2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号77

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Childrenlearnalmostnothingfromtelevision,andthemoretheywatchthelesstheyremember.Theyregardtelevisionpurely（1）entertainment,resentprogramsthatput（2）onthemandaresurprisedthatanybodyshould（3）themediumseriously.Farfrombeingover-excitedbyprograms,theyaremildly（4）withthewholething.Thesearethemainconclusionsfromanewstudyofchildrenandtelevision.Theauthor,CardiacCullingford（5）thatthemodernchildisa（6）viewer.Thestudysuggeststhatthereislittle（7）inthelaterhours.All11-year-oldshavewatchedprogramsaftermidnight.

Apartfromtheobviouswasteoftime（8）,itseemsthatallthisviewinghaslittleeffect.Cullingfordsaysthatchildrencanrecallfewdetails.Theycanrememberexactlywhichprogramstheyhaveseenbuttheycan（9）explaintheelementsofaparticularplot.Recallwasin“（10）proportiontotheamounttheyhadwatched”.Itispreciselybecausetelevision,（11）ateacher,demandssolittleattentionandresponse（12）childrenlikeit,arguesCullingford.Programsseekingto（13）seriousmessagesarestronglydisliked.（14）peoplewhofrequentlytalkonscreen.Whatchildrenlikemostaretheadvertisements.Theyseethemasshortprograms（15）theirownrightandparticularlyenjoyhumorouspresentation.Butagain,they（16）stronglyagainsthigh-pressureadvertisementsthatattemptopenlyto（17）them.

Inaddition,childrenarenot（18）involvedintheprograms.Iftheyadmirethestars,itisbecausetheactorsleadglamorouslivesandearnalotofmoney,（19）theirfictionalskillswithfastcarsandshootingvillains.Childrenareperfectly（20）thefunctionsofadvertisements.AndsaysCullingford,educationaltelevisionisprobablyleastsuccessfulofallinimpartingattitudesorinformation.

问题1选项

A.for

B.as

C.like

D.at

问题2选项

A.reforms

B.comments

C.calls

D.demands

问题3选项

A.adjust

B.select

C.take

D.restrict

问题4选项

A.gratified

B.acquainted

C.infected

D.bored

问题5选项

A.conforms

B.confirms

C.confesses

D.refutes

问题6选项

A.dedicated

B.sincere

C.preoccupied

D.choosy

问题7选项

A.perfection

B.faith

C.intention

D.point

问题8选项

A.resolved

B.involved

C.revived

D.revolved

问题9选项

A.rarely

B.fairly

C.abundantly

D.fully

问题10选项

A.diverse

B.reverse

C.immerse

D.direct

问题11选项

A.dislike

B.like

C.unlike

D.unlikely

问题12选项

A.why

B.that

C.which

D.whether

问题13选项

A.putover

B.carryover

C.seeover

D.takeover

问题14选项

A.Thoseare

B.Soare

C.Theyare

D.Thereare

问题15选项

A.in

B.among

C.through

D.with

问题16选项

A.weigh

B.react

C.discriminate

D.proceed

问题17选项

A.influence

B.haveinfluenced

C.influenced

D.influencing

问题18选项

A.indifferently

B.emotionally

C.intellectually

D.facilely

问题19选项

A.mainlybecause

B.partlybecause

C.notbecause

D.notbecauseof

问题20选项

A.clearabout

B.clearup

C.clearaway

D.clearof

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

第6题:A

第7题:D

第8题:B

第9题:A

第10题:B

第11题:C

第12题:B

第13题:A

第14题:B

第15题:A

第16题:B

第17题:A

第18题:B

第19题:D

第20题:A

【解析】1.考查固定搭配。regard...as…意为“将……视为……”。原文指的是孩子们纯粹地将电视视为娱乐，选项B符合原文。

2.考查名词辨析。A选项reform“改革，改良”；B选项comment“评论，意见”；C选项call“拜访”；D选项demand“要求，需求”。根据句意“他们讨厌那些对他们提出要求的节目”，选项D符合语境。

