2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号63

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,”writesBjornLomborg,37,anassociateprofessorofstatisticsatDenmark'sUniversityofAarhusandaformermemberofGreenpeace,inhis1998bookTheSkepticalEnvironmentalist.“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”

Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming."Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood,”hesaysoftheexpenseofcomplyingwiththeKyotoProtocolonglobalwarming.“ForthecostofKyotoforoneyear,wecouldgivecleandrinkingwaterandsanitationtoeveryhumanbeingonearth."

SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.PeterRaven,chairmanoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,callsLomborg“theprimeexampleinourtimeofsomeonewhodistortsstatisticsandstatementstomeethisownpoliticalend.”Adozenesteemedenvironmentalscientists,includingRavenandHarvard’sEdwardO.Wilson,aredemandingthatLomborg’spublishercuthimloose.“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,”theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.

Theproblemis,Lomborggetsmanyofhisfactsrightandprovides2,930footnotestomakethemeasytocheck.Somescientistsandenvironmentaladvocateshavemadeexaggeratedclaimsaboutenvironmentaldoom,andit’snotsurprisingthattheyhavefinallybeencatalogued.YetLomborgisasguiltyofexaggerationandselectiveuseofdataasthosehecriticizes.Heisrightthatairandwaterqualityandagriculturalproductivityhaveimprovedinmuchoftheworld.Buttolookatthedataonglobalwarming,biologicaldiversity,marinedepletionanddeforestationandstillsaythingsaregenerallygettingbettertakesawillfulblindness.That’swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.“I'mmakingafairamountofmoneyfromthebook,’’saysLomborg,‘‘AlotmorethanCambridgethought,

1.WhyisBjornLamborgcriticizedbyenvironmentalists?

2.WecanlearnfromthetextthatTheSkepticalEnvironmentalistisabookthat（

）.

3.ConservativesworldwidesharewithLomborgthesameviewthatdeforestationandglobalwarmingare（

）.

4.Thescientists,accordingtothetext,demandthatCambridgeUniversityPress（）.

5.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthecriticismagainstLomborg'sbook?

问题1选项

A.Becausehehasalwaysbeenagainstprotectingtheenvironment.

B.Becausehebelievesthatenvironmentalproblemsarebecomingworse.

C.Becauseheputforwardanewhypothesisofprotectingtheworldenvironment.

D.Becauseheclaimstobeanenvironmentalistbutdoubtsthatenvironmentalproblemsareasseriousastheyusedtobe.

问题2选项

A.hasattractedattentionfromboththepublicandthescholars

B.hasbeenneglectedbythereaderssinceitspublication

C.hasbeengreatlypraisedbythereaderssinceitspublication

D.hasbeengreatlycriticizedbythereaderssinceitspublication

问题3选项

A.gettingworseandworsebecausenothinghasbeendoneaboutthem

B.gettingbetterandbetterbecausemuchmoneyhasbeenspentonthem

C.notseriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatgreatcostatpresent

D.seriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatanycost

问题4选项

A.sellallthebookstoapopular,non-scholarlypress,forthebookisfulloferrors

B.stoppublishingthebookandsellthepublishingrightstoanon-scholarlypress,forthebookisnotanacademicbook

C.stoppublishinganybookswrittenbyLomborg,forheisnotacceptedbyhispeerstransferthepublishingrightsofthebooktoanotherpress,forthebookisnotwellreferenced

问题5选项

A.Itisnotfair,forthebookiswell-referenced.

B.Itisfairandhasbeenconductedinagoodway.

C.ItpreventsLomborgfromgettingmoremoneyfromthebook.

D.Itshouldnotbename-callingbutshouldbecarriedoutinawaythatcouldstartameaningfuldiscussiononhowtosolveenvironmentalproblems.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据文章第一段第一句HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?可知他遭到了环保主义者的反对；再根据下一句Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”我们没有耗尽能源或自然资源，”“我们周围的空气和水污染越来越少。实际上，人类的命运在每一个可衡量的指标上都有所改善。”确定他表达自己是一个环保主义者，但是他的一些论点和看法与此相悖，所以遭到了很多环保主义者的反对，所以D选项‘因为他声称自己是一个环保主义者但是质疑环境问题和以前一样’正确。

2.根据第二段第一句Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinaction..可知这本书是一本畅销书，全世界很多保守党都关注了这本书；再由SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.可知很多的科学家也都关注了这本书，综合分析确定A选项‘这本书受到了很多公众以及专家学者的关注’符合题意。

3.根据第二段中的内容andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming.“Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood，一些保守党根据这一观点认为对于采伐森林和全球变暖这些问题并不严重，认为他们对于这些问题采取的不作为态度是正当的，确定C选项“这个问题并不是一个需要花大成本去解决的严重问题”符合题意。

4.根据文章第三段最后一句内容“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,’’theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.科学家呼吁剑桥大学出版社不应该出版这样的错误满篇、参考不足、没有先行评审的书籍，应该把这本书出版权给一个普遍的、非学术性的出版社，确定B选项‘停止出版这本书，把出版权卖给非学术出版社，因为这本书不是学术著作’符合正确。

5.根据最后一段内容That'swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.这就是为什么如此多对隆伯格的攻击都是靠骂人来实现的。所有这些都是为了避免一场关于环境政策实质内容的有价值的辩论，当然，也是为了帮助隆伯格卖书。确定作者认为对于Lomborg的攻击只会使得他的书卖的更好，对于解决环境问题以及这样有价值的研究讨论是没有作用的，所以D选项‘这不应该是谩骂，而是应该以一种能够就如何解决环境问题展开有意义的讨论的方式来进行‘符合题意。

2.翻译题

Oneofthedilemmasofthisdecadehasbeenwhethertoapproachmodemeducationintermsofthegeneralistorthespecialist.Someuniversitiesrequireallstudentstotakeacommoncoreofcoursesfromabroadrangeofdisciplines,appealingtothegeneralistapproachtoeducation.Yet,choosingthecorecoursesinlightoftoday’sexplosionininformationanddiversemulticulturalstudentpopulationshasnotbeenaneasytask.Howdoesoneselectwhatitisthateveryoneshouldknow?Otheruniversitiescontinuetotailortheircoursestothemoreimmediateprofessionalneedsoftheirstudents,appealingtothespecialistapproachtoeducation.Butwithoutacorecurriculum,studentsoftenlackthesharedknowledgenecessarytoparticipateeffectivelyinanintegratedsociety.

【答案】这十年我们所面临的矛盾之一，究竟应该从通才还是专才的角度来看待现代教育。有些大学要求所有的学生都要选修一门涵盖广泛学科的共同核心课程，这对通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考虑到今天的信息爆炸和学生来自不同的文化背景，选择共同课程不是一件容易的事。如何确定哪些是每个人都应该知道的东西？另一些大学强调专才教育，根据学生更直接的专业需要来调整他们的课程。但是没有一个共同课程，学生常常缺乏有效参与一个综合的社会所需要的共同知识。

【解析】这十年我们所面临的矛盾之一，究竟应该从通才还是专才的角度来看待现代教育。有些大学要求所有的学生都要选修一门涵盖广泛学科的共同核心课程，这对通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考虑到今天的信息爆炸和学生来自不同的文化背景，选择共同课程不是一件容易的事。如何确定哪些是每个人都应该知道的东西？另一些大学强调专才教育，根据学生更直接的专业需要来调整他们的课程。但是没有一个共同课程，学生常常缺乏有效参与一个综合的社会所需要的共同知识。

3.单选题

Coralreefsareoneofthemostfragile,biologicallycomplex,anddiversemarineecosystemonEarth.Thisecosystemisoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiosphere:howdoclearandthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?Partoftheanswerlieswithinthetissuesofthecoralsthemselves.Symbioticcellsofalgaeknownaszoozanthellaecarryoutphotosynthesisusingthemetabolicwastesofthecoraltherebyproducingfoodforthemselves,fortheircorals,hosts,andevenforothermembersofthereefcommunity.Thissymbioticprocessallowsorganismsinthereefcommunitytousesparsenutrientresourceefficiently.

Unfortunatelyforcoralreefs,however,avarietyofhumanactivitiesarecausingworldwidedegradationofshallowmarinehabitatsbyaddingnutrientstothewater.Agriculture,slashandbumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?

3.Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(line17)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

问题1选项

A.describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefs

B.explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunities

C.discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwaters

D.explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves

问题2选项

A.Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.

B.Thenutrientsonwhichcoralcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.

C.Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.

D.Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.

问题3选项

A.provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeterioration

B.explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvival

C.identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthrive

D.indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit

问题4选项

A.Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.

B.Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.

C.Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.

D.Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.

问题5选项

A.Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.

B.Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanover-abundanceofalgaeinhabitingtheirwaters.

C.Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.

D.Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文第一段讲了珊瑚礁是如何在清澈且无养料的海水中繁衍的。第二段开头开始转折，作者指出人类活动是怎样对珊瑚礁的栖息地造成破坏的，所以B选项‘解释人类活动如何对珊瑚礁群落构成威胁’为正确答案。

2.细节判断题。根据文章第一段“howdoclear,andthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?”用一个反问句表明珊瑚礁适合在低养料的清澈海水中生长。确定A选项符合题意。珊瑚礁很难在浅水滩边繁殖，所以B选项错误，排除。人类活动导致海水中的养料增加，而并非增加了海水的温度，从而破坏了珊瑚礁的栖息地，C选项错误，排除。食草动物数量的不稳定并不是珊瑚礁生长造成的，而是珊瑚礁遭到破坏的一种表现，D选项错误，排除。

3.细节判断题。根据文章第二段“Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.珊瑚礁衰退的典型症状是食草动物种群的不稳定，以及藻类和滤食性动物数量的增加。”确定作者提到filter-feedinganimals是为了说明珊瑚礁减少的特征。A选项正确。

4.细节判断题。根据文章最后一段“Agriculture,slash-and-bumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.农业、刀耕火种、污水处理以及制造业向海水中排放了大量的垃圾，从而增加了海水的营含量。”和“Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.珊瑚礁对养料排入海水中发生的微妙变化很敏感，随着人口的增加，排放到海水的养料也随之増加，珊瑚礁的数量也就减少了。”可知人类排放的垃圾增加了海水的营养含量，从而威胁着珊瑚礁的生长。D选项符合题意。

5.推理判断题。作者在第一段提到珊瑚礁之所以能在清澈并且少养料的海水中生长，是因为有一种叫虫黄藻的水藻与它共生。虫黄藻能够与珊瑚礁的粪便进行光合作用，从而又为珊瑚礁提供食物。因此，尽管在食物资源极度缺乏的环境下，珊瑚礁也能够生长。所以C选项‘它们能够在食物资源有限的环境中生存’符合题意。

4.单选题

ThoughEnglishwasonthewholeprosperousandhopeful,thoughcomparisonwithherneighborssheenjoyedinternalpeace,shecouldnotevadethefactthattheworldofwhichsheformedapartwastombyhatredandstrifeasfierceasanyinhumanhistory.Menwerestillfarfromrecognizingthattworeligionscouldexistsidebysideinthesamesociety;theybelievedthatthetolerationofanotherreligiondifferentfromtheirown,andhencenecessarilyfalse,mustinevitablydestroysuchasocietyandbringthesoulsofallitsmembersintodangerofhell.Sothestrugglewentonwithincreasingfurywithineachnationtoimposeasinglecreeduponeverysubject,andwithinthegeneralsocietyofChristendomtoimposeituponeverynation.InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.AgainstEngland,themostimportantofalltheProtestantnationstoreconquer,militarymightwasnotyetpossiblebecausetheCatholicPowersweretoooccupiedanddivided:andso,inthe1570’sRomebentherefforts,asshehaddoneathousandyearsbeforeinthedaysofSaintAugustine,towinEnglandbackbymeansofhermissionaries.

ThesewereyoungEnglishmenwhohadeithernevergivenuptheoldfaith,orhavingdoneso,hadreturnedtoitandfeltcalledtobecomepriests.Therebeing,ofcourse,noCatholicseminariesleftinEngland,theywentabroad,atfirstquiteeasily,laterwithdifficultyanddanger,tostudyintheEnglishcollegesatDouaiorRome:theformerestablishedforthetrainingofordinaryorsecularclergy,theotherforthemembertheSocietyofJesus,commonlyknownasJesuits,anewOrderestablishedbySt.IgnatiusLoyolasomethirtyyearsbefore.Thesecularscamefirst;theyachievedasuccess,whicheventhemosteagercouldhardlyhaveexpected.Cool-mindedandwell-informedmen,likeCecil,hadlongsurmisedthattheconversionoftheEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete;many-Cecilthoughteventhemajority-hadconformedoutoffear,self-interestor-possiblythecommonestreasonofall-sheerbewildermentattherapidchangesindoctrineandformsofworshipimposedontheminsoshortatime.Thusithappenedthatthemissionariesfoundawelcome,notonlywiththefamilieswhohadsecretlyofferedthemhospitalityiftheycame,butwithmanyotherswhomtheirfirsthostsinvitedtomeetthemorpassedthemonto.Theywouldandattheportsindisguise,asmerchants,courtiersorwhatnot,professingsomeplausiblebusinessinthecountry,andmakebydeviouswaysfortheirfirsthouseofrefuge.TheretheywouldadministertheSacramentsandpreachtothehouseholdsandtosuchoftheneighborsastheirhoststrustedandpresentlygoontosomeotherlocalitytowhichtheyweredirectedforfromwhichtheyreceivedacall.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis（

）.

2.Thereligiousstrifementionedinthepassageisbetween（

）.

3.WhatwasMartinLuther'sreligion?

4.ThroughwhatwaydidtheRomerecoversomeofthelostland?

5.Whatdidthesecondparagraphmainlydescribe?

问题1选项

A.thecontinuityofthereligiousstruggleinBritaininnewways

B.theconversionofreligioninBritain

C.thevictoryofthenewreligioninBritain

D.Englandbecameprosperous

问题2选项

A.ReformersandProtestants

B.CatholicpoursandJesuits

C.Catholicpowersandprotestants

D.MartinLutherandSt.Augustine

问题3选项

A.Buddhism

B.Protestantism

C.Catholicism

D.Orthodox

问题4选项

A.Civilandmilitaryways

B.Propagandaandaback,

C.Persuasionandcriticism

D.Religiousandmilitaryways

问题5选项

A.TheactivitiesofmissionariesinBritain.

B.TheconversionofEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete.

C.TheyounginBritainbegantoconverttoCatholicism.

D.Mostfamiliesofferedhospitalitytomissionaries.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.这篇文章的中心思想是“英国宗教斗争以新的方式继续进行，所以A选项正确。B选项‘英国宗教的转变’、C选项‘新教在英国的胜利’和D选项‘英国变得繁荣’都是文章谈到具体事情，不是主题思想。

2.根据文章第一段：InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury在英国，改革者，或新教徒，在国王权力的帮助下，在这个阶段取得了胜利，但是在整个欧洲，罗马开始收复在本世纪早期马丁•路德起义后失去的部分失地。和Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,它通过两种方式做到了这一点，通过传教士的活动，比如在德国的部分地区，或者通过天主教强国的军事力量，确定C选项‘天主教势力与新教的势力’正确。

3.因为罗马教皇推行的是天主教。这在第一段第四句InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.“在英国，宗教改革者，或者说基督教，在英国皇权的协助下，此时己取得胜利；而作为整个欧洲来说，罗马教皇已经开始恢复世纪初马丁•路德反叛后所失去的一些地盘。”马丁•路德是改革者，也就是基督教。所以B选项‘新教‘正确。

4.第一段第五句Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.教皇用两种办法进行恢复，一种就像在部分德国地区进行的那样通过传教士的活动，另一种象在低地国里进行的，通过天主教国家的军事力量。那里荷兰的几个省份在西班牙的军事压力下，常常是被逼迫得几乎走投无路的。所以D选项‘宗教和军事方式’正确。

