我国食品安全现状及其食品分析检测新技术的应用毕业论文

洛阳理工学院毕业设计（论文）洛阳理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译FoodSafetyintheTwenty-FirstCenturyThepastdecadehastaughtusthatpathogenicmicroorganismsareadaptingthemselvestoprocessingtreatmentsandenvironmentalconditionsoncethoughttobeeffectiveincontrollingtheirproliferation.Geneticexchangeissproutingnewvarietiesofbacterialstrainswithincreasedabilitiestocausedisease.Thescientificcommunitymustadoptaproactiveapproach,includinganaggressiveresearchagendathatseekstodeterminetheecologyofthefoodproductionandprocessingenvironments,aswellasthebasicbiologyofpathogenicorganisms.Inaddition,itiscrucialthatwedevelopawell-integratededucationalstrategythatseekstoeducateindustryandconsumer幘.觇匮骇儺红卤齡镰瀉。IssuesFacingFoodSafetyWhenweexaminethehistoricaloverviewpresentedabove,weconcludethattherearethreebasicissues,whichmustbeaddressedinthecomingcenturyifwearetomakeanimpactintheimprovementoffoodsatiety:ourlimitedknowledgeaboutfoodsafetyrisks;thelimitedapplicaionandavailabilityofeffectiveinterventionstrategies;andlimitededucationalefforts.誦终决懷区馱倆侧澩赜。LimitedKnowledgeofFoodSafetyRisksInconsideringtheriskstofoodsafety,wemustthinkintermsofthefoodcontinuumfromfarmtotable.Althoughmuchisknownregardinghowsomeorganismscausediseaseandhowtheyareintroducedintoourfoodsupply,wedonothaveacompletepictureofhowthepracticesthatweemployfromproductiontodistributionimpactthecontaminationoffoods.Forexample,howdoanimalhusbandrypracticesaffectcolonizationwithfood-bornepathogens,aswellascontaminationofthefarmenvironment?Howdoagentsofdiseaseinteractwiththeanimalhost,andhowdd医涤侣綃噲睞齒办銩凛。theseinteractionsaffecttheabilityoftheanimaltocarryand/orspreadtheseorganisms?卢当为遙头韪鳍啰晕糞。Inadditionourknowledgeofsomeofthebasicscieneebehindmicrobialbehaviorislimited.Forinstanee,howdomicroorganismsdevelopresistaneetotreatmentsdesignedtoeliminatethem?Whatenvironmentalfactorsaffecttheemergeneeofnewpathogensinnature?Theseandotherunansweredquestionsarewhatstandinthewayofourabilitytoproactivelypreventfutureoutbreakssincetheyareatthecoreofourabilitytoassesstheriskthatfoodproduction,processing,andpreparationposetofoodsafety鸪凑鸛齏嶇烛罵奖选锯。LimitedApplicationOfEffectiveInterventionStrategies筧驪鴨栌怀鏇颐嵘悅废。Inthepastfewyears,severalstrategieshavebeendevelopedandtestedforthedecontaminationofanimalcarcassesattheslaughterhouseaswellasstrategiesforthesanitationoffreshtitsandvegetables.Thesestrategiesincludeorganicacidrinses,hotwatertreatments,andsteampasteurization(Corryetal.,1995).However,theuseofseveralofthesestrategiesincombinationhasnotbeensufficientlyelucidated.Moreover,theopportunityforrecontaminationoffoodsaftertreatmentcanoccur,yetourstrategiesforminimizingsucheventsarelimited.Ifwearetoimpactthesafetyofourfoodsupply,weneedtouseseveralstrategiesthroughoutthefoodcontinuum.Forexample,atthefarmlevel,feedingregimens,typeoffeedusedcompetitiveexclusion,vaccinedevelopment,andgeneticmanipulationcouldbeemployedtopreventcolonizationandsheddingofpathogensfromtheintestinaltractofanimais.鋯鯖荣擬滄閡悬贖蘊。Inthecaseoftitsandvegetables,practicesusedonthefarmcanimpactthelevelandtypeofcontaminantpresentonthecrop(BeuchaL1996).Thetypeandmethodofapplicationoffertilizer,thesourceandfrequencyofirrigationandgeneticmanipulationofsurfacepropertiescouldhaveanimpactonthereductionofcontaminantsattachingtoplanttissue.Inadditionthehandlingandstorageofproduceoftenleadstothespreadandgrowthofmicrobialcontaminants.Washingregimensaswellastheapplicationofnoveltechnologiessuchasirradiation-mustalsobestudiedwithaneyeonthecostsandbenefitsofusingsuchtreatments涛貶騸锬晋铩锩揿宪骗。LimitedEducationalEffortsSeveraleducationalprogramsaimedatprocessorshavebeenimplemented,allbasedontheHazardAnalysisCriticalControlPointssystem.However,theseprogramsarelimitedinscopeandhavebeenprovidedprimarilytothemeat,poultry,andseafoodindustries.ThereisaneedtodeveloptrainingprogramsonHACCPtofarmers,bothinanimalandplantproduction.Formaximumimpact,suchprogramsshouldbedesignedforbothEnglish-andSpanish-speakingaudiencesandforalllevelsoflearningability.Deliveryoftheseprogramsisofutmostimportanee,requiringavastnetworkofeducatorsworkingtogether.Theprimaryproblemisthelackofcoordinationbetweeneducationalinstitutions.钿蘇饌華檻杩鐵样说泻。Inaddition,aconcertedeffortneedstobemountedtoeducateallsectors(farmers,industry,foodservice,andconsumers)foranyeducationalprogramtobesuccessful.Suchaneffortcouldbeintheformofassemblingdedicatedteamstodeliverinformationtospecificaudiencesandtospecificregions.FgramsshouldbedevelopedtopreparefarmersandrancherstomeetfuturechallengesassociatedwiththeintroductionoftheHACCPsystemonthefarm.Finally,foodserviceandconsumersneedtobeincluded,withadequateresourcesbeingallocatedtoensurethesuccessandpromptapplicationofexistingandnewefforts.戧礱風愴浇鄖适泞嚀贋。StrategiesandSolutionsSeveralgovernmentagencieshavegonethroughstrategicplanningexercisesthathavehelpedthemtoidentifythestrategiestobepursuedinaddressingtheaboveissues.Insimpleterms,wecanthinkofitasatwo-prongedaproachinwhichresearchandeducationarelinkedtogethertodevelopthebestsolution購櫛頁詩燦戶踐澜襯鳳。ResearchFirst,themicrobialecologyoffood-bornepathogensneedstobefullycharacterizedthroughouttheproductionandprocessingofmuscleandplantfoods.Inordertodoso,theprevalenceofspecificpathogensinspecificfoodsneedstobedetermined,includingthesourcesofcontaminationfromproductionthroughprocessing,retailsale,andfoodpreparation.Throughepidemiologicalstudies,wemustcharacterizetherisktofoodsafetyrelatedtospecificpracticesontheinitiallevelandtypeofcontaminants.Wemustalsocharacterizethebiologicalmechanismsofsurvival,adaptationtostressandantimicrobials,andgrowthoftheseorganisms.Advaneedtechnologiesfortherapidandsensitiveisolationandidentificationoffood-bornepathogensneedtobedevelopedsoastoprovidereal-timedetection奐闃頜暧踯谫瓒兽粪。Second,scientistsmustdevelop,test,andimplementnewtechnologiesforthedecontaminationofavarietyoffoodsinordertoreducetherisksposedbyfood-bornepathogens.Alongtheselines,theeffectivenessofexistingstrategiesmustbeclearlydeterminedandtheappropriateapplicationelucidated.Third,athoroughstudyanddocumentationoftheeconomicbenefitsofthesestrategiesneedstobeincludedinordertoobtainarealisticpictureofwhatstrategiesshouldandshouldnotbeusedinparticularoperationsandbyparticular-sizedcompanie虚龉鐮宠確嵝誄祷胪鋸。EducationAneducationalstrategy,whichiscoordinatedthroughoutallsegmentsofthefoodcontinuumandinvoIvesallinstitutions,needstobedeveloped.Partnershipswithappropriateagencies,tradeorganizations,foodindustryorganizations,consumerorganizations,andeducationalorganizationsneedtobeestablishedand/orstrengthened.Thiswillfacilitatethedisseminationoffoodsafetyinformationtothosemembersofthecontinuumresponsibleforaparticularsegment.Educationalmaterials-relatedtothecharacteristics,prevalence,symptomsofillness,riskofcertainpractices,andpreventivemeasuresgainedthroughresearcheffortsateachstepofthefoodcontinuum-needtobedeveloped.Producersandprocessorsshouldbeeducatedthroughpartnershipswithcommodityassociations.Foodserviceshouldbetrainedthroughexistingvehiclesandcoordinatedthroughpartnershipswithfoodserviceassociations.Consumersshouldbemadeawareofsafefoodhandling,preparation,andstoragethroughtelevision,radio,publicserviceannouncements,printpublications,interactivedisplay/exhibitearningdevices,aswellastheWorldWideWeb!顶鍔笋类謾蝾纪黾廢。ConclusionsWhatwillfoodsafetylooklikeinthetwenty-firstcentury?Thepastfewyearshaveshownusthatmicrobialpathogensareveryadaptable,withnewlyemergingorganismschallengingourIong-establishedconceptsofsafety.Inadditionthecentralizedfooddistributionsystemandthechangesinthedemographicandculturalpracticesofconsumersarecontributingfactorstotheapparentincreaseinthenumberofoutbreaksoffood-borneillnessintheUnitedStates.Increasesininternationalfoodtradewillonlyaugmentthechallengestofoodsafetycurrentlyfacingus.Thusonlywithaproactive,aggressive,andscience-basedapproachcanwehopetohaveameasureofcontroloverthefutureoffoodsafety.Inthismanuscriptwehavepresentedthetypesofprogramsthatshouldbeimplementedinordertodothis.Itisuptoscientists,policymakers,andhealthofficialstoworktogethernowandnotdelay.結释鏈跄絞塒繭绽綹蕴。二十一世纪的食品安全过去的十年告诉我们，一直被认为加工处理和环境条件能有效控制它们的扩散，可病原微生物在这方面得到了适应。改变基因是为提高细菌株新品种的发芽能力，引起疾病。科学界采取主动的方式，包括确定粮食生产和提高生态环境，以及病原微生物的基本生物学的积极研究议程。此外，在教育行业和消费者方面，我们还应改发展了一个良好的综合的教育战略。 餑诎鉈鲻缥评缯肃鮮驃。面临粮食安全问题当我们回顾历史，改善食物安全时，认为有三个基本问题，必须在未来的世纪解决：有限的食品安全风险的知识；有限的的应用分析和有效的干预策略的供应和有限的教育工作。爷缆鉅摯騰厕綁荩笺潑。食品安全风险的知识我们考虑到食品安全的风险时，必须着眼于从农场到餐桌的食品。尽管人们知道一些关于生物体怎样引起人们的疾病和如何进入我们的食物供应的知识，可是对我们从生产到销售如何影响食物的污染没有一个全面的了解。例如，畜牧业的生产方式怎样影响到食源性致病菌的繁殖，以及是如何污染农业环境的？病原体与宿主动物之间是如何相互作用的，这些相互作用是怎样影响动物携带或传播生物体的能力？锞炽邐繒萨蝦窦补飙赝。此外，我们对微生物的一些基本科学了解是有限的。例如，微生物是如何产生耐药性，并消除这些影响的？什么样的环境因素能影响新的病原体的出现？这些和其他未解决的问题都是在我们防止疫情的过程中遇到的，因为它们构成了我们在食品安全中评估粮食生产、加工及储备的核心。 曠戗輔鑽襉倆瘋诌琿凤。有效的干预策略过去的几年，在屠宰场为动物尸体消毒以及新鲜的蔬菜保鲜和卫生设施方面已经应用了几个策略。科立等人在1995年实施的策略包括有机酸漂洗，热水处理和蒸汽杀菌。然而，在这些策略的使用过程中没有得到充分阐明。此外，我们对处理后的食品可能再次发生污染的机会的防御是有限的。如果要保证我们的食品安全的供应，需要在整个食品生产的过程中同时应用几个策略。例如，疫苗的研制要在农场的饲料中添加抗生素防止基因间的竞争排斥，这些操作可以用来防止微生物繁殖和动物的肠道病原体的脱落。 轉库蹺佥诎脚濒谘閥糞。蔬菜方面，可以在农场使用与作物（BeuchaL1996）污染物影响程度相当的类型的试验方法。作物的种类和施肥方法，灌溉来源和表面特性的遗传操作能影响附于植物组织的污染物的减少。此外，在处理和存储产品时往往导致污染物扩散和微生物生长。在处理方法和新型技术的使用时要考虑到成本及使用这些方法的好处，如辐照。 嬷鯀賊沣謁麩溝赉涞锯。教育工作几项教育方案已经实施，以危害分析和关键控制点制度为基础。然而，这些计划的范围是有限的，提供的主要是肉类，家禽，海鲜行业。无论是在动物和植物的生产方面，对农民进行HACCPI勺培训是必须的。这种方