3.考查固定搭配。takeseriously意为“重视，认真对待……”，原文指的是认真对待媒体。所以选项C符合语境。

4.考查形容词辨析。A选项gratified“满意的”；B选项acquainted“熟识的”；C选项infected“受感染的”；D选项bored“无聊的，烦人的”。根据前面的“over-excited”可知，后面应填入与之意思相反的词。句意“他们非但没有对节目过于兴奋，反而对整个节目有点厌烦。”选项D最符合语境。

5.考查动词辨析。A选项conform“遵守，符合”；B选项confirm“确认，证实”；C选项confess“承认，坦白，忏悔”；D选项refute“反驳”。结合上下文的语境可知，前面提出结论，作者CardiacCullingford加以证实，所以选项B符合语境。

6.考查上下文语义。根据本段的最后一句“所有11岁的孩子都在午夜之后看节目。”由此可推断，孩子们应该是专用的观众。A选项dedicated“专用的，专注的”；B选项sincere“真诚的”；C选项preoccupied“全神贯注的”；D选项choosy“挑剔的”。选项A符合语境，选项C用在此处不太恰当。

7.考查固定用法。Thereislittlepoint……意为“做某事没有多少意义”。所以选项D正确。

8.考查上下文语义。A选项resolved“解决，决定”；B选项involved“涉及，包含”；C选项revived“复活，再生”；D选项revolved“旋转”。根据句意“除了涉及到明显的时间浪费，收看电视等所有这些似乎没有什么影响。”选项B符合语境。

9.考查上下文语境。A选项rarely“很少地”；B选项fairly“相当地”；C选项abundantly“丰富地，大量地”；D选项fully“充分地”。根据上文Cullingford提及的“孩子们能回忆起的细节很少”可知，这里也应该是“很少能解释某个特定情节的元素”。所以选项A正确。

10.考查形容词辨析。A选项diverse“不同的，多样的”；B选项reverse“相反的，颠倒的”；C选项immerse“沉浸，陷入”；D选项direct“直接的”。结合上下文的内容可知，他们（孩子们）的回忆“与观看的数量成反比”，也就是前面所说的，看得越多，记得越少。所以选项B正确。

11.考查上下文语义。根据原文可知，这里是将电视和老师进行对比，说明电视不像老师那样，只需要很少的关注和回忆。所以选项C符合语境。

12.考查固定句型。so…that…意为“太……以至于……”，所以选项B正确。

13.考查词组辨析。A选项putover“说明，解释，被接受”；B选项carryover“继续存在”；C选项seeover“检查，察看”；D选项takeover“接管，接收”。根据句意可知，这里是指试图传递严肃信息的节目非常不受欢迎，也就是说，节目试图使严肃的信息被大家所接受，所以选项A符合语境。

14.考查so的用法。根据句意可知，这里指的是“经常在屏幕上讲话的人也是如此。”表示“……也一样，也是如此”用“so+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”，所以选项B正确。

15.考查固定搭配。inone'sownright意为“本身”，所以选项A正确。

16.考查动词辨析。A选项weigh“权衡，考虑”；B选项react“作出反应”；C选项discriminate“歧视，辨别”；D选项proceed“开始，继续进行”。根据句意可知，他们应该是强烈反对那些影响他们的广告，reactagainst意为“反对，反抗”，选项B符合语境。

17.考查固定用法。attempttodo意为“尝试去做某事”，不定式to后面接动词原形，所以选项A正确。

18.考查副词辨析。A选项indifferently“冷淡地，漠不关心地”；B选项emotionally“令人激动地，情绪冲动地”；C选项intellectually“智力上，理智地”；D选项facilely“轻快地”。根据句意“他们（孩子们）并没有情绪激动地牵涉进这些节目中。”选项B符合语境。

19.考查because的用法。句意“他们羡慕明星，是因为演员们过着光鲜亮丽的生活，能赚很多钱，而不是因为他们拥有赛车和拍摄反派角色的虚构技能。”A选项mainlybecause“主要是因为”；B选项partlybecause“部分是因为”；C选项notbecause“不是因为”；D选项notbecauseof“不是因为”。选项C和选项D的区别在于，because后面接句子，becauseof后面接短语。填空处后面是短语而不是完整的句子，所以只能选D。

20.考查词组辨析。A选项clearabout“清楚，明白”；B选项clearup“整理，打扫”；C选项clearaway“清除，收拾，消失”；D选项clearof“清除，扫清”。根据句意“孩子们非常清楚广告的作用。”选项A符合语境。

2.单选题

Mostyoungpeopleenjoysomeformofphysicalactivity.Itmaybewalking,cyclingorswimming,orinwinter,skatingorskiing.Itmaybegameofsomekindfootball,hockey,golf,ortennis.Itmaybemountaineering.

Thosewhohaveapassionforclimbinghighanddifficultmountainsareoftenlookeduponwithastonishment.Whyaremenandwomenwillingtosuffercoldandhardship,andtotakerisksonhighmountains?Thisastonishmentiscausedprobablybythedifferencebetweenmountaineeringandotherformsofactivitytowhichmengivetheirleisure.

Mountaineeringisasportandnotagame.Therearenoman-maderules,asthereareforsuchgamesasgolfandfootball.Thereare,ofcourse,rulesofadifferentkindwhichitwouldbedangeroustoignore,butitisthisfreedomfromman-maderulesthatmakesmountaineeringattractivetomanypeople.Thosewhoclimbmountainsarefreetousetheirownmethods.

Ifwecomparemountaineeringandothermorefamiliarsports,wemightthinkthatonebigdifferenceisthatmountaineeringisnota“teamgame”.Weshouldbemistakeninthis.Thereare,itistrue,no“matches”between“teams”ofclimbers,butwhenclimbersareonarockfacelinkedbyaropeonwhichtheirlivesmaydepend,thereisobviouslyteamwork.

Themountainclimberknowsthathemayhavetofightforcesthatarestrongerandmorepowerfulthanman.Hehastofighttheforcesofnature.Hissportrequireshighmentalandphysicalqualities.

Amountainclimbercontinuestoimproveinskillyearafteryear.Askierisprobablypasthisbestbytheageofthirty,andmostinternationaltennischampionsareintheirearlytwenties.ButitisnotunusualformanoffiftyorsixtytoclimbthehighestmountainsinAlps.Theymaytakemoretimethanyoungermen,buttheyprobablyclimbwithmoreskillandlesswasteofeffort,andtheircertainlyexperienceequalenjoyment.

1.Mountaineeringinvolves（）.

2.Thedifferencebetweenasportandagamehastodowiththekindof（）.

3.Mountaineeringcanbecalledateamsportbecause（）.

4.Mountaineerscompeteagainst（）.

5.Choosethebesttitleforthepassage（）.

问题1选项

A.cold

B.hardship

C.physicalrisk

D.alloftheabove

问题2选项

A.activity

B.rules

C.uniform

D.participants

问题3选项

A.itisanOlympicevent

B.teamscompeteagainsteachother

C.mountaineersdependonotherwhileclimbing

D.thereare5climbersoneachteam

问题4选项

A.nature

B.eachother

C.otherteams

D.internationalstandards

问题5选项

A.mountaineeringisdifferentfromgolfandfootball

B.mountaineeringismoreattractivethanothersports

C.mountaineering

D.mountainclimbers

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的一、二句“Thosewhohaveapassionforclimbinghighanddifficultmountainsareoftenlookeduponwithastonishment.Whyaremenandwomenwillingtosuffercoldandhardship,andtotakerisksonhighmountains?人们常常以惊奇的眼光看待那些热衷于攀登高山峻岭的人。因为他们无法理解为什么那些人愿意忍受寒冷和艰难，并且冒险爬上高山?”由此可知，选项A，B，C均是登山会遇到的事情，所以选项D正确。

2.细节事实题。根据第三段的一、二句“Mountaineeringisasportandnotagame.Therearenoman-maderules,asthereareforsuchgamesasgolfandfootball.登山是一项运动，而不是游戏。不像高尔夫球和足球那样有人为的规则。”由此可知，运动和游戏直接的区别就在于规则，选项B正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第四段的最后一句“Thereare,itistrue,no‘matches’between‘teams’ofclimbers,butwhenclimbersareonarockfacelinkedbyaropeonwhichtheirlivesmaydepend,thereisobviouslyteamwork.的确，登山队之间没有‘比赛’，但当登山队站在岩石表面，被一根可能关乎他们生命的绳子连在一起时，这显然是团队合作。”由此可知，选项C符合原文。

4.语义推断题。根据第五段第二句“Hehastofighttheforcesofnature.他必须对抗自然的力量。”所以选项A正确。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是围绕着登山展开，选项A、B、D都过于片面，所以选项C最恰当。

3.单选题

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasaglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographic(人口统计学)growthto“along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes”.

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory.Wefindthatpopulationhavebeenreallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttoknow.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighrateofdeath.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8000B.C.tillapproximately1650A.D.Andaperiodofrapidgrowthsince1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600years,thepopulationincreasedformsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2020therewillbe8billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“populationasaglobalissue”（）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromtheexampleofapowerfusethat（）.

3.Whatleadstoastablegrowthofpopulationformostofhumanhistory?

4.Thereasonforarapidgrowthofpopulationliesinthefactthat（）.

5.Howmanypeopleareborneverysixhoursatpresent,accordingtotheauthor?

问题1选项

A.isquiteunlikethepopulationproblemandthusdoesn’tneedourconcern

B.focusesontrackingdownthereasonofrapidpopulationgrowth

C.dealswiththesameproblemarousedbythepopulationproblem

D.willmanagethepopulationgrowthproblemfromglobalperspectives

问题2选项

A.toomuchpopulationwillonedayleadtothedoomofhumanbeings

B.thetrendofpopulationgrowthwillkeepunsteadyuntilthedestructionofEarth

C.demographicgrowthwillfollowacertainpatternofupsanddowns

D.itislikelyinthenearfuturethatpopulationwillreducegradually

问题3选项

A.Speciescompetition

B.Lowfertility

C.Tribalfights

D.Highrateofdeath

问题4选项

A.peoplearepermittedtohavemorechildren

B.peoplecanlivebetterthanbefore

C.newbornbabiesdielessthanbefore

D.wehavefoundthesecretoflongevity

问题5选项

A.Eightymillion.

B.Eightthousand

C.Fiftythousand

D.Fivemillion

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。原文首段第一句提及“Wecanbeginourdiscussionof‘populationasaglobalissue’withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss‘thepopulationproblem’…当大多数人在讨论‘人口问题’的时候，我们也可以开始‘人口作为一个全球问题’的讨论。”由此可知，这两个问题是一样的，都是由人口问题引发的，所以选项C正确。

2.判断推理题。根据关键词“powerfuse”定位到第一段最后一句“Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographicgrowthto‘along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes’.它很正确地使用了一个类似的问题，即把人口增长与‘一根又长又细的电源保险丝，它不时地稳定燃烧，直到最终达到极限并爆炸’联系起来。”由此可知，作者是想通过电源保险丝的例子告诉我们，人口过多总有一天会导致人类的灭亡，所以选项A正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第二段的倒数第三句“Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.在人类历史的大部分时间里，很少会有十分之一的人活过四十岁，而在这个时期，婴儿期和儿童期是特别危险的。”也就是说，导致人口稳定增长的原因是高死亡率，选项D符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据第三段的内容：它不仅从历史的角度看待目前的人口增长问题，它表明了近年来人口快速增长的原因不是人们突然想要生更多的孩子，而是因为改善了传统上造成高死亡率的状况。由此可知，人口快速增长的真正原因在于死亡率的改善，所以选项B符合题意。

5.细节事实题。题干问的是“目前每六小时有多少人出生?”根据最后一段的最后三句“Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.公元前8000年—1650年间，世界人口平均每年只增加5万人。目前，这个数字每六小时增加一次。每年大约增加8000万人。”由此可知，现在每六个小时有5万人出生，所以选项C正确。

4.单选题

AfteraconcerttourinAsia,EnglandandCanada,hewill（）workonafive-languageopera.

问题1选项

A.confine

B.indulge

C.resume

D.undergo

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项confine“限制”；B选项indulge“沉溺，满足，放任”；C选项resume“重新开始，继续”；D选项undergo“经历，经受”。句意：在结束了亚洲、英国和加拿大的巡演后，他将重新开始从事于五种语言的歌剧。选项C符合语境。

5.单选题

Ifyouneverreviewyourstagelines,youwillonlyhaveyourselfto（）ifyoufailinyourperformance.

问题1选项

A.complain

B.mistake

C.blame

D.fault

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定用法。toblame意为“该受责备；怪罪；应该负责”。句意“如果你从不复习你的台词，假如在表演时失败了，你只能怪你自己。”选项C符合语境。

6.单选题

Leo.Tolstoywas（）asthegreatestwriterofthe20thcentury.

问题1选项

A.saluted

B.estimated

C.scaled

D.measured

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项salute“敬礼，致敬”；B选项estimate“估计，判断”；C选项scale“测量，攀登”；D选项measure“测量，估量”。句意“列夫•托尔斯泰被誉为20世纪最伟大的作家。”选项A符合语境。

7.单选题

Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”saidDr.Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusedtointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrandsadvertisingthatnomorningiscompletewithoutaminty-freshmouth.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizers—whichareeffectiveevenifappliedathighnoon—areadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.ButforactivistslikeDr.Curtis,thisemergingresearchoffersatypeofsalvation.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,consumers’goodhabitsinthepastweredevelopedby（）.

2.Judgingfromthecontext,theword“killers”(Line1,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto（）.

3.Judgingfromthecontext,ColgateandCrestaremostprobably（）.

4.Bottledwater,chewinggum,andskinmoisturizersareusedinparagraph5asexamplestoindicate（）.

5.Whichofthefollowinggroupshasunfavorableopiniononadvertising?

问题1选项

A.theeffortsofmanycompanies

B.themselvesautomatically

C.perfectartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors

D.acarefullydesignedsetofdailycues

问题2选项

A.fundamentalpublichealthproblems

B.thingswhichareextremelydifficulttodealwith

C.peoplewhodeliberatelytakeother’slife

D.newbehaviorsthathappenautomatically

问题3选项

A.famousAmericancompanies

B.dailyconsumerproducts

C.tooth-pastebrands

D.pearlywhitejewelry

问题4选项

A.theimportanceofgoodhabits

B.somedailynecessitiesforthecommonpeople

C.someproductsthathavesuccessfullychangedpeople’shabits

D.partofdailyorweeklypatternsofpeople’slife

问题5选项

A.Consumerpsychologists

B.Socialscientists

C.Companypresidents

D.ActivistslikeDr.Curtis

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段首句“Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.在过去的十年中，许多公司已经完善了在消费者群体中形成自发性的行为或者说是习惯的艺术。”由此可知，过去消费者的许多习惯实际上是很多公司努力培养的结果，选项A符合原文。

2.词义推断题。根据第二段首句“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillers.还有一些基本的公共卫生问题，比如用肥皂洗手，仍然是杀手。”由此可知，“killer”指的就是“fundamentalpublichealthproblems”，所以选项A正确。

3.判断推理题。根据第四段的最后一句“Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrandsadvertisingthatnomorningiscompletewithoutaminty-freshmouth.如今，由于精明的广告宣传和公共健康宣传活动，许多美国人习惯给他们珍珠般洁白的牙齿一天两次的防蛀牙刷洗，常用的是高露洁、佳洁士或其他品牌中的某一个，这些产品经常宣传说，没有薄荷清新的口腔，早晨是不完整的。”由此可推测出，Colgate和Crest是牙膏品牌，所以选项C正确。

4.判断推理题。原文第六段的首句提及“当我们的产品成为日常或每周模式的一部分时，我们的产品就成功了”，也就是说，这些产品之所以成功，是因为它们改变了人们的生活习惯，而这些产品就是上文所提及的瓶装水，口香糖和润肤霜。所以选项C正确。

5.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段的内容可知“通过实验和观察，像伯宁博士这样的社会科学家们已经认识到，通过无休止的广告，将某些行为与习惯暗示联系起来是有用的。随着这种新的习惯科学出现，当这种策略被用于销售有问题的美容霜或不健康食品时，争议就爆发了。”由此可知，社会科学家们可能会对广告有不好的看法，所以选项B正确。

8.单选题

Theculturaldepartmentistryingtohelptheseperformingenterprisesoutofthe（）byvariousmeans.

问题1选项

A.delight

B.twilight

C.flight

D.plight

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项delight“高兴”；B选项twilight“衰退期”；C选项flight“飞行”；D选项plight“困境”。句意“文化部门正试图通过各种方式帮助这些演艺企业走出困境。”选项D符合语境。

9.单选题

Inanenvironmentallyconscioustweakonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable,growingnumbersofpeopleareskippingoutongrocerystoresandevenfarmersmarketsandinsteadgoingrighttothesourcebybuyingsharesoffarms.

Ononeofthefarms,hereabout35mileswestofChicago,SteveTriskowasweedingbeetstheotherdayandcuttingbackashadetreesobabytomatoescouldgetsunlight.Mr.Triskoisaretiredcomputerconsultantwhoownssharesinthefour-acreErehwonFarm.

“Wedecidedthatit’sinourinteresttohaveasmallfarmsucceed,andhavethembeabletohaveasustainablefarmproducinggoodfood,”Mr.Triskosaid.

PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.About150peoplehaveboughtsharesinErehwon—inessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.

TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.Therewerefewerthan100suchfarmsintheearly1990s,butinthelastseveralyearsthenumbershavegrowntocloseto1,500,accordingtoacademicexpertswhohavefollowedthetrend.

“Ithinkpeoplearebecomingmorelocal-minded,andthisfitsrightintothat,”saidNicholeD.Nazelrod,programcoordinatorattheFultonCenterforSustainableLivingatWilsonCollegeinChambersburg,Pa.,anationalclearinghouseforcommunity-supportedfarms.“Peopleareseeingwaystocometogetherandworktogethertomakethissuccessful.”

TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.Arrangementsoffresh-cutblossomstwiceamonthcanbeincludedforanextra$120—orforthedeluxepackage,$220will“feedthesoul”withweeklybouquetsofliliesandsunflowersandotherlocalblooms.

Shareholdersarenotrequiredtoworkthefields,buttheycaniftheywant,andmanydo.Mr.Triskosaidhisfamilyknowsthatwithouthisvolunteerlaborandagreementtoshareinthefinancialriskofraisingcrops,thesmallorganicfarmmightnotsurvive.“It’sveryhardforthemtomakeendsmeet,”hesaid,“soIdecidedtogooutandhelp.Weharvest,water,pullweeds,whatevertheyneeddoing.”

Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward—startedwithtwoshareholders,reacheditsgoalof140lastyear,andnowhasraiseditstargettoabout200members.

1.Accordingtothepassage,growingnumbersofpeoplebuysharesoffarmsbecausethey（）.

2.ErehwonFarmdiffersfromthetraditionalfarmsinthatitis（）.

3.Wemayinferfromthepassagethatcommunity-sponsoredfarm（）.

4.TheaverageshareholdersofErehwonFarmareentitledto（）.

5.ItisimpliedthatErehwonFarm（）.

问题1选项

A.areconsciousofenvironmentalproblems

B.abandonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable

C.nolongerdependongrocerystoresandfarmersmarkets

D.liketogrowvegetablesthemselvesinthesuburbanfarms

问题2选项

A.verysmall

B.veryefficient

C.community-supportedagriculture

D.sharedbypeoplefromdifferentplaces

问题3选项

A.isanewconceptemergingintheU.S.A

B.hastocombatwithsmall-scalefarming

C.isgraduallytakingshapeinAmericanagriculture

D.isverypopularasboomingagricultureintheU.S.A

问题4选项

A.cometogetherandworktogetheronthefarm

B.getaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetables

C.enjoypackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900

D.buy$120-$220fresh-cutblossomstwiceamonth

问题5选项

A.comesfromthebackwardspelledword“nowhere”

B.isafictionalnameandthereisnosuchafarmintheU.S.A

C.it’sveryhardtosurviveowingtoitssmallsize

D.developssoundly,inspiteofitsfinancialdifficulties

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一自然段的内容“环保意识改变了将食物端上桌的传统方式，相反，越来越多的人转向了杂货店甚至农贸市场，通过购买农场的股份来直接获取来源。”由此可知，越来越多的人买农场股份是受到环保意识的影响，所以选项A正确。

2.细节事实题。根据第四段第一句“PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.Erehwon是松散却不断壮大的网络的一部分，主要通过互联网动员起来，他参与的是所谓的社区支持农业。”以及本段最后一句“inessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.从本质上说，就是雇佣私人农场主，颠覆旧的佃农制度。”由此可知，Erehwon农场和传统农场的不同之处在于它是社区支持的农业，选项C符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据原文第五段第一句“TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.这一概念是在20世纪80年代从欧洲和亚洲引进的，作为一种替代性的销售和筹资安排，来帮助克服小规模农业通常高昂的费用。”由此可知，这不是一个新的概念，而且是来帮助而不是来和小规模农场竞争的，所以选项A和选项B均表述错误；根据本段第二句“Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.但直到最近，它才慢慢生根发芽”可知，这一概念刚刚生根发芽，还没有初步成形，所以选项C错误；根据本段最后一句的内容可知，像Erehwon这样的农场由以前的不到100家到现在增长到接近1500家，说明社区支持的农业在美国蓬勃发展的农业非常受欢迎。所以选项D符合原文。

4.判断推理题。根据倒数第三段的第一句“TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.ErehwonFarm的股东可以自由使用土地，并保证获得当季水果和蔬菜收成的一定比例，金额从300美元到900美元不等。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。选项A目前还没有实现；选项C曲解了原文的意思；选项D不是普通股东享有的权利，所以只有选项B正确。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段首句“Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward…Erehwon这个词是由‘nowhere’倒着写的”，由此可知，选项A符合原文。选项B在文中没有信息提及；根据倒数第二段的内容可知，Erehwon农场不是由于规模小而无法生存，属于曲解原文句意，所以选项C不正确；原文也没有提及财政问题，所以选项D也不正确。

10.单选题

Whenproductsmadeinfactories（）,theyarethrownawayasgarbage.

问题1选项

A.cometoanend

B.areputtouse

C.areusedup

D.wearout

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项cometoanend“结束”；B选项areputtouse“使用，利用”；C选项areusedup“用完，用尽”；D选项wearout“磨损，耗尽，穿破”。句意：当工厂生产的产品用坏了，就会作为垃圾扔掉。选项D最符合语境。

11.单选题

Thechildren'smercurialnatureswereinsharpcontrasttotheeven-tempereddispositionsoftheirparents.

问题1选项

A.artless

B.volatile

C.blithe

D.graceful

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：孩子们反复无常的性格和他们父母平和的性格形成了鲜明的对比。A选项artless“天真的，朴实的”；B选项volatile“不稳定的，反复无常的”；C选项blithe“愉快的”；D选项graceful“优雅的，优美的”。根据句意可知，mercurial应该是和even-tempered意思相反，mercurial意为“活泼善变的”，选项B与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

12.单选题

Eachofthemhadadifferent（）ofwhatactuallyhappened,butherswasfarmorebelievable.

问题1选项

A.message

B.theory

C.version

D.comment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项message“消息”；B选项theory“理论，原理”；C选项version“版本，说法”；D选项comment“评论，意见”。句意：每个人对实际发生的事情都有不同的说法，但她的说法更可信。选项C符合语境。

13.单选题

Inthewife’seyes,his（）totheir