5.第二段讲到：这些英国青年或者根本没有放弃老的信仰，或者放弃以后又重新归返旧教，应召成为牧师。英国当然没有剩下天主教神学院，他们就出国，开始很容易，后来，有困难甚至有危险，到杜埃或罗马英文学院就读。前者专为培养一般或修道院外的牧师而建。后者是培养耶酥会教士，通称天主耶酥会会士，是约三十年前圣•罗拉创建的一种神职。在杜埃学习的牧师先回来，他们取得了令人意想不到的成功。头脑冷静，信息灵通人士，像西塞尔这种政治家，长期以来，一直猜度，英国人归返基督教新教的过程远远没有完成。许多人--西塞尔甚至认为是大多数的人，因出于恐惧、利己或者可能是其它原因——他们被在那么短的时期内强加到他们身上的信仰形式，飞快变更的教义搞糊涂了。所以A选项‘传教士活动在英国‘正确。B选项‘英国人归反基督教的事情远远没有完成’和C选项‘在英国青年开始归反天主教’都是传教活动开始的原因，不是第二段主要内容。D选项‘大多数家庭礼待传教士‘是第二段最后几行谈到这些传教士秘密来到英国后的情况。

5.单选题

Tworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearch

effortonnitrogenfixation,(固氮)theprocessbywhichbacteriasymbioticallyrenderleguminous(豆科的)plantsindependentofnitrogenfertilizer,onedevelopmenthasbeentherapid,sustainedincreaseinthepriceofnitrogenfertilizer.Theotherdevelopmenthasbeentherapidgrowthofknowledgeofandtechnicalsophisticationingeneticengineering.Fertilizerprices,largelytiedtothepriceofnaturalgas，hugeamountsofwhichgointothemanufactureoffertilizer,willcontinuetorepresentanenormousandescalating,economicburdenonmodemagriculture,spurringthesearchforalternativestosynthetic(合成的)fertilizers.Andgeneticengineeringisjustthesortoffundamentalbreakthroughthatopensupprospectsofwhollynovelalternatives.Onesuchnovelideaisthatofinsertingintothechromosomes(染色体)ofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousplantsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousplantstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.

Nitrogenfixationisaprocessinwhichcertainbacteriauseatmosphericnitrogengas,whichgreenplantcannotdirectlyutilize,toproduceammonia(氨)anitrogencompoundplantscanuse.Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowtheventhoughtheplants’sleavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.Theleguminousplantsamongthemcropplantssuchassoybeans,peas,alfalfa,andclover-havesolvedthenitrogensupplyproblembyenteringintoasymbiotic(共生的)relationshipwiththebacterialgenusRhizobium(根瘤菌);asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsuppliesthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogendepletedsoil.

Unfortunatelymostofthemajorfoodcropsincludingmaize,wheat,rice,andpotatoescannot.Onthecontrary,manyofthehigh-yieldinghybrid(杂种的)varietiesofthesefoodcropsbredduringtheGreenRevolutionofthe1960’swereselectedspecificallytogivehighyieldsinresponsetogenerousapplicationsofnitrogenfertilizer.Thisposesanadditionalformidablechallengetoplantgeneticists:theymustworkonenhancingfixationwithintheexistingsymbioses.Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifthegenesinlegumesthatequipthoseplantstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound,becomespossible.Theoveralltasklooksforbidding,butthestakesaretoohighnottoundertakeit.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereiscurrentlynostrainofRhizobiumthatcanenterintoasymbiosiswith（

）.

3.ThepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingistrueofthebacterialgenusRhizobium?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwasthemostinfluentialfactorinbringingaboutintensifiedresearchonnitrogenfixation?

5.Whichofthefollowingsituationsismostcloselyanalogoustothesituationdescribedbytheauthorasoneofnature’sgreatironies.(thesentenceinitalicsinparagraph2)

6.Accordingtothepassage,theultimategoalofthecurrentresearchonnitrogenfixationistodevelop（

）.

7.Theauthorregardstheresearchprogramunderdiscussionas（

）.

8.Mostnearlyparallel,initsfundamentalapproach,totheresearchprogramdescribedinthepassagewouldbeaprogramdesignedto（

）

问题1选项

A.exposethefragilenatureofthefoundationsonwhichthehighyieldofmodemagriculturerest.

B.arguethatgeneticengineeringpromisestoleadtoevenhigheryieldsthanareachievablewithsyntheticfertilizers.

C.arguethatthecapacityfornitrogen-fixingsymbiosesistransferabletononleguminousplants.

D.explainthereasonsforandtheobjectivesofcurrentresearchonnitrogen—fixingsymbioses.

问题2选项

A.alfalfa

B.clover

C.maize

D.peas

问题3选项

A.Rhizobiumbacteriaarefoundprimarilyinnitrogen-depletedsoils.

B.SomestrainsofRhizobiumarenotcapableofenteringintoasymbiosiswithanyplant

C.Rhizobiumbacteriaproducesomeammoniafortheirownpurposes.

D.Rhizobiumbacteriacannotsurviveoutsidetheprotectedhabitatprovidedbyhostplants.

问题4选项

A.thehighyieldoftheGreenRevolution

B.thepersistentupwardsurgeinnaturalgasprices.

C.thevarietyofRhizobiumstrains.

D.themechanizationofmodemagriculture

问题5选项

A.Thatofafarmerwhosecropshavefailedbecausethenormalmidseasonrainsdidnotmaterializeandnopreparationsforirrigationhadbeenmade.

B.Thatofalong——distancerunnerwholosesamarathonracebecauseofawrongturnthatcosthimtwentyseconds.

C.Thatofshipwreckedsailorsatseainalifeboat,withoneflaskofdrinkingwatertoshareamongthem.

D.Thatofamotoristwhorunsoutofgasamerefivemilesfromthenearestgasstation.

问题6选项

A.strainsofRhizobiumthatcanenterintosymbioseswithexistingvarietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonleguumes

B.strainsofRhizobiumthatproducemoreammoniaforleguminoushostplantsthandoanyofthestrainspresentlyknown

C.varietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonlegumesthatyieldasmuchasdoexistingvarieties,butrequirelessnitrogen

D.varietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonlegumesthatmaintainanadequatesymbioticrelationshipwithnitrogen-fixingbacteriaandproducehighyield

问题7选项

A.originalandextensivebutill-definedastomethod

B.necessaryandambitiousbutvulnerabletofailure

C.cogentandworthwhilebutseverelyunderfunded

D.prohibitivelyexpensivebutconceptuallyelegant

问题8选项

A.achievegreaterfrostresistanceinfrosttenderfoodplantsbymeansofselectivebreeding,therebyexpandingthoseplantareaofcultivation

B.Achievegreateryieldfromfoodplantsbyinterplantingcropplantsthataremutuallybeneficial.

C.Findinginexpensiveandabundantnaturalsubstancesthatcouldwithoutreducingyields,besubstitutedforexpensivesyntheticfertilizes

D.Changethegeneticmakeupoffoodplantsthatcannotliveinwaterwithhighsalinity,usinggenesfromplantadaptedtoslotwater.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:D

第7题:B

第8题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开篇解释了由于化肥价格上涨以及遗传工程学技术增强，让研究者加大对固氮作用的研究，这是原因。后面紧接着讲到研究的具体内容以及将要实现的目标。所以D选项“解释研究固氮作用的原因以及研究的目标”符合题意。

2.细节判断题。文章第二段末尾处提到“soybeans，peas,alfalfa,andclover”可以与根瘤菌实现共生关系。第三段开始处使用“Unfortunately”表转折，“maize,wheat,rice,andpotatoescannot.”此处的cannot紧着上文的逻辑，指无法和根瘤菌实现共生，所以C选项正确。

3.语义理解题。根据文章第二段末尾“asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsuppliesthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogendepletedsoil.事实上，对于每一种豆类植物而言都存在一种特定的根瘤菌，寄主植物为根瘤菌提供食物以及一个充分保护的栖息处，而作为交换手段，将剩余的氨接过来。这样，豆科植物在氨肥缺失的土壤中仍能茂盛生长。确定B选项“根瘤菌自身创造氨肥”符合题意。A选项作者没有提及根瘤菌最初发现的地点，B项与文章意思相悖，D选项根瘤菌虽然和寄生植物是共生关系，但文章没有提及根瘤菌的细菌离开寄生植物就无法生存。

4.细节判断题。文章第一段提到由于化肥的价格很大程度上和天然气的价格相关，天然气的价格上涨直接导致肥料价格上涨，给现代农业带来了巨额并给不断上升的经济带来负担，直接刺激人们去寻找可替代的合成肥料。而遗传工程学的进步为寻找替代肥料创造了良好的条件。所以B选项“持续上涨的天然气价格”正确。

5.语义理解题。文章第二段提到“Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowth