-考博英语-暨南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号14

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-暨南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.填空题

YourSmartphoneMayBeHurtingYourSleepA)Youloveyoursmartphone,butitmayberuiningyourZZZ’s.Useofthesedevices,especiallynearbedtime,isassociatedwithworsequalityofsleep,accordingtoanewstudy.“Whenwelookedatsmartphoneusearoundthetimewhenparticipantsreportedtheywenttobed,moresmartphoneusearoundthattimeinparticularwasassociatedwithalongertimetofallasleepandworsesleepqualityduringthenight,”saidDr.GregoryMarcus,authorofthestudyandanassociateprofessorofmedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco.HisresearchwaspublishedWednesdayinthejournalPLOSOne.

B)Theword“crack-berry”becamepopularroughlyadecadeagotodescribetheaddictivequalityofBlackBerrydevices—arguablythefirstreallysuccessfulsmartphones.Today,almosteveryoneisasmartphonejunkie,standingwithheadbowedwhilewaitingforatrainorinlineatthepostoffice.

C)Knowingthatsmartphoneusehasincreasedtogetherwithsleepdeprivationrates,Marcusandhiscolleaguesdecidedtoinvestigatewhetherthetwomightberelated.Toanswerthisquestion,heusedexitinginformationcollectedbyanInternet-basedstudyhestartedinMarch2016.

D)“HealthE-Heart,”whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthisdesignedtostudycardiovascularhealth.Anyone18yearsofageoroldercanenrollinHealthE-Heart,co-foundedbyDrs.MarkPletcherandJeffreyOlgin,professorsatUCSF.Aftersigningaconsentform,enrolledparticipantsself-reporttheirhealthdataviaaseriesofonlinequestionnaires.Theinformationisgathered,analyzedandusedtoresearchanddevelopstrategiestopreventandtreatallaspectsofheartdisease.

E)About80,000participantshaveenrolledinHealthE-Heart,Marcussaid.“We’vehadpeoplefromeverystateintheUS,lotsofpeoplefromeverystate,andweactuallyhavepeoplefrom50countries.”Marcusandhisco-foundersalsomakethedataavailabletootherscientistsconductingunrelatedstudies.Forthenewsmartphonestudy,Marcusmadeuseofthiswealthofinformationtoconducthisown“sub-study”.

F)OfthetotalHealthE-Heartenrollees,653peoplechosetoparticipateinandcompletethenewsmartphone-sleepstudy.Participantsinstalledanappontheirphonestoautomaticallyrecordthetotalnumberofminutesineachhourthescreenwasturnedon(totalscreentime)duringa30-dayperiod.TheseparticipantshadalreadyreportedtheirsleephoursandsleepqualityusingavalidatedquestionnaireaspartofthegeneralHealthE-Heartexperience,Marcusexplained.So,whenansweringthesleepassessmentquestions,participantsalsoentereddemographicdataplusinformationabouttheiralcoholuse,physicalactivity,smokinghabitsandotherhealthissues.Byansweringsomanyquestions,participantswereunawareofwhattheresearcherswerestudying,explainedMarcus:“Wewouldn’texpectanybias.”

G)Analyzingthedata,theresearchersdiscoveredthat,onaverage,participantsusedtheirsmartphonesforatotalof38.4hoursovera30-dayperiod.Individualswithalongeraveragescreentimeweremorelikelytohavepoorersleepqualityandlesssleepoverall:About35%ofthosewhousedtheirsmartphonesforshorteramountsoftimethanaveragehadsleepdifficulties,comparedwith42%ofthosewithaverageorgreaterthanaverageuse.Andpoorqualitysleepwasmorelikelyforparticipantswhousedtheirsmartphonesnearbedtime.

H)Theresearchersdiscoveredthatscreen-timevariesthroughouta24-hourperiod,butmostoccursduringtheday.Yetforsomeparticipants,smartphoneusepeakedduringthenight.“Wecan’texcludethepossibilitythatsomepeoplecan’tsleepforsomecompletelyunrelatedreason,andbecausetheycan’tsleep,they’reusingtheirsmartphone,justtopassthetime,”Marcussaid.

I)Despitepotentialshortcomings,Marcusresearchisinlinewithotherstudiesshowingthattheuseoftechnologynearbedtimeisassociatedwithdifficultysleeping,suchasthe2015NationalSleepFoundationpoll.Otherresearchhasshownthatthebluelightemittedbysmartphones(andotherdigitaldevices)mightsuppressourbody’sproductionofmelatonin,ahormonethatinducestirednessandcontributestothetimingofsleep-wakecycles.“Sothere’ssomebiologicalplausibilitysupportingtheideathatthereisacausalrelationship,butweweren’tabletoidentifythat,”Marcusnoted.

J)“Itisbelievedthatsleepisarestorativeprocessandabasicbiologicneed,”saidDr.NeilKline,asleepphysician,internistandrepresentativeoftheAmericanSleepAssociation.“Whenanimals,includinghumans,aredeprivedofsleep,therearemanybodysystemsthatfail.Notonlydoesourperformance,memoryandattentionspansuffer,ourimmunesystemandendocrinesystemisalsoimpaired.”

K)Thoughmostofthesenegativeeffectshavebeenstudiedexclusivelyinadults,children’ssleepisalsoaffectedbytechnology,accordingtoanunrelatedstudy.LeadauthorBenCarter,aseniorlecturerinbiostatisticsatKing’sCollegeLondon,andhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthatforteensandchildren,theuseofcellphones,tabletsandcomputersisassociatedwithlosingsleeptimeandsleepquality.

L)Marcussaidhesuspectsthatsomepeoplemaybeaffectedmorethanothersandoveruseofasmartphoneimpactstheirsleepmorethanitwouldforotherpeople.Hehopestoinvestigatethisquestioninthefuture.Basedonhisresults,hesuggestedthatinsomniacsandothertroubledsleepersshouldavoidlookingattheirscreensforhalfanhourorsobeforegoingtobedtoseewhetherthatmightenhancethequalityoftheirslumber.Headded,“There’salmostcertainlynoharmingivingthatagoodtry.”

11.Ouraddictiontosmartphonesdatesbacktoabouttenyearsago.

_________

12.DatafromHealthE-Heartarecollectedandusedforresearchersintoheartdiseases.

_________

13.ThefindingsofDr.Marcus’sstudyappearedinPLOSOne._________

14.Badsleepersareadvisednottousetheirsmartphoneshalfanhourorsobeforetheygotobed._________

15.Marcusstartedhisresearchbecausehesuspectedtheremightbesomecorrelationbetweensleeplossandsmartphoneuse._________

16.Theuseofdigitaldevicesaffectschildren’ssleeptoo.

_________

17.Tomakesurehisstudywasobjective,Marcusrequiredhissubjectstoprovidemanymoreoftheirlifedetailsthanjustsleephoursandsleepquality.

_________

18.Researchersfoundthosewhospendlongertimeplayingwiththeirsmartphonesaremorelikelytosleepbadly.

_________

19.Marcusconcededthatsomepeopleweresleeplessatnightforreasonsunrelatedtomobilephoneuse.

_________

20.Sleepisourbasicbiologicalneedandlackofitmaycauseourbodyfunctionstodecline._________

【答案】11.B

12.D

13.A

14.L

15.C

16.K

17.F

18.G

19.H

20.J

【解析】11.主旨大意题。题干意思为“我们对智能手机的上瘾可以追溯到大约十年前。”文章第二段主要讲了自十年前黑莓手机被生产出来之后，人们开始对智能手机上瘾，由此可推断出人们对智能手机的上瘾可追溯到大约十年前。因此段落B正确。

12.主旨大意题。题干意思为“来自健康E-Heart的数据被收集并用于研究心脏病。”文章段落D说到“Theinformationisgathered,analyzedandusedtoresearchanddevelopstrategiestopreventandtreatallaspectsofheartdisease.（这些信息被收集、分析并用于研究和制定预防和治疗心脏病各个方面的策略。）”，其中“这些信息”指来自健康E-Heart的数据，因此段落D正确。

13.主旨大意题。题干意思为“马库斯博士的研究结果发表在《公共科学图书馆（综合）》杂志上。”文章段落A说到“HisresearchwaspublishedWednesdayinthejournalPLOSOne.（他的研究发表在周三的《公共科学图书馆（综合）》杂志上。）”，该句与题干意思匹配，因此段落A正确。

14.主旨大意题。题干意思为“建议睡眠不好的人不要在睡前半小时左右使用智能手机。”文章段落L说到“Basedonhisresults,hesuggestedthatinsomniacsandothertroubledsleepersshouldavoidlookingattheirscreensforhalfanhourorsobeforegoingtobedtoseewhetherthatmightenhancethequalityoftheirslumber.（根据他的研究结果，他建议失眠症患者和其他睡眠有问题的人应该避免在上床前半小时左右看屏幕，看看这是否能提高他们的睡眠质量。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落L正确。

15.主旨大意题。题干意思为“马库斯开始这项研究是因为他怀疑睡眠不足和使用智能手机之间可能存在某种关联。”文章段落C说到“Knowingthatsmartphoneusehasincreasedtogetherwithsleepdeprivationrates,Marcusandhiscolleaguesdecidedtoinvestigatewhetherthetwomightberelated.（了解到智能手机的使用和睡眠不足的比例一起增加，马库斯和他的同事们决定调查这两者是否有关联。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落C正确。

16.主旨大意题。题干意思为“数字设备的使用也会影响儿童的睡眠。”文章段落K说到“Thoughmostofthesenegativeeffectshavebeenstudiedexclusivelyinadults,children’ssleepisalsoaffectedbytechnology,accordingtoanunrelatedstudy.（尽管大多数这些负面影响只在成年人身上进行了研究，但另一项不相关的研究表明，儿童的睡眠也受到科技产品的影响。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落K正确。

17.主旨大意题。题干意思为“为了确保他的研究是客观的，马库斯要求他的研究对象提供更多的生活细节，而不仅仅是睡眠时间和睡眠质量。”段落F说到“So,whenansweringthesleepassessmentquestions,participantsalsoentereddemographicdataplusinformationabouttheiralcoholuse,physicalactivity,smokinghabitsandotherhealthissues.（因此，在回答睡眠评估问题时，参与者还输入了人口统计数据，以及有关他们的酒精使用、体育活动、吸烟习惯和其他健康问题的信息。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落F正确。

18.主旨大意题。题干意思为“研究人员发现，花更长的时间玩智能手机的人更有可能睡眠不好。”文章段落G说到“Andpoorqualitysleepwasmorelikelyforparticipantswhousedtheirsmartphonesnearbedtime.（睡眠质量差的人更有可能在睡前使用智能手机。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落G正确。

19.主旨大意题。题干意思为“马库斯承认，有些人晚上睡不着觉的原因与使用手机无关。”文章段落H说到“Wecan’texcludethepossibilitythatsomepeoplecan’tsleepforsomecompletelyunrelatedreason,andbecausetheycan’tsleep,they’reusingtheirsmartphone,justtopassthetime.（我们不能排除一些人因为完全无关的原因无法入睡的可能性，因为他们无法入睡，所以他们使用智能手机，只是为了打发时间。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落H正确。

20.主旨大意题。题干意思为“睡眠是我们的基本生理需要，缺乏睡眠可能会导致我们的身体功能下降。”文章段落J说到“Whenanimals,includinghumans,aredeprivedofsleep,therearemanybodysystemsthatfail.（当动物，包括人类，被剥夺睡眠时，许多身体系统会失效。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落J正确。

2.单选题

Themotherreallytookprideinherson,a（）artistwhohadalreadyheldseveralnationalexhibitions.

问题1选项

A.prospective

B.perspective

C.descriptive

D.partial

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项prospective“未来的，预期的”；B选项perspective“透视的”；C选项descriptive“描述性的”；D选项partial“局部的，偏袒的”。句意：这位母亲真的为自己的儿子感到骄傲，因为他儿子未来会是一位艺术家，已经举办过好几次全国性的展览。空格后的内容都是描述儿子的，从举办过好几次展览可知儿子最有可能成为未来的一位艺术家，所以A选项符合句意。因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Thereisno（）forhardworkandperseveranceofyouwanttosucceed.

问题1选项

A.alteration

B.equivalent

C.alternative

D.substitute

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查了名词的辨析。alteration“改变；变化”；equivalent“相等的”；alternative“可供选择的事物”；substitute“代替”，根据“勤奋和坚持”与“成功”之间的关系，我们可以知道一般来说“勤奋和坚持”是“成功”的必要条件，所以想要成功，除了“勤奋和坚持”之外就没有别的选择符合逻辑，故正确答案为选项C。句意为：你想成功的话，除了勤奋和坚持之外你没有别的选择。

4.单选题

Lastweekthefinancialmanageraskedfora（）toBeijingbranch,whichwasjustsetupthreemonthsago.

问题1选项

A.transfer

B.transmission

C.transformation

D.transport

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项transfer“（地点的）转移，（工作的）调动”；B选项transmission“传递，传送；播送”；C选项transformation“转化，转换”；D选项transport“运输”。根据句意“上个星期财务部经理申请转去三个月前刚成立的北京分公司”，本句表示工作上的调动，句中whichwasjustsetupthreemonthsago作非限制性定语从句，修饰Beijingbranch,因此A选项正确。

5.不定项选择题

Withhumanfootprintsonthemoon,radiotelescopeslisteningformessagesfromaliencreatures(whomayormaynotexist),technicianslookingforcelestialandplanetarysourcesofenergytosupportourcivilization,orbitingtelescopes’datehintingatplanetarysystemsaroundotherstars,andpoliticalgroupstryingtofigureouthowtosavehumanityfromnudewarfarethatwoulddamagelifeandclimateonaplanet-widescale,anastronomybookpublishedtodayentersaworlddifferentfromtheonethatgreetedbooksagenerationago.Astronomyhasbroadenedtoinvolveourbasiccircumstancesandourmysteriousfutureintheuniverse.Witheclipsesandspacemissionsbroadcastlive,andwithNASA,Europe,andtheUSSRplanningandbuildingpermanentspacestations,astronomyoffersadventureforallpeople,anoutwardexploratorythrustthatmayonedaybeseenasanalternativetomindlessconsumerism,ideologicalbickering,andwarstocontroldwindlingresourcesonaclosed,finiteEarth.

Today’sastronomystudentsnotonlyseekanupto-datesummaryofastronomicalfacts:theyask,aspeoplehaveaskedforages,aboutourbasicrelationstotherestoftheuniverse.Theymaystudyastronomypartlytoseekpointsofcontactbetweenscienceandotherhumanendeavors:philosophy,history,politics,environmentalaction,eventheartsandreligion.

Sciencefictionwritersandspecialeffectartistsonrecentfilmshelptoday’sstudentsrealizethatunseenworldsofspacearerealplaces—notabstractconcepts.Today’sstudentsarecitizensofamorereal,morevastcosmosthatconceptualizedbystudentsofadecadeago.

Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetriedtorespondtothesedevelopments.Ratherthanjumpingatthestartintomurkywatersofcosmology,IhavebegunwiththeviewpointofancientpeopleonEarthandworkedoutwardacrosstheuniverse.Thismethodoforganizationautomatically(ifloosely)reflectstheorderofhumanity’sdiscoveriesaboutastronomyandprovidesaunifyingthemeofincreasingdistanceandscale.

1.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom（）.

2.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthefirstparagraphis（）.

3.TheauthorthinksthatthegrowinginterestinspaceexplorationamongpeopleonEarthwillprobablyleadto（）.

4.Theauthorbelievesthattoday’sastronomiesstudents（）.

5.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedexpression“thesedevelopments”referstoallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.theprefaceofapieceofsciencefiction

B.anarticleofpopularscience

C.alecturegivenbytheauthortoastronomystudents

D.theintroductionofabookofastronomy

问题2选项

A.todiscussindetailthemostrecentachievementsinspaceresearch

B.toexplainthebackgroundandnewfeaturesoftoday’sastronomy

C.toillustratethattheworldtodayisdifferentinmanyaspectsfromthatofagenerationago

D.tointroducesomenewlyestablishedspacestations

问题3选项

A.therealizationofpermanentsettlementonotherplanets

B.moredisturbancenotonlyonEarthbutalsoinouterspace

C.orders,harmonyandpeaceonourplanetEarth

D.allpeoplehavingchancesoftravellinginspace

问题4选项

A.arebetter-informedabouttheunseenworldsofspace

B.maylearnmoreaboutmanandhisresearchinvariousfieldsthroughthestudyofastronomy

C.nolongercareaboutastronomicalfacts

D.aremuchbrighterthanstudentsofagenerationago

问题5选项

A.theworld-wideinvolvementinspaceexploration

B.humanity’snewachievementsinthefieldofastronomy

C.thenewconceptsabouttheuniverseacquiredbytoday’sastronomystudents

D.thedevelopmentofsciencefictionandspecialeffectsoffilms

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:判断推理题。文章最后一段提及Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetried…“在设计这个版本时，Wadsworth的编辑和我试图……”，由此可知文章摘自一本书的序言，而本文都是在讲述关于天文学方面的，所以推测是天文学类书籍，所以D选项“一本天文学书籍的序言”符合题意。A选项“科幻小说的序言”，科幻小说对象不正确；B选项“一篇科普文章”与原文第一段anastronomybookpublished…“一本天文学书籍……”不符；C选项“作者给天文学学生的演讲”，文章的形式并不是演讲，所以C错误。因此D选项正确。

第2题:主旨大意题。原文第一段主要讲述的是人类在天文学方面的研究扩展和特点。B选项作者写第一段的目的是“来解释今天天文学的背景和新特征”符合题意；A选项“详细讨论太空研究的最新成果”，第一段只是简单介绍并未详细讨论，所以A错误；C选项“说明今天的世界与一代人以前在许多方面不同”，只是说明研究的新进展，并不是世界的不同；D选项“引进一些新建立的空间站”与题意不符。因此B选项符合题意。

第3题:判断推理题。根据第一段astronomyoffersadventureforallpeople…ideologicalbickering,andwarstocontroldwindlingresourcesonaclosed,finiteEarth.“天文学为所有人提供了冒险的机会，这是一种向外探索的推进，也许有一天，它会被视为一种替代选择，取代盲目的消费主义、意识形态的争吵和战争，以控制一个封闭、有限的地球上日益减少的资源。”A选项“在其他行星上永久定居的实现”原文并未涉及；B选项“更多的干扰不仅在地球上，而且在外太空”不符合题意；C选项“地球上的秩序、和谐与和平”，原文提到“可以取代盲目的消费主义、意识形态的争吵和战争”进而可以维护地球秩序和谐和平，符合题意；D选项“所有人有机会在太空旅行”与题意不符。因此C选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词today’sastronomiesstudents定位到文章第二段Theymaystudyastronomypartlytoseekpointsofcontactbetweenscienceandotherhumanendeavors:philosophy,history,politics,environmentalaction,eventheartsandreligion.“他们学习天文学的部分原因可能是为了寻找科学和其他人类活动之间的联系：哲学、历史、政治、环境行为，甚至是艺术和宗教。”由此可知，研究天文学还可以更多地了解其他领域。所以B选项“通过天文学的研究，可以更多地了解人类及其在各个领域的研究”符合题意。A选项“对看不见的宇宙有更好的了解”不太切合题意；C选项“不再关心天文事实”与原文叙述相反；D选项“比上一代的学生聪明得多”没有比较无法体现。因此B选项正确。

第5题:判断推理题。由划线句定位到文中最后一段Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetriedtorespondtothesedevelopments.“在设计这个版本时，Wadsworth的编辑和我试图对这些发展做出回应。”由此可知，“这些发展”所包括的内容是前文已经提及的。A选项“全世界参与太空探索”和B选项“人类在天文学领域的新成就”在第一段中有涉及；C选项“今天的天文学学生获得的关于宇宙的新概念”在文章第二段有讲述；D选项“科幻小说和电影特效的发展”，文章主要是讲述关于天文学方面的内容，并没有详细阐述科幻小说和电影的发展，所以D选项与题意不符。因此此题选择D选项。

6.不定项选择题

Sociologyisdefinedasthestudyofhumangroups.Inthebroadestsense,sociologyisconcernedwithunderstandingpatternsofhumanrelationships,theircausesandtheireffects.Unlikepsychology,sociologydoesnotattempttoexplainthebehaviorofaparticularindividualundercertaincircumstances.Rather,sociologyfocusesonsocialtrendsorotherinfluencesthataffectwholegroupsorcategoriesofpeople.Thus,whileapsychologistmightcounselanindividualwhofeelsworthlessafterretiringfromalongandsuccessfulcareer,asociologistwouldbemorelikelytoexaminesocietalattitudesthatmaycontributetothelossofself-esteemexperiencedbymanyretiredpersonsinoursociety.

TheemphasisthatsociologyplacesonhumangroupsratherthanindividualsstemsdirectlyfromtheworkofEmileDurkheim,apioneeringsociologistofthenineteenthcentury.Durkheimlikenedthenatureofasocialgrouptobronze,auniquemetalthatisformedwhenthemetalstin,copper,andleadaremeltedandmixedtogether.Durkheimnotedthatbronzeismuchharderthananyofitscomponentmetals.Inthesameway,hereasoned,thecharacteristicsofasocialgroupviewedasawholecannotbedeterminedsimplybyexaminingthecharacteristicsofitsindividualmembers.Norcanindividualsbeunderstoodstrictlyintermsoftheindividualsthemselves;whenpeoplecometogetherasmembersofaparticulargroup,thegroupexertsconsiderablepressureontheindividualtoconformtowhatitconsidersacceptablewaysofthinking,feeling,andbehaving.Besidesdevelopingatheoreticalfoundationforthestudyofsocialgroups,Durkheimalsoconductedresearchdesignedtocorroboratehistheoreticalwork.Usinglandmarkresearchmethods,Durkheimcollectedandanalyzeddatafromanumberofcountriesthatkeptrecordsonsuicides.

Hewantedtoshowthatsocialenvironmentmayhaveaprofoundeffectevenonthosebehaviorsweconsidermostpersonal.Theresultsofhisstudyshowedthatsuicideratesdoindeedvaryaccordingtospecificsocialcharacteristics.

Forexample,Durkheimfoundthatmembersofreligionswithstrongprohibitionsagainstsuicidearelesslikelytocommitsuicidethanaremembersofreligiousgroupswithweakerprohibitions.Healsofoundalowerincidenceofsuicideamongmarriedpersonsthanamongpersonswhoweresingleordivorced.Takentogether,thefindingsofDurkheim’sstudyprovidedconvincingevidencethatsocialgroupsdoindeedexertpressuresthatcontrolorregulatethebehaviorofindividuals,includingdeeplypersonalbehaviors.

Durkheim’srigorousresearchmethodscapturedtheattentionofsociologistsaroundtheworld,andwereperhapsevenmoreimportanttothefuturedevelopmentofsociologythananyspecificresearchresultscouldbe.Withinashorttime,hisspecificapproachtoformulatingandtestingsocialtheorybecameamodelthatguidedtheworkofnearlyallsociologists.ThisassuredEmileDurkheimalastingplaceasoneofthekeyfiguresinthehistoryofsociology.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaoftheselection?

2.Thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthisselectionisto（）.

3.Accordingtotheselection,howdosociologistsandpsychologistsdiffer?

4.Incomparingsocialgroupstobronze,Durkheimwishedtoillustratetheideathat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordmodelasitisusedinthelastparagraphoftheselection?

问题1选项

A.BoththesocialgrouptheoryandthescientificresearchmethodsdevelopedbyDurkheimhavecontributedmuchtothefieldofsociology.

B.Durkheimbelievedthatindividualmembersofagroupstronglyinfluencethegroup’swaysofthinking,feeling,andbehaving.

C.TheresearchstudyconductedbyDurkheimprovidedstrongevidencethatsuicideratesvaryamongmembersofdifferentsocialgroups.

D.Throughhisresearch,Durkheimmadegreatstridesindistinguishingsociologyfrompsychology.

问题2选项

A.outlinethestepsDurkheimfollowedinconductinghisresearchstudy

B.describethewaysinwhichDurkheim’sworkhasinfluencedsociology

C.persuadethereaderthatsocialgroupscontrolmostofthebehaviorsoftheirindividualmembers

D.explainthedifferencesbetweensociologyandpsychology

问题3选项

A.Sociologistsaremoreconcernedwithexplainingbehaviorthanpsychologists.

B.Psychologistsfocusmoreonindividualsthandosociologists.

C.Sociologistsspendmoretimehelpingpeoplesolvetheirproblemsthandopsychologists.

D.Psychologistsaremoreinterestedinunderstandingpatternsofhumanrelationshipsthanaresociologists.

问题4选项

A.asocialgrouphascharacteristicsthatdifferfromthoseofitsindividualmembers

B.socialgroupsaremadeupofthreemajorcomponentpartsactingtogether

C.eachsocialgroupisauniqueentitythatisunlikeanyothersocialgroup

D.socialgroupsareextremelydifficulttobreakapartoncetheyhavebeenformed

问题5选项

A.Oneoftwoormorealternativestyles

B.Anartist’ssubject

C.Asmallcopyofanobject

D.Aplantobeimitated

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章第一段sociologyfocusesonsocialtrendsorotherinfluencesthataffectwholegroupsorcategoriesofpeople.“社会学关注社会趋势或影响整个群体或人群类别的其他影响。”主要讲述社会群体理论，文章最后一段Durkheim’srigorousresearchmethodscapturedtheattentionofsociologistsaroundtheworld“迪尔凯姆严谨的研究方法引起了全世界社会学家的注意”提及迪尔凯姆社会学的研究方法，所以A选项“迪尔凯姆的社会群体理论和科学的研究方法为社会学领域做出了重要贡献。”表达了选文的主要思想。B选项“迪尔凯姆认为，一个群体中的个体成员强烈地影响着这个群体的思维、感受和行为方式。”文中介绍是群体影响个人而不是个体影响群体；C选项“迪尔凯姆进行的这项研究提供了强有力的证据，证明不同社会群体成员的自杀率各不相同。”只是个别举例并不能以偏概全；D选项“通过他的研究，迪尔凯姆在区分社会学和心理学方面取得了很大的进步。”迪尔凯姆的研究并不是为了证明社会学与心理学的区别。因此A选项符合题意。

第2题:主旨大意题。由上一题可知文章的主要思想是“迪尔凯姆的社会群体理论和科学的研究方法为社会学领域做出了重要贡献”，作者写这篇选文的主要目的是介绍他的理论和研究方法是如何影响社会学的，所以B选项“描述迪尔凯姆的作品影响社会学的方式”与题意相符。A选项“概述迪尔凯姆在进行他的研究时所遵循的步骤”、C选项“说服读者，社会群体控制着他们个体成员的大部分行为”和D选项“解释社会学和心理学之间的区别”都只是整篇文章当中的部分内容，不能概括全文。因此B选项符合题意。

第3题:事实细节题。第一段中有提到二者的区别，Unlikepsychology,sociologydoesnotattempttoexplainthebehaviorofaparticularindividualundercertaincircumstances.Rather,sociologyfocusesonsocialtrendsorotherinfluencesthataffectwholegroupsorcategoriesofpeople.“与心理学不同，社会学不试图解释特定个体在特定环境下的行为。相反，社会学关注的是社会趋势或影响整个群体或人群类别的其他影响。”由此可知，社会学关注社会趋势或社会群体，而心理学更关注个人。所以B选项“心理学家比社会学家更关注个体”符合题意；A选项“社会学家比心理学家更关心解释行为”并未涉及；C选项“社会学家比心理学家花更多的时间帮助人们解决问题”与题意不符；D选项“心理学家比社会学家对理解人类关系的模式更感兴趣”与原文表述不同。因此B选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词bronze定位到文章第二段Durkheimlikenedthenatureofasocialgrouptobronze,auniquemetalthatisformedwhenthemetalstin,copper,andleadaremeltedandmixedtogether.Durkheimnotedthatbronzeismuchharderthananyofitscomponentmetals.“迪尔凯姆把一个社会群体的本质比作青铜，一种独特的金属，是由锡、铜和铅熔化并混合在一起形成的。迪尔凯姆指出，青铜比它的任何组成金属都要坚硬得多。”作者的意思是把群体类比青铜，锡、铜和铅等比作个体，那么群体的特点跟个体会与众不同。A选项“一个社会群体具有与其个体成员不同的特征”符合题意；B选项“社会群体由三个共同行动的主要组成部分组成”与原文意思不符；C选项“每个社会群体都是一个独特的实体，不同于任何其他社会群体”，原文说的是群体和个体的差异，而不是不同群体的差异，所以C选项不正确；D选项“社会群体一旦形成就极难分裂”与题目意思中的类比并无联系。因此A选项正确。

第5题:语义推测题。由题干关键词model定位到文章最后一段Withinashorttime,hisspecificapproachtoformulatingandtestingsocialtheorybecameamodelthatguidedtheworkofnearlyallsociologists.“在很短的时间内，他制定和检验社会理论的具体方法成为几乎所有社会学家工作的指导模式。”作者表述这个model为社会学家的工作提供了指导。A选项“两种或多种可选样式之一”与题意不符；B选项“一个艺术家的主体”原文并未提及；C选项“物体的小模型”不合题意；D选项“一个被模仿的计划”，这种方法提供了指导作用，被他人模仿学习，D选项接近原文所表达的意思，因此D选项符合题意。

7.不定项选择题

ThedevelopmentofjazzcanbeseenaspartofthelargercontinuumofAmericanpopularmusic,especiallydancemusic.Inthetwenties,jazzbecamethehottestnewthingindancemusic,muchasragtimehadattheturnofthecentury,andaswouldrhythmandbluesinthefifties,rockinthefifties,anddiscointheseventies.Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdancemusic.Thefirstisimprovisation,thechangingofamusicalphraseaccordingtotheplayer’sinspiration.Likeallartists,jazzmusiciansstriveforanindividualstyle,andtheimprovisedorparaphrasedisajazzmusician’smainopportunitytodisplayhisorherindividuality.Inearlyjazz,musiciansoftenimprovisedmelodiescollectively,thuscreatingakindofpolyphony.Therewaslittlesoloingassuch,althoughsomeNewOrleansplayers,particularlycometplayerBuddyBolden,achievedlocalfamefortheirabilitytoimproviseasolo.Latertheideaofthechorus-longormulticoursesolotookhold.LouisArmstrong’sinstrumentalbrilliance,demonstratedthroughextendedsolos,wasamajorinfluenceinthisdevelopment.

Evenintheearlytwenties,however,somejazzbandshadfeaturedsoloists.Similarly,showorchestrasandcarnivalbandsoftenincludedoneortwosuch“get-off”musicians.Unimproved,completelystructuredjazzdoesexist,buttheabilityofthebestjazzmusicianstocreatemusicofgreatcohesionandbeautyduringperformancehasbeenahallmarkofthemusicanditsmajorsourceofinspirationandchange.Theseconddistinguishingcharacteristicofjazzisarhythmicdrivethatwasinitiallycalled“hot”andlater“swing”.Inplayinghot,amusicianconsciouslydepartsfromstrictmetertocreatearelaxedsenseofphrasingthatalsoemphasizestheunderlyingrhythms.(“Rough”toneanduseofmoderatevibratoalsocontributedtoahotsound.)Notalljazzishot,however,manyearlybandsplayedunadornedpublishedarrangementsofpopularsongs.Still,theproclivitytoplayhotdistinguishedthejazzmusicianfromotherinstrumentalists.

1.Thepassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?

2.Accordingtothepassage,jazzmusiciansareabletodemonstratetheirindividualartistrymainlyby?

3.Whichofthefollowingwasthefunctionof“get-off”musicians?

4.Theword“unadorned”isclosestinmeaningto（）.

5.Thetopicofthepassageisdevelopedprimarilybymeansof（）.

问题1选项

A.Whichearlyjazzmusiciansmostinfluencedrhythmandbluesmusic?

B.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenjazzandotherformsofmusic?

C.WhyisdancingcloselyrelatedtopopularmusicintheUnitedStates?

D.Whatinstrumentscomprisedatypicaljazzbandofthe1920’s?

问题2选项

A.creatingmusicalvariationswhileperforming

B.preparingmusicalarrangements

C.readingmusicwithgreatskill

D.beingabletoplayalltypesofpopularmusic

问题3选项

A.Assisttheotherbandmembersinpackingupafteraperformance.

B.Teachdanceroutinescreatedfornewmusic.

C.Leadtheband.

D.Providesoloperformancesinabandororchestra.

问题4选项

A.lovely

B.plain

C.disorganized

D.inexpensive

问题5选项

A.dividingthediscussionintotwomajorareas

B.presentingcontrastingpointsofview

C.providingbiographiesoffamousmusician

D.describinghistoricaleventsinsequence

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文中讨论了爵士乐和其他形式的音乐，文章第一段提到Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdanc