2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号91

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

The_______featureinTed’scharacterwaspride;hecouldn’teverthinkofdependingonanyonebuthimself.

问题1选项

A.controlling

B.prevailing

C.predominant

D.primary

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项controlling“控制欲强的（含贬义）”；B选项prevailing“普遍的，盛行的”；C选项predominant“明显的；占优势的”；D选项primary“主要的，基本的”。句意：骄傲是泰德的性格中_______的特点；除了他自己，他从不指望别人。根据语境，这里是指泰德非常骄傲，很容易看出来，所以predominant“明显的”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.

InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.

Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.

Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.

Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.

Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.

Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.

16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?

18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.

19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?

20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?

问题1选项

A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.

B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.

C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.

D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.

问题2选项

A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.

B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.

C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.

D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.

问题3选项

A.unexpected

B.outofcontrol

C.ill-informed

D.contradictory

问题4选项

A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.

B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.

C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.

D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.

问题5选项

A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.

B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.

C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.

D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】16.主旨大意题。文章开头引出城乡居民在患心理疾病上的差异，随后抛出实验来阐述城乡居民在生理和心理的不同，所以C选项“城乡居民心理机制的差异”正确。A选项“为什么城市不适合居住”：文章没有讨论这个话题，故错误。B选项“如何发现应对压力的人的内心活动”和D选项“为什么城市居民比乡村居民患情绪障碍的风险更高”：是文章内容的一部分，不能概括全文，故错误。因此C项正确。

17.推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.（现代学者同意这个观点。去年，荷兰研究人员发现，城市居民患焦虑症的风险比平静的农村居民高21%，患情感障碍的风险比乡村居民高39%。），引用雪莱的话以后，紧接着提出城乡居民在患精神类疾病风险的不同，所以B选项“引入以下关于城市和农村居民的讨论”正确。A选项“表达对伦敦这样的大城市的厌恶”和C选项“显示对文学作品的了解”：不是文章想要表达的重点，故错误。D选项“指出城市和农村差异的起因”：这里不能得出城乡差异的起因，故错误。因此B选项正确。

18.语义推测题。outofkilter的意思是“失常，失衡”，根据第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.（对于那些在农村长大的人来说，这种相关性在意料之中。然而，对于那些在城市长大的人来说，这种相关性就不存在了。换句话说，土生土长的都市人的调节机制似乎失衡了。），对于生长在农村的人来说，这种相关性可以预料，也就是有规律可循，处于正常的状态，而对于生长在城市的人来说，这种相关性已经消失，也就是说不是正常该有的状态，所以B选项“失控的”正确。A选项“想不到的”，C选项“所知不多的”和D选项“矛盾的”不符合题意，故错误。因此B选项正确。

19.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.（生活在农村的人杏仁核的活动水平最低。），可知实验的结果是C选项“面对压力时，农村居民的杏仁核活动水平最低”，故正确。A选项“城市居民有压力时扣带皮层活动水平最高”：根据第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.（一个人的童年生活在城市的时间越长，他的扣带皮层部位就越活跃，无论他在实验期间住在哪里。），可知扣带皮层活跃与否与压力无关，而与生长环境有关，故错误。B选项“参与者成长的地方对于预测心理活动更重要”：文章没有强调参与者成长的地方对于实验结果的重要性，在实验过程中需要参考参与者成长的地方，故错误。D选项“扣带皮层的调节机制在现在居住在城市的人群中失效”：根据第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.（扣带皮层是大脑皮层的一部分（同样存在于两个大脑半球），负责调节杏仁核。）和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.（城市居民的比例最高。），可知居住在城市中的人的扣带皮层没有失效，故错误。因此C选项正确。

20.事实细节题。根据第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.（就像这类研究中的常见情况，样本量很小（因此不像期望的那么可靠），结果显示的是一种关联，而不是一种确定的因果关系。），可知这个研究的局限在于不能得出因果关系，所以D选项“不能得出社会压力和精神之间有因果关系的结论”正确。A选项“扫描技术用于检查大脑”，B选项“选择参与者的随机性”和C选项“要求参与者解决的数学问题设计不合理”文章没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

Shamanismisthebeliefinaspiritualworldinwhichalllivingthingsareconnected.ItistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistoryasthereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago.PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.Whilesomefeaturesarecommontothepracticeofshamanism,mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects.Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.Inmoderntimes,eventhoughsomepeoplepracticeit,mainstreamsocietymostlyviewsitskeptically.

Theriseofshamanisminancienttimescanbeattributedtomankind’sdesiretounderstandhowtheworldaroundhimworked.Lackingmodernscientificmethodsaswellastheknowledgetounderstandtheworld,peopleinancienttimescametobelievetherewasaspiritualconnectionbetweenman,animals,plants,themoon,thesunandthecosmosinitsentirety.Someculturesattributedthisspiritualpowertoadeityorpantheonofdeitieswhileotherscreditedittonatureasawhole.Overtime,someculturescreatedelaboratesetsofbeliefsandrituals—nowcalledshamanism—concerningthisspiritworld.Centraltothesebeliefsinmostcultureswasthenotionthatanindividualwithadeepconnectiontothespiritworld—ashaman—couldactasaguideandadvisortoothers.

Inmostcultures,shamansweremenwhoheldpositionsofprominence,butwomencouldbeshamansinsomeinstances.Ashaman’srolevariedfromculturetoculture,butsomeaspectsofitwerenearlyuniversal.Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.Shamansweretypicallycalledupontoactasadvisorsforagroup’sleaders,tousetheirskillstoaskforhelpduringtimesofneed,andtobethekeepersoftheircommunities’oralhistoryandtraditions,whichtheywouldpassontothenextgeneration.Typically,shamansworeelaboratecostumesthatreflectedtheirroleinsociety.AnimalmotifsintheiroutfitswerecommontoshamansinIndiantribesintheAmericas,yettheirgarbdifferedinotherregions.

Shamansusedavarietyofmethodstocalluponthespiritualworldforguidanceorassistancewiththesick.Theyemployedmusic,singing,andchanting,andtheysometimestookplantsthatinducedpsychedelictrances.Mostshamanswereskilledatrecognizingwhichplantswereusefulasmedicines,sothisaidedthemintheirrolesashealers.Mostshamanisticpracticesandskillswerekeptsecretfromoutsiders—evenfromothertribesinthesameculture—andshamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures.Eveninmoderntimes,manyprimitivetribesthatpracticeshamanism,suchasthoseintheAmazonRainforest,arereluctanttodivulgetheirsecretstooutsiders.

Whileshamanismprevailedduringprehistorictimes,itwentintoalongdeclinethathaslastedforthousandsofyears.TheriseofcivilizationandtheestablishingofstrongcentralgovernmentsinMesopotamianandEgyptwerethefirstinaseriesofstepsthatledtothefoundingoforganizedreligionandtherepressingofshamanism.ThedevelopmentofChristianityandthespreadofEuropeanbeliefsandculturearoundtheworldfurtherhelpedcontinuethetrendofshamanismbecomingirrelevant.Forinstance,theEuropeansoftenforciblyconvertednativesinNorthandSouthAmericantoChristianityandmadethemabandontheirshamanisticpractices.

Shamanismneverdiedoutentirelydespitesomepeople’sbesteffortstomakethishappen.Infact,manytribesresistedeffortstostampitoutandcontinuedobservingtheirbeliefsinprivate.Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.Forexample,theHmongpeopleofsoutheastAsiabroughtshamanismtotheUnitedStateswhentheymigratedthereinlargenumbersinlate1900s.Still,despitethisslightrenewalinshamanisticbeliefs,manypeopleregarditassuperstitionfromamoreprimitiveage.

16.Instatingthatorganizedreligionsbegantospringup,theauthormeansthattheorganizedreligions________.

17.Theauthor’sdescriptionofshamanisminparagraph1mentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

18.Thewordperceivedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

19.Accordingtoparagraph4,anthropologistshaveproblemsunderstandingshamanismbecause________.

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthefinalparagraphofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.gainedpopularity

B.wereestablished

C.inspiredpeople

D.causedproblem

问题2选项

A.Manyculturesaroundtheworldoncepracticedsomeformofshamanism

B.Shamanismhasexistedasahumanbeliefsystemforseveralmillennia

C.Itwastheinspirationforanumberoforganizedreligionsthatwerefounded

D.Certainaspectsofshamanismtendtobedifferentfromculturetoculture

问题3选项

A.innate

B.supposed

C.invaluable

D.imaginary

问题4选项

A.fewbooksthatshamansrecordedtheirknowledgeinhavebeenfound

B.itisdifficulttounderstandthemindsofshamansfromthepast

C.theknowledgethatpastshamanspossessedwasneverrecorded

D.mostshamanstodayareunwillingtoimparttheirknowledgetoothers

问题5选项

A.TheonlyplacesonEarthwhereshamanismcontinuestosurvivearetheAmericasandAsia.

B.Thereareseveralcontinentswhereshamanismispracticedintheopenwithoutfearofrepression.

C.Evenintheworld’smostmodernsocieties,somepeopleareopen-mindedenoughtoacceptshamanism.

D.Thankstopeopleonsomecontinents,shamanismhasnotbeenforgottenbutisstillpracticedtoday.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】16.语义推测题。springup的意思是“出现”，根据第一段第二句Itistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistory（萨满教是人类历史上最古老的系统信仰形式）和五句Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.（然而，随着时间的推移，有组织的宗教开始在古代文明中涌现，所以萨满教要么被压制，要么完全消失。），可知在这之前其他宗教没有出现，推测这里指其他宗教被建立，所以B选项“被建立”符合题意。A选项“得到普及”，C选项“鼓舞人们”和D选项“引起问题”语义不符，故错误。因此B选项正确。

17.事实细节题。A选项“世界上许多文化都曾经存在过某种形式的萨满教”：根据第一段第三句PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.（在大多数古代文化中，人们在他们的历史中都以某种形式信奉萨满教。），可知许多文化都存在过某种形式的萨满教，故错误。B选项“萨满教作为人类的信仰体系已经存在了几千年”：根据第一段第二句thereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago（有证据表明，萨满教存在于几千年前的新石器时代），可知萨满教已存在几千年，故错误。D选项“各文化萨满教在某些方面的倾向于不同”：根据第一段第四句mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects（大多数文化都添加了自己独特的方面），可知各个文化的萨满教不尽相同，故错误。C选项“这是许多有组织的宗教建立的灵感”：文章没有提到其他宗教的建立和萨满教的关系，因此C选项正确。

18.语义推测题。根据第三段第三句Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.（其中包括与精神世界沟通的感知能力，去那个世界旅行，看到未来，治愈病人，引导死者到他们最后的安息之地），perceived意思是感知到的，结合句意可知这种感知能力是一种天赋，所以A选项innate“天生的”符合题意，故正确。B选项supposed“假设的；期望的”，C选项invaluable“无价的”和D选项imaginary“想象的”语义不符，故错误。因此A选项正确。

19.事实细节题。根据第四段倒数第二句shamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures（萨满教没有留下任何书面记录，因此现代人类学家很难了解古代文化中萨满教的许多方面），可知现在人们很难了解古萨满是因为没有书面记录，所以C选项“在过去，从来没有记录关于萨满的知识”正确，A选项“很少找到记载关于萨满的知识的书籍”错误。B选项“很难理解久远的萨满教思想”和D选项“如今，大多数萨满不愿意把他们的知识传授给别人”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。

20.主旨大意题。根据第六段第三句Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.（如今，萨满教已经被越来越多的人接受，并且在世界各地的许多地方公开运用，包括在北美、南美和亚洲的现代社会。），可知萨满教在现在也有人接受，所以C选项“即使在世界上最现代的社会，一些人也足够开明，接受萨满教”正确。A选项“世界上只有美洲和亚洲的萨满教仍然存在”：这里没有提到萨满教存在的地区，故错误。B选项“有几个大洲的萨满教在思想开放的地区运用，所以不怕被镇压”：文章没有提到萨满教是否怕被镇压，故错误。D选项“因为一些大陆上的人们，萨满教没有被遗忘，仍然存在”：没有强调因为大陆上的人所做的行为让萨满教继续存在，主要是各部落的努力，故错误。因此C选项正确。

4.翻译题

40.地球快速变暖到了非常严峻的程度，而世界上最贫穷的国家成了极端气候的最大受害者。未来的气候变化可能带来更频繁和更严重的洪涝、旱灾和其他极端气候事件，发展中国家至今还没有良好的能力对付它们。

41.即使现在，地球上最贫穷的十亿人口所产生的排放只占全球排放的3%，而最富有的十亿人口占了全球排放的50%。全球还有16亿人口无法获得现代能源，没有能源，国家就不能繁荣。富国只有采取强有力的行动以腾出一些大气层的“污染空间”，当低收入国家在将来开始更多排放时，才可能使全球排放达到重新平衡。

42.未来十年发生的事情将深刻影响可供我们后代进行的选择。延迟或不采取行动的代价是非常高的，我们必须现在就行动，必须用全人类的聪明才智和合作精神，来对付气候危机。

43.虽然越来越多的人都知道气候变暖，相信需要采取行动，但很少有人把它放在首位，太多的人在机会面前并没有采取行动。所以，最大的挑战在于改变行为方式和制度，尤其是富国。

【答案】40.Theplanetiswarmingrapidlytoseverelevels,andtheworld’spoorestcountriesarethebiggestvictimsofextremeweather.Futureclimatechangeislikelytobringmorefrequentandseverefloods,droughtsandotherextremeweathereventsthatdevelopingcountriesarenotyetwellequippedtodealwith.

41.Evennow,thepoorestbillionpeopleontheplanetaccountforonly3%ofglobalemissions,whiletherichestbillionpeopleaccountfor50%.Andtherearestill1.6billionpeopleintheworldwhodonothaveaccesstomodernenergy.Acountrycannotprosperwithoutenergy.Rebalancingglobalemissionswillbepossibleonlyifrichcountriestakestrongactiontofreeupsomeatmospheric“pollutionspace”,thuslow-incomecountriesstarttoemitmoreinthefuture.

42.Whathappensinthenextdecadewillprofoundlyaffectthechoicesavailabletofuturegenerations.Thecostsofdelayorinactionaretoohigh,andwemustactnowtotackletheclimatecrisiswiththeingenuityandcooperationofallhumanity.

43.Althoughagrowingnumberofpeopleareawareofglobalwarmingandbelievethatactionisneeded,fewputitfirst,andtoomanypeopledonottakeactioninthefaceofopportunity.Sothebiggestchallengeisaboutchangingbehaviorandsystem,especiallyinrichcountries.

5.单选题

TheUnitedStatesFoodandDragAdministrationhasshownitselftobeparticularlywarywithregardtoalleged“miracle”drugsinrecentyears.

问题1选项

A.bellicose

B.exhausted

C.cautious

D.strange

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项bellicose“好战的”；B选项exhausted“精疲力竭的”；C选项cautious“谨慎的”；D选项strange“奇怪的”。句意：近年来，美国食品药品监督管理局对所谓的神药的态度开始特别谨慎。根据语境，C选项cautious“谨慎的”比较符合对miracledrugs“神药”的态度，和wary“谨慎的”同义，符合题意。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

Beefcattle______ofalllivestockforeconomicgrowthinthecertaingeographicregions.

问题1选项

A.themostareimportant

B.arethemostimportant

C.isthemostimportant

D.thataremostimportant

【答案】B

【解析】考查句子成分。句意：在某些地区，肉牛是经济增长最重要的牲畜。根据题目和选项确定句子结构为主语+系动词+表语结构，所以用be动词；根据cattle是集合名词确定用复数形式；根据形容词最高级结构为themost+adj.确定用themostimportant，所以B选项arethemostimportant符合题意。因此B选项正确。

7.单选题

BytheendoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodslavesocietywas______disintegration.

问题1选项

A.onthegroundof

B.onthetopof

C.inthelightof

D.onthevergeof

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项onthegroundof“因为”；B选项onthetopof“除……之外；在……之上”；C选项inthelightof“鉴于”；D选项onthevergeof“接近于，濒临于”。句意：到春秋末年，奴隶社会已______处于解体。根据语境，这里指奴隶社会快要解体了，所以onthevergeof“接近于，濒临于”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

8.翻译题

41.我们必须全面深化改革，以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。

42.尽管财政收入增速放缓，支出压力加大，但我们要坚持以人为本，持续增加民生投入。

43.在基础设施、公共事业等领域，应积极推广政府和社会资本合作模式。

44.我们要全面推进依法治国，加快建设法治政府、创新政府、廉洁政府和服务型政府。

45.中国节能环保市场潜力巨大，它可以成为新兴的支柱产业。

【答案】41.Inordertoinvigoratethemarkettooffsetdownwardeconomicpressure,wemustcomprehensivelydeepenreform.

42.Despitetheslowdowninthegrowthofgovernmentrevenueandincreasedpressureonexpenditures,wemustcontinuetoputpeoplefirst,sustainingincreasestospendinginareasthatareimportanttoimprovingstandardsofliving.

43.EffortsshouldbemadetopromotePublic-Private-Partnershipininfrastructure,publicutilitiesandotherareas.

44.Wewillfullypromotethelaw-basedgovernanceofthecountry;movemoreswiftlytobuildaninnovative,clean,service-orientedruleoflawgovernment.

45.ThereisenormouspotentialinChina’smarketforenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection;energyconservationandenvironmentalprotectionindustrycandevelopintoanewpillaroftheeconomy.

9.单选题

______isknowntoall,gasesexpandandcontractwiththeincreaseanddecreaseoftemperature.

问题1选项

A.Which

B.As

C.That

D.It

【答案】B

【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：众所周知，气体随着温度的升高和降低而膨胀和收缩。C选项符合题意。B选项as关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句内容；其引导从句比较灵活，可以放句首，也可以放句中或句末；asisknowntoall可以看作asweallknow的被动式。因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

AmongthefirstplanstogrowthelandregionsofEarth______,whichinprehistorictimesgrewtoimmensesize.

问题1选项

A.segregation

B.specification

C.spectrum

D.subscription

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：在最初的计划中，地球规模中的陆地区域在史前时期规模增长到巨大。A选项segregation“分离；隔离”；B选项specification“规格；说明书”；C选项spectrum“光谱；频谱；范围”；D选项subscription“捐献；订阅；订金；签署”。根据immensesize可知B选项specification“规格”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

11.单选题

TheirsigningofthetreatywasregardedasconspiracyagainsttheBritishCrown.

问题1选项

A.secretplan

B.boldattack

C.cleverdesign

D.jointeffort

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项secretplan“密谋”；B选项boldattack“大胆的攻击”；C选项cleverdesign“巧妙的设计”；D选项jointeffort“共同的努力”。句意：他们签署条约的行为被认为是反对英国王室的阴谋。A选项secretplan“密谋”和conspiracy“密谋”同义，符合题意。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Theteachersaidthathewouldn’ttolerate______lateeveryday.

问题1选项

A.formetoarrive

B.mearrived

C.metoarrive

D.myarriving

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词用法。句意：老师说他不能容忍我每天迟到。toleratesth.意为“忍受某事”；toleratedoingsth.意为“忍受继续做相同的事”；toleratetodosth.意为“忍受做另一件事”，所以D选项myarriving作宾语符合题意。因此D选项正确。

13.翻译题

SectionAEnglishtoChinese(20points)

Directions:TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

IfRepublicansinCongressunitebehindDonaldTrump’sagenda,itwillnotbebecausetheyhavechangedtheirviewsoneconomics.WhateverMr.Trump’splansforbordertaxesandfiscalstimulus,mostRepublicansstillprofesstosupportfreetradeandloathegovernmentborrowing.(36)Instead,unityispossiblebecausetwoothergoalsbindthepresidentandhispartytogether.Thefirst,taxcuts,isausualpriorityfortheparty.Butthesecond,deregulation,onlyrecentlyrosetothesamestatus.Thecalltocutredtape（官样文章，冗长的法规条文）isnowanemotiverallyingcryforRepublicans—moreso,intheheartsofmanycongressmen,thanslashingdeficits.Deregulationwill,theyargue,unleasha“confidentAmerica”inwhichbusinessesthriveandwagessoar,leavingeconomists,withtheirexcusesforthe“newnormal”oflowgrowth,redfaced.Aretheyright?

(37)ThestraightforwardmotivationforRepublicans’deregulatoryagendaistheirdisdainforPresidentBarackObama’slegacy,muchofwhichwasinstalledthroughregulatoryfiat.TheAffordableCareAct,betterknownasObamacare,requiredbureaucratstowritethousandsofpagesofnewrules;theDodd-Frankfinancial-reformbilldidthesame.(38)Whenlegislationwasnotforthcoming,theexecutivebranchthrewitsweightaroundinstead.ItassertedthattheCleanAirActgaveitwide-rangingpowerstofightclimatechange,andthattheCleanWaterActletitcleanupmanymorepondsandriversthaneverbefore.

(39)Buttottingupcostsandbenefitsishardlystraightforward.Anagencywhichsupportsaregulationcanobviouslynudgethenumbersinafavorabledirection.Bureaucratsmustsometimesmakevaluejudgments.Forinstance,theObamaadministrationcountedbenefitstoforeigncountrieswhenweighinguprulestoreducecarbonemissions.

Inanycase,cost-benefitanalysisagesbadly.Withoutupdatingit,itisdifficulttoknowhowmucholdregulationsweighontheeconomy.OneMercatusworkingpaperplugsthenumberofrulesineachindustryintoacomplexmodeloftheeconomy.Itfindsthatruleswrittensince1980havedampenedgrowthbyabout0.8percentagepointsayear.

(40)Republicansliketoputaboutthatsortoffigure,butitstrikesmanyeconomistsasimplausiblylarge.Eventhosesympathetictoderegulationarehesitanttoforecastthegrowtheffectsofaregulatorybonfire,preferringtostressthebenefitsoftaxcuts.Democrats,meanwhile,arescathingabouttheideathatrollingbackregulationswouldpepuptheeconomymuch.JasonFurman,whoadvisedMr.Obama,addsupthecostsofObama-erarulesandsaysitis“impossible”toseehowyouwouldaddevenatenthofapercentagepointtogrowthbyundoingthem.(TheTrumpadministrationpromisesgrowthof3.5%-4%,upfrom1.6%in2016,partlyonthebackofderegulation.)

【答案】36.相反，由于另外两个目标将总统及其政党紧密联系，团结一致很有可能。第一，减税是共和党一贯主张的优先事项。但第二点放松管制，直到最近才上升到同样的地位。呼吁减少繁文缛节，是共和党人如今的一种有力战斗口号——在许多国会议员的心中，它比削减赤字更有分量。

37.共和党人放松管制议程的直接动机是蔑视巴拉克•奥巴马总统遗留政策，这其中大部分是通过监管法令而确立的。

38.当立法还没有出台时，行政部门就开始指手画脚，断言被《清洁空气法》赋予广泛权力以应对气候变化，而因为《清洁水法》清理了比以往任何时候都多的池塘和河流。

39.但合计成本和收益并不简单。支持监管的机构显然可以把数字推向有利的方向。政府官员有时必须做出主观价值判断。

40.虽然共和党人总是提这种数字，但许多经济学家认为这个数大得难以置信。即使那些赞同放松管制的人，也不愿去预测监管对经济增长的影响，而更愿意强调减税的好处。

14.单选题

TherearemanycopperminesinthestateofArizona,______contributessignificantlytothestate’seconomy.

问题1选项

A.afact

B.whichfact

C.whosefact

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：亚利桑那州有许多铜矿，这一事实对该州的经济做出了重大贡献。非限制性定语从句在句子中是一个独立成分，不受主句的限制，也就是说从句去掉以后主句仍然成立；非限制性定语从句与先行词和主句之间的关系不甚紧密，通常用逗号与主句分隔开；非限制性定语从句先行词不用that，先行词是关系代词或关系副词不能省略。A选项afact在这里不构成从句，故错误。B选项whichfact不需要用名词fact，故错误。D选项that不用在非限制性定语从句中，故错误。C选项whosefact符合句子意思和语法。因此C选项正确。

15.单选题

Bytheyearof2025,scientistsprobably______acureforcancer.

问题1选项

A.willbediscovering

B.arediscovering

C.willhavediscovered

D.havediscovered

【答案】C

【解析】考查将来完成时。句意：到2025年，科学家们可能已经发现了治疗癌症的方法。根据语境，可知这个句子的时态是将来完成时，在这里表示将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作，其结构是will（第二、三人称）+have+过去分词（done），C选项willhavediscovered符合题意。因此C选项正确。

16.单选题

ThesculpturallegacythatnewUnitedStates______itscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculpturesasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.

问题1选项

A.inheritedfrom

B.inheritedin

C.adaptedto

D.adoptedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项inheritedfrom“从……继承……”；B选项inheritedin非固定搭配；C选项adaptedto“适应于”；D选项adoptedto“采用”。句意：新美洲从其殖民前辈那里______的雕塑遗产远不是丰富的，事实上，在1776年，雕塑作为一种艺术形式仍然在工匠和手艺人手中。根据语境，A选项inheritedfrom“从……继承……”搭配legacy“遗产”比较合理，意指从先辈那里继承的雕塑艺术遗产，符合题意。因此A选项正确。

17.单选题

Inthesearchforsolutiontoseeminglyoverwhelmingproblems,itbecameincreasingly______toincluderadical,evenrevolutionaryideas.

问题1选项

A.stable

B.absolute

C.immortal

D.pla