2022年考研考博-考博英语-南京师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号27

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-南京师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

1.Whenyouestablishasuccinct,easy-to-remembertheme,youletpeopleknowthatyouhaveawell-definedandthought-outpointofview.

2.Themostcomplicatedproblemsindealingwiththeculturalenvironmentcomefromthe

factthatonecannotlearnculture-onehastoliveit.

3.ThemomentIfindmyselfturningawayfromajob,orputtingitunderapileofthingI

havetodo,Iclearmydeskofeverythingelseandattacktheobjectionableitemfirst.

4.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablycomplex,filledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday'simagining.

【答案】1.当你建立一个简洁、容易记住的主题时，你让人们知道你有一个明确的且深思熟虑的观点。

2.在处理文化环境中最复杂的问题来自这样一个事实即一个人不能学习那种文化却又不得不生活在那样的环境里。

3.我发现自己转身撂下一份工作，或放在一堆要做的事情之后，我把桌上的一切清理干净，然后着手攻克一个有异议的项目。

4.但就在最近几年，它变得几乎难以置信的复杂，充满了奇怪的部分，其功能也超出了今日的想象力。

2.翻译题

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultowoman.Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

【答案】虽然魅力对于男性晋升是一个积极因素，但对女性却是不利因素。人们认为英俊的男性高管要比相貌平平的男性更正直;而且认为他们付出的努力和自身的能力使得他们成功。有魅力的女性高管却被认为没有无吸引力的高管正直，她们取得成功不是归因于能力，而是运气等因素。

所有无魅力的女高管要比有魅力的要正直，也更有能力。有趣的是，尽管如此，与有吸引力的女高管一夜取得成功相比，越来越多的无吸引力的女高管更多地因人际关系，较少因能力而获得成功。

3.单选题

Peoplewholack（）corevaluesrelyonsuchexternalfactorsastheirlooksorstatusinordertofeelgoodaboutthemselves.

问题1选项

A.genuine

B.horizontal

C.naval

D.pessimistic

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。genuine“真实的，真正的”；horizontal“水平的，地平线的”；naval“海军的，军舰的”；pessimistic“悲观的”。句意：缺乏（）核心价值观的人依赖一些外部因素，比如相貌或地位来使自己感觉良好。能修饰corevalues的只有A项。

4.单选题

Americansmayhaveto（）thenumberofprivatelyownedcarsanddependmoreonpublictransportationsystems.

问题1选项

A.breakdown

B.outdown

C.getdown

D.dropdown

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。breakdown“发生故障，毁掉”；getdown“吞下，使沮丧”；dropdown“落下，顺着往下移动”。句意：美国人可能不得不降低私家车的数量。转而依赖公共交通系统。只有D项符合，强调私家车数量的下降。

5.单选题

There（）milkleftintherefrigerator.

问题1选项

A.aren’tany

B.aren’tsome

C.isn’tany

D.isn'tsome

【答案】C

【解析】考查语法。milk为不可数名词，any用于否定句。故C项正确。句意：冰箱里没有牛奶了。

6.单选题

Therearegoodreasonstobetroubledbytheviolencethatspreadsthroughoutthemedia.Movies.Televisionandvideogamesarefullofgunplayandbloodshed,andonemightreasonablyaskwhat'swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.

Mostresearchersagreethatthecausesofreal-worldviolencearecomplex.A1993studybytheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceslisted"biological,individual,family,peer,school,andcommunityfactors"asallplayingtheirparts.

Viewingabnormallylargeamountsofviolenttelevisionandvideogamesmaywellcontributetoviolentbehaviorincertainindividuals.Thetroubleconieswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality(因果关系).SkepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:"Atthistime,wellover1.000studiespointoverwhelminglytoacausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren."

Freedom-of-speechadvocatesaccusedthesocietiesofcateringtopoliticians,andevendisputedthenumberofstudies(mostwerereviewarticlesandessays,theysaid).WhenJonathanFreedman,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofToronto,reviewedtheliterature,hefoundonly200orsostudiesoftelevision-watchingandaggression.Andwhenlieweededout"themostdoubtfulmeasuresofaggression",only28%supportedaconnection.

Thecriticalpointhereiscausality.Thealarmistssaytheyhaveprovedthatviolentmediacauseaggression.Buttheassumptionsbehindtheirobservationsneedtobeexamined.Whenlabelinggamesasviolentornon-violent,shouldaheroeatingaghostreallybecountedasaviolentevent?Andwhenexperimentersrecordthetimeittakesgameplayerstoread'aggressive'or'non-aggressive'wordsfromalist,canwebesurewhattheyareactuallymeasuring?TheintentofthenewHarvardCenteronMediaandChildHealthtocollectandstandardizestudiesofmediaviolenceinordertocomparetheirmethodologies,assumptionsandconclusionsisanimportantstepintherightdirection.

Anotherappropriatestepwouldbetotonedownthecriticismuntilweknowmore.Severalresearcherswrite,speakandtestifyquitealotonthethreatposedbyviolenceinthemedia.Thatis,ofcourse,theirprivilege.Butwhendoingso,theyoftencomeoutwithstatementsthatthematterhasnowbeensettled,drawingcriticismfromcolleagues.Inresponse,thealarmistsaccusecriticsandnewsreportersofbeingdeceivedbytheentertainmentindustry.Suchclasheshelpneithersciencenorsociety.

1.Whyistheresomuchviolenceshowninmovies.TVandvideogames?

2.Whatistheskeptics'viewofmediaviolence?

3.Theauthorusestheterm“alarmists”(Line1.Para.5)torefertothosewho（）.

4.Inrefutingthealarmists,theauthoradvanceshisargumentbyfirstchallenging（）

5.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedebateconcerningtherelationshipbetweenthemediaandviolence?

问题1选项

A.Thereisalotofviolenceintherealworldtoday.

B.Somethinghasgonewrongwithtoday'ssociety.

C.Manypeoplearefondofgunplayandbloodshed.

D.Showingviolenceisthoughttobeentertaining.

问题2选项

A.Violenceontelevisionisafairlyaccuratereflectionofreal-worldlife.

B.Moststudiesexaggeratetheeffectofmediaviolenceontheviewers.

C.Acausalrelationshipexistsbetweenmediaandreal-worldviolence.

D.Theinfluenceofmediaviolenceonchildrenhasbeenunderestimated.

问题3选项

A.usestandardizedmeasurementsinthestudiesofmediaviolence

B.initiatedthedebateovertheinfluenceofviolentmediaonreality

C.assertadirectlinkbetweenviolentmediaandaggressivebehavior

D.useappropriatemethodologyinexaminingaggressivebehavior

问题4选项

A.thesourceandamountoftheirdata

B.thetargetsoftheirobservation

C.theirsystemofmeasurement

D.theirdefinitionofviolence

问题5选项

A.Morestudiesshouldbeconductedbeforeconclusionsaredrawn.

B.Itshouldcometoanendsincethematterhasnowbeensettled.

C.Thepaststudiesinthisfieldhaveprovedtobemisleading.

D.Hemorethanagreeswiththeviewsheldbythealarmists.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段onemightreasonablyaskwhat'swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.人们可能会合理地问，一个把家庭暴力视频作为娱乐的社会出了什么问题?可知人们认为展示暴力是具有娱乐性的，故D项正确。

2.判断推理题。由第三段“Thetroubleconieswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality.SkepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:"Atthistime,wellover1.000studiespointoverwhelminglytoacausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren."当研究人员淡化研究中的不确定性或夸大因果关系时，问题就出现了。几年前，包括美国医学会(AmericanMedicalAssociation)在内的一些学会试图通过发表联合声明来结束这场争论，对此持怀疑态度的人感到失望:“此时，超过1000项研究压倒性地指出，媒体暴力与一些儿童的攻击性行为之间存在因果关系。”由此可知怀疑论者的研究报告夸大了媒体暴力对于观众的影响。故B项正确。

3.词义题。Thecriticalpointhereiscausality.Thealarmistssaytheyhaveprovedthatviolentmediacauseaggression.这里的临界点是因果关系。危言耸听者说，他们已经证明暴力媒体会导致攻击性。由此可知alarmists认为暴力媒体与攻击行为之间有直接关系，故C项正确。

4.推理判断题。由第五段“Buttheassumptionsbehindtheirobservationsneedtobeexamined.Whenlabelinggamesasviolentornon-violent,shouldaheroeatingaghostreallybecountedasaviolentevent?Andwhenexperimentersrecordthetimeittakesgameplayerstoread'aggressive'or'non-aggressive'wordsfromalist,canwebesurewhattheyareactuallymeasuring?但是他们观察背后的假设需要被检验。当给游戏贴上暴力或非暴力的标签时，一个吃鬼的英雄真的应该被算作暴力事件吗?当实验者记录下游戏玩家从列表中阅读“攻击性”或“非攻击性”词汇所花的时间时，我们能确定他们实际上在测量什么吗?由此可知，作者首先质疑的就是这些研究者对于暴力的概念。故D项正确。

5.判断推理题。由最后一段Anotherappropriatestepwouldbetotonedownthecriticismuntilweknowmore.Severalresearcherswrite,speakandtestifyquitealotonthethreatposedbyviolenceinthemedia.Thatis,ofcourse,theirprivilege.Butwhendoingso,theyoftencomeoutwithstatementsthatthematterhasnowbeensettled,drawingcriticismfromcolleagues.Inresponse,thealarmistsaccusecriticsandnewsreportersofbeingdeceivedbytheentertainmentindustry.Suchclasheshelpneithersciencenorsociety.另一个适当的步骤是在我们知道更多之前降低批评的声音。几位研究人员就媒体中的暴力构成的威胁进行了大量的写作、发言和证实。当然，这是他们的特权。但在这样做的时候，他们往往会说事情已经解决了，招致同事们的批评。作为回应，危言耸听者指责批评家和新闻记者被娱乐产业欺骗了。这样的冲突对科学和社会都没有好处。可知作者认为双方进行更充分的研究再得出一个合理一致的结论。故A项正确。

7.写作题

Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowifeacompositionentitledHowtoS(“\'etheProblemofPollution.Youshouldwriteatleast200words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow.WriteyourcompositiononAnswerSheet2.

1.随着社会的发展，各种原因造成的污染越来越严重

2.这些污染对我们生活的影响

3.我们应该如何减少污染

【答案】略

8.单选题

（）workingonhiscompositionthedaybefore,hewouldhavefinisheditbynow.

问题1选项

A.Wouldhestart

B.Hadhestarted

C.Ifheistostart

D.Ifhewasstarting

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。由thedaybefore后半句wouldhavefinishedbynow可知空格处发生的动作发生在过去，是对过去事实的虚拟，从句用had+Ved.故B项正确。句意：如果他昨天就开始写作的话，他现在就已经完成了。故B项正确。

9.单选题

Thereisa（）differenceinmeaningbetweenthewordssurroundingsandenvironment.

问题1选项

A.gentle

B.subtle

C.feeble

D.humble

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。gentle温和的，文雅的；subtle微妙的，精细的；feeble微弱的，无力的；humble谦逊的，简陋的。语境与话语环境之间有细微的区别。能与difference搭配的只有B项。故B项正确。

10.单选题

Thebossnamedthecompany（）himself.

问题1选项

A.as

B.after

C.to

D.for

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。nameafter以…命名。句意：老板以他自己的名字给公司命名。

11.单选题

Thewaves（）violentlyagainsttheshore,peoplecouldn'thearthemcryingforhelp.

问题1选项

A.beating

B.hadbeaten

C.beat

D.werebeating

【答案】A

【解析】考查独立主格结构。前后半句的主语不同，分别为thewaves和people，故本题考查的独立主格结构，wave与beat之间是主动关系，故用现在分词，A项正确。句意：大浪激烈地拍打海岸，人们不能听到他们呼救的声音。

12.翻译题

Directions:Forthissection,youareaskedtoreadthefollowingshortpassagefirstandthentowriteacompositionentitled''WhichoneDoYouThinkIsMoreImportant,PleasureorLongevity?"Youshouldnotcopyanyofthesentencesinthefollowingpassage.Youshouldwritenolessthan150words.RemembertowriteclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.（15%）（Justforyourreference）

Peoplearealmostphobic（恐惧症）abouthavingfun.increasinglyviewingthemselvesasfragile,vulnerable,readytodevelopcancerorheartdiseaseattheslightestprovocation（刺激）.Inthenameofhealth,peoplegiveupmanyoftheirlifeenjoyments.Wehavenoquarrelwiththeevidencethatsomepleasures,likecigarettesmoking,highalcoholconsumption,addictivedrugs,drivingmuchtoofast,areunhealthyandshouldbeknockedoff.Butworryingtoomuchaboutanythingincludingcalories,salt,cancer,andcholesterol（胆固醇）canrobyourlifeofvitality.Livingoptimistically,withpleasure,zest,andcommitmentenrichesifnotlengthenslife.

Doyouagreetotheabovepointofview?Whichonedoyouthinkismoreimportant,pleasureorlongevity（长寿）?GiveyourowncommentsandwritethemdownontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】略

13.翻译题

大多数中国人十分看重自己的工作，觉得工作会使自己成为团体的一部分。他们相信，工作可以让他们产生归属感。换言之，要得到社会的承认，就必须工作。许多中国经理和员工努力工作，力求保住在公司的职位，原因就是这个。

【答案】

MostChinesevaluetheirjobsverymuch,andfeelthatitmakesthempartofacommunityandtheybelievethatworkgivesthemasenseofbelonging.Inotherwords,inordertoberecognizedbysociety,theyhavetowork.ThatiswhymanyChinesemanagersandemployeeshavetoworkhardandstrivetokeeptheirpositionsinthecompany.

14.单选题

Theformerpresidentistoverifyatahumanrightscourtheatingcasesofatrocities.

问题1选项

A.testify

B.provide

C.conform

D.supply

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。testify证明，证实；provide提供；conform使遵守，使一致；supply提供。句意：这位前总统将在人权法庭对暴行案件进行核实。故A项正确。

15.单选题

Failureisprobablythemostfatiguingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoreexhaustingthannotsucceeding,beingblocked,notmovingahead.Itisanevilcircle.Failurebreedsfatigue,andfatiguemakesithardertogettowork,whichaddstothefatigue.

Weexperiencethistirednessintwomainways,asstart-upfatigueandperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskthatweareforcedtotakeup.Eitherbecauseitistootediousorbecauseitistoodifficult,weavoidit.Andthelongerwepostponeit,themoretiredwefeel.

Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenriotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones.Theremedyisobvious,thoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:Willpowerexercise.（43）ThemomentIfindmyselfturningawayfromajob,orputtingitunderapileofthingsIhavetodo,Iclearmydeskofeverythingelseandattacktheobjectionableitemfirst.Topreventstart-upfatigue,alwaystreatthemostdifficultjobfirst.

Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Herewearewillingtogetstarted,butwecan'tseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappeartobeinsurmountableandhoweverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Themountingexperienceoffailurecarrieswithitanever-increasingburdenofmentalfatigue.Insuchasituation,IworkashardasIcan,thenlettheunconscioustakeover.

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbecalledanevilcircle?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whenkeepingputtingoffatask,wecanexperience（）.

3.Toovercomestartupfatigue,weneed（）.

4.Theword,“insurmountable”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans.（）

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

问题1选项

A.Success-zeal-success-zeal.

B.Failure-tiredness-failure-tiredness.

C.Failure-zeal-failure-tiredness.

D.Success-exhaustion-success-exhaustion.

问题2选项

A.tiredness

B.performancefatigue

C.start-upfatigue

D.unconsciousness

问题3选项

A.toughness

B.prevention

C.muscles

D.willpower

问题4选项

A.thatcannotbesolved

B.thatcannotbeunderstood

C.thatcannotbeimagined

D.thatcannotbeobjected

问题5选项

A.Itiseasiertoovercomestart-upfatigue.

B.Performancefatigueoccurswhenthejobwearewillingtotakegetsblocked.

C.Onewillfinallysucceedafterexperiencingtheevilcircle.

D.Failureoftenaccompaniesfatigue.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。由关键词evilcircle定位到第一段itisanevilcircle.Failurebreedsfatigue,andfatiguemakesithardertogettowork,whichaddstothefatigue.这是一个恶性循环。失败会导致疲劳，而疲劳会使你更难去工作，这就增加了疲劳。可知B项“失败-疲劳-失败-疲劳”正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段Weexperiencethistirednessintwomainways,asstart-upfatigueandperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskthatweareforcedtotakeup.Eitherbecauseitistootediousorbecauseitistoodifficult,weavoidit.Andthelongerwepostponeit,themoretiredwefeel.们主要通过两种方式来体验这种疲劳:启动疲劳和表现疲劳。在前一种情况下，我们总是拖延不得不做的事情。要么因为它太单调乏味，要么因为它太难，我们都避免它。我们拖延的时间越长，我们就会感到越累。可知当一个人一直拖延一项任务时，他经历的是启动性疲劳。故C项正确。

3.细节事实题。由第二段“Theremedyisobvious,thoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:Willpowerexercise.补救措施显而易见，尽管可能不容易实施:意志力锻炼。可知为了克服启动性疲劳，我们需要的是意志力。故D项正确。

4.词义题。Itsdifficultiesappeartobeinsurmountableandhoweverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.and并列连词，and前后表示的内容性质一致，故可由and后面的内容来推知前面，and后面的内容是“不管我们多么努力，我们一次又一次地失败。”故insurmountable意为不可克服的，不可跨越的，A项正确。

5.推理判断题。由第四段Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Herewearewillingtogetstarted,butwecan'tseemtodothejobright.表现疲劳更难克服。这种情况下我们愿意开始，但是我们似乎不能把工作做好。可知AB两项正确。由第四段Themountingexperienceoffailurecarrieswithitanever-increasingburdenofmentalfatigue.失败的经验越来越多，精神疲劳的负担也越来越重。以及Failurebreedsfatigue,andfatiguemakesithardertogettowork,whichaddstothefatigue.失败会导致疲劳，而疲劳会使你更难去工作，这就增加了疲劳。可知D项“疲劳经常伴随着疲劳”符合本文描述。C选项Onewillfinallysucceedafterexperiencingtheevilcircle（一个人在经历了邪恶的循环之后，最终会成功）来自第一段，但第一段中并未提及“经历这个循环后就会成功”，因此C选项符合题意。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

16.单选题

Egyptianauthoritiesaretryingtopreventtheirhistoricalmonumentsfromsuccumbingtotheravagesoftime.

问题1选项

A.standingby

B.countingon

C.yieldingto

D.holdingup

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。“historicalmonuments历史遗迹”与"theravagesoftime时间的摧残"之间的关系是时间能摧残历史遗迹。句意：埃及政府正努力阻止历史遗迹（）时间的摧残。可推断出succumbingto是屈服的意思。standby支持，袖手旁观；counton依赖，依靠；yieldto屈服，让步；holdup举起，阻挡。故C项正确。

17.单选题

Thefirstanimalsonthislivingsphere,theEarth,wereprimitive（）animals,andthenaround500millionyearsagotheseseaanimalsdevelopedshells.

问题1选项

A.versatile

B.marine

C.predatory

D.feasible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。versatile“多才多艺的”；marine“海生的，海产的”；predatory“掠夺的，掠夺成性的”；feasible“可行的”。句意：地球上第一类动物是海洋类生物，5亿年前这些海洋生物逐渐长出了外壳。由后半句的“shells”可推知第一批动物是海生动物，没有外壳；而且只有B项能修饰动物。

18.翻译题

现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙.于学习，而不愿参加团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事情。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都不干，就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有吋间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全而发展的人。

【答案】Nowadays,collegestudents'learningpressureisquiteheavy.Inadditiontothesenioryear,theystartlookingforajob.Therestofthemarealwaysbusy,ratherthantakepartinthecampusgroupsandclubs.Theydonotenjoytakingpartinphysicalexerciseandotherextracurricularactivities,orplayingwiththeirfriends,orcaringaboutandlearningthingsthathavenorelationshipwithstudy.Allinall,theyarelikerobotswithhugestress,lessleisuretimeandpilesofworks.Theywouldfeelguiltwhentheyseeeveryoneinthedormitorygoestothelibrarytostudyandcomebackuntilitcloseslateintothenightwhiletheygotothemovies.Thethoughtofdoingnothingduringthedaymakesthemupsetandbringsawhitenight.Theystudysohardthattheyhardlyhavetheluxurytimeoftastinglifeanddoingotherthingstobecomefullydevelopedpeople.

19.单选题

Thechairmansaiditgavehimgreat（）towelcomesomanyguests.

问题1选项

A.humor

B.content

C.fun

D.pleasure

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。humor“幽默”；content“内容，目录”；fun“乐趣”；pleasure“快乐，令人高兴的事”。句意：主席说欢迎这么多宾客是一件让他很高兴的事情。D项符合句意。

20.单选题

Thevalueofabusinessincreasinglyliesnotinphysicalandfinancialassetsthatareonthebalancesheet,butinintangibles:brands,patents,franchises,software,researchprograms,ideasandexpertise.Fewfirmstrytomeasurereturnsontheseassets,letalonepublishinformationonthem.Yettheyareoftenwhatunderliesafirm'ssuccess.“Ourprimaryassets,whichareoursoftwareandoursoftware-developmentskills,donotshowuponthebalancesheetatall,”saysMicrosoft’sboss,BillGates.“Thisisprobablynotveryenlighteningfromapurelyaccountingpointofview.”

Asignthatcompaniesdonotmeasuretheirassetsproperlymaybethegrowinggapbetweentheirstock-marketvalueandthebookvalueoftheirassets.Between1973and1993,themedianratioofmarketvaluestobookvaluesofAmericanpubliccompaniesdoubles;thedifferencehasgrownwithaboominhigh-techshares.Thegapisbiggestforcompaniesthathavemostrapidlyboostedspendingonresearchanddevelopment（R&D）.Evenwithinindustries,thedivergence（分歧）betweenstock-marketreturnsandreportedearningshasincreased.

Youmightthinkthiswouldpresentaproblemforinvestors,whonolongerhaveagoodwayoftellingwhetherthemarketvalueofacompanyissoundlybased.Yetinvestorsseemtoknowinstinctivelythatknowledgeisvaluable.35.AstudyhasfoundthatthesharepriceofAmericanmultinationalsthatspendheavilyonR&Driseswhentheybuyforeignsubsidiaries,butitfallswhenamultinationalwithlowR&Dspendingbuysabroad.Presumablyinvestorsunderstandthatcompaniesinknowledge-basedbusinessescanexploitthemagicofrisingreturnstoscale.Onceapillorasoftwareprogramisdeveloped,eachextrasalebringsinmoremoneyatlittleextracost:thebiggerthemarket,thegreatertheprofits.

Infact,theabsenceofgoodmeasuresmaybotherthosewhorunfirmsmorethanthosewhoinvestinthem.Formanagers,thebigproblemishowtojudgeratesofreturn.Withbuildingafactory,therearetime-honoredmethodsforcalculatingthepayback.ButwhatifyouareinvestinginR&Dorsoftware,ordecidingwhethertobuybetterpeopleortotrainmore?Therearen’ttoolsformakingsuchdecisions.

1.Theintangiblesofacompanyarereflectedin（）.

2.WhatcanweinferaboutMicrosoft?

3.WhydoesthesharepriceofAmericanmultinationalsrise?

4.Aninvestorwhobuysstocksofacompanyinknowledge-basedbusinessesbaseshisecisionon（）.

5.Thephrase“suchdecisionsn（Para.4）refersto（）.

问题1选项

A.physicalandfinancialassets

B.stock-marketvalue

C.thebalancesheet

D.thedifferencebetweenthestock-marketvalueandthebookvalue

问题2选项

A.Ithasnobook-valueassets.

B.Itsstock-marketvalueequalsitsbookvalue.

C.There’sagreatgapbetweenitsstock-marketvalueandbookvalue.

D.Itsstock-marketvaluedoesnotreflectthecompany’srealvalue

问题3选项

A.Becausetheybuyforeignsubsidiaries

B.Becausetheyinvestmuchinintangibleassets.

C.BecausetheyhavelowR&Dspending

D.Becausetheinvestorsknowthemethodsforcalculatingthepaybackofknowledge-basedbusinesses

问题4选项

A.purespeculation（投机）

B.thecompany’sbookvalue

C.whetherthecompanybuysforeignsubsidiaries

D.theprospectthatitsresearchwilltranslateintolowcostproducts

问题5选项

A.unningfirmsinknowledge-basedbusinesses

B.nvestinginfirmsinknowledge-basedbusinesses

C.udgingratesofreturnonfirmsinknowledge-basedbusinesses

D.alculatingreturnsonanewly-builtfactory

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段“Thevalueofabusinessincreasinglyliesnotinphysicalandfinancialassetsthatareonthebalancesheet,butinintangibles:brands,patents,franchises,software,researchprograms,ideasandexpertise.企业的价值越来越不在于资产负债表上的有形资产和金融资产，而在于无形资产：品牌、专利、特许经营权、软件、研究项目、创意和专业技能。可知ABC三项都不对。故D项正确。

2.推理判断题。由第一段“Ourprimaryassets,whichareoursoftwareandoursoftware-developmentskills,donotshowuponthebalancesheetatall,”saysMicrosoft’sboss,BillGates.“Thisisprobablynotveryenlighteningfromapurelyaccountingpointofview.我们的主要资产，也就是我们的软件和软件开发技能，根本没有出现在资产负债表上。“从纯粹的会计角度来看，这可能不是很有启发性。”可知D项“其股票市值并不能反映公司的实际价值”正确。

3.推理判断题。由第三段“AstudyhasfoundthatthesharepriceofAmericanmultinationalsthatspendheavilyonR&Driseswhentheybuyforeignsubsidiaries,butitfallswhenamultinationalwithlowR&Dspendingbuysabroad.一项研究发现，在研发上投入巨资的美国跨国公司在收购外国子公司时，其股价会上涨，但当研发支出较低的跨国公司在海外收购时，其股价会下跌。可知跨国公司在收购海外子公司时，股价的升降取决于该公司在研发方面的投入力度，也就是对无形资产的投入力度。故B项正确。

4.推理判断题。由第三段“Presumablyinvestorsunderstandthatcompaniesinknowledge-basedbusinessescanexploitthemagicofrisingreturnstoscale.Onceapillorasoftwareprogramisdeveloped,eachextrasalebringsinmoremoneyatlittleextracost:thebiggerthemarket,thegreatertheprofits.想必投资者明白，在以知识为基础的企业中，企业可以利用不断增长的回报来扩大规模。一旦开发出一种药丸或一个软件程序，每一笔额外销售都能以很少的额外成本带来更多的收入：市场越大，利润就越大。”可知D项“其研究成果转化为低成本产品的前景”正确。

5.词义题。联系上下文“Formanagers,thebigproblemishowtojudgeratesofreturn.Withbuildingafactory,therearetime-honoredmethodsforcalculatingthepayback.ButwhatifyouareinvestinginR&Dorsoftware,ordecidingwhethertobuybetterpeopleortotrainmore?Therearen’ttoolsformakingsuchdecisions.对于经理来说，最大的问题是如何判断回报率。建造一个工厂，有计算回报的历史悠久的方法。但如果你投资于研发或软件，或者决定是雇佣更好的人或者培训更多的人呢?没有工具来做这样的决定。可知suchdecisions指代在知识型企业如何判断回报率的问题。故C项正确。

21.单选题

Planeskeepintouchwiththecontroltower（）.

问题1选项

A.ontheradio

B.byradio

C.overtheradio

D.bytheradio

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。ontheradio“在广播中”；byradio“用无线电”。句意：飞机用无线电与控制塔保持联系。只有B项符合句意。

22.单选题

Severalloudspeakersare（）fromtheceilingandwecanhearthespeakerveryclearly.

问题1选项

A.connected

B.winded

C.associated

D.suspended

【答案】D

【解析】考查动辨析。connect“连接”；wind“缠绕”；associate“联系”；suspend“延缓，推迟，使悬浮”。句意：天花板上（）一些扩音器，我们可以很清楚地听到演讲者说话。扩音器一般是悬浮在天花板上，故D项正确。

23.单选题

WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethat1mightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“1wantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.

Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.

Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuildupofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.

InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting-alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”-has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanticonsumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives.Therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap.Thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-1990sequivalentofdroppingout.

WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline-afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate-1980s-andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdown-shiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.

Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe19