2022年考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号61

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

AstheclimateintheMiddleEastchangedbeginningaround7000B.C”conditionsemergedthatledtoamorecomplexandadvancedformofcivilizationinbothEgyptandoftheTigrisandEuphratesriversinMesopotamiabecamedrier,producingriver-sidelandsthatwerebothhabitableandfertile,andattractingsettlersarmedwiththenewlydevelopedtechniqueofagriculture.Thismigrationwasfurtherencouragedbythegradualtransformationoftheonce-hospitablegrasslandsoftheseregionsintodeserts.Humanpopulationbecameincreasinglyconcentratedintopocketsofsettlementscatteredalongthebanksofthegreatrivers.

Theriversprofoundlyshapedthewayoflifealongtheirbanks.InMesopotamia,themanagementofwaterinconditionsofunpredictabledrought,flood,andstormbecamethecentraleconomicandsocialchallenge.Villagersbeganearlytobuildsimpleearthworks,dikes,canals,andditchestocontrolthewatersandreducetheopposingdangersofdroughtduringthedryseason(usuallythespring)andfloodingattheharvesttime.

Sucheffortsrequiredadegreeofcooperationamongalargenumberofpeoplethathadnotpreviouslyexisted.Theindividualvillage,containingonlyadozenorsohousesandfamilies,waseconomicallyvulnerable;butwhenseveralvillages,probablyunderthedirectionsofacouncilofelders,learnedtosharetheirhumanresourcesinthebuildingofcoordinatednetworkofwater-controlsystems,thesafety,stability,andprosperityofallimproved.Inthisnewcooperation,theseedsofthegreatMesopotamiancivilizationswerebeingsown.

Technologicalandmathematicalinvention,too,werestimulatedbylifealongtherivers.Newdeviceswerefirstdevelopedhereforuseinirrigationsystems.Similarly,theearliestmethodsofmeasurementandcomputationandthefirstdevelopmentsingeometrywerestimulatedbytheneedtokeeptrackoflandholdingsandboundariesinfieldsthatwereperiodicallyinundated.

Theliversservedashighroadsofearliestcommerce.Tradersusedboatsmadeofbundlesofrushestotransportgrains,fruits,fibers,andtextilesfromonevillagetoanother,transformingtheriversintothecentralspinesofnascentcommercialkingdoms.Tradeexpandedsurprisinglywidely;wehaveevidencesuggestingthat,evenbeforetheestablishmentofthefirstEgyptiandynasty,goodswerebeingexchangedbetweenvillagersinEgyptandothersasfarasIran.

Similardevelopmentswereoccurringatmuchthesametimealongthegreatrivervalleysinotherpartsoftheworld----forexample,alongtheIndusinIndiaandHwangHoinChina.Thehistoryofearlycivilizationhasbeenshapedtoaremarkabledegreebytherelationshipofhumansandrivers.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistoexplain（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingsocialeffectsdidtheunpredictabilityofwatersuppliesinMesopotamiahave?

3.Theearliestgeometersweresupportedprimarilyby（）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheemergenceofcomplexcivilizationsintheMiddleEastwasdependentuponthepreviousdevelopmentof（）.

5.TheauthorreferstoemergingcivilizationsinIndiaandChinaprimarilyinordertoemphasize（）.

问题1选项

A.howclimaticchangesledtothefoundingoftheearliestrecordedcities

B.theinfluenceofriverlifeonthegrowthofearlycivilizations

C.someoftherecentfindingsofresearchersintoearlyhumanhistory

D.thesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongseveralancientsocieties

问题2选项

A.Itledtowarfareoverwaterrightsamongrivalvillages.

B.Itencouragedcooperationinthecreationofwatermanagementsystems.

C.Itdrovefarmerstosettleinfertilegrasslandsfarfromtheuncontrollablerivers.

D.Ithadtheactualeffectofincreasingthepopulationthere.

问题3选项

A.mechanicalartisans

B.tradersandmerchants

C.farmlaborers

D.landowners

问题4选项

A.basictechniquesofagriculture

B.symbolicsystemsforwritingandmathematicalcomputation

C.toolsforconstructinghousesquicklyandeasily

D.amethodforstoringandtransferringwealth

问题5选项

A.theimportanceofwatertransportationinthegrowthofearlytrade

B.therelativelyadvancedpositionenjoyedbytheMiddleEastspreadtootherplaces

C.therapiditywithwhichsocialsystemsdevelopedintheMiddleEastspreadtootherplaces

D.thecrucialroleplayedbyriversinthedevelopmentofhumanculturesaroundtheworld

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍河流对于文明和发展的作用。因此B项“河流生命对于早期文明发展的影响”符合本文主旨大意。

2.判断推理题。题干问的是:下列哪项是美索不达米亚中供水的不可预测性所产生的社会影响?第三段指出:Sucheffortsrequiredadegreeofcooperationamongalargenumberofpeoplethathadnotpreviouslyexisted.Theindividualvillage,containingonlyadozenorsohousesandfamilies,waseconomicallyvulnerable;butwhenseveralvillages,probablyunderthedirectionsofacouncilofelders,learnedtosharetheirhumanresourcesinthebuildingofcoordinatednetworkofwater-controlsystems,thesafety,stability,andprosperityofallimproved.Inthisnewcooperation,theseedsofthegreatMesopotamiancivilizationswerebeingsown(这种努力需要大量人员的前所未有的合作。只有十几户家庭的小村庄容易受到经济冲击，但是在年长村民的指导下，这些村庄可能会学着在建立协调的水治理系统中进行人力资源共享，这吋候乡村的安全和稳定性以及繁荣度都得到了提升。在新的合作下，美索不达米亚的文明之种正被播散开来)。故选B“它激发了水资源管理体系创新的相互合作”。

3.细节事实题。通过题干关键词geometers定位至第四段:Similarly,theearliestmethodsofmeasurementandcomputationandthefirstdevelopmentsingeometrywerestimulatedbytheneedtokeeptrackoflandholdingsandboundariesinfieldsthatwereperiodicallyinundated(同样，早期的测量和估算方法，以及几何学的初期发展，都是因为需要记录土地的所有权和记录被周期性淹没的土地边界范围而刺激发展的。因此，最初几何学主要是为了记录土地的所有权和实际情况而发展的)。故选D“土地所有者”。

4.判断推理题。题干为:中东地区的复杂文明的出现主要依赖于之前的哪项的发展？第一段指出:AstheclimateintheMiddleEastchanged...Jedtoamorecomplexandadvancedfromofcivilizationinboth....EuphratesriversinMesopotamiabecamedrier,producingriver-sidelandsthatwerebothhabitableandfertile,andattractingsettlersarmedwiththenewlydevelopedtechniqueofagriculture(随着中东地区的气候变化，出现的状况导致了复杂和先进的文明形式。……当美索不达米亚的幼发拉底河变得更干旱后，产生了宜居且肥沃的河岸土地，并且吸引了拥有先进农业技术的移民。即中东地区的先进文明的发展有依靠农业技术的支持),故选A“基本的农业技术”。

5.作者意图题。题干为:作者谈及印度和中国的文明出现主要是为了强调什么？根据题干定位至最后一段:Similardevelopmentswereoccurringatmuchthesametimealongthegreatrivervalleysinotherpartsoftheworld—forexample,alongtheIndusinIndiaandHwangHoinChina(同吋，世界其他地方也有沿大河而居所产生的类似的发展，比如：印度西北部河流，中国的黄河)。因此,文章中谈及印度和中国，是为了说明河流同样在这些国家的发展中起到的作用,因此D项“在世界各地人类文化的发展中，河流发挥关键的作用”正确。

2.单选题

Thereareonlytenapplesleftinthebaskets,（）thespoiltones.

问题1选项

A.notcounting

B.nottocount

C.don'tcount

D.havingnotcounted

【答案】A

【解析】句意:不算上坏了的苹果，这个篮子里只剩下10个苹果了。

语法题。考查现在分词做伴随状语。句子前半句已经完整,所以后半句用了count的现在分词形式做伴随状语。

3.翻译题

Apopularwayofmusteringinnovativeandfreshideasistoholdabrainstormingsession

—butaccordingtoapaperpublishedrecentlyinAppliedCognitivePsychology,thismaynotbethebestapproach.Thestudy,whichwascarriedoutbyNicholasKohnoftheUniversityofTexasatArlingtonandStevenSmithofTexasA&MUniversity,suggeststhatinsteadofenhancingcreativity.brainstoiTnin.usessionsmaygiverisetoa“collaborativefixation”oncertainideas.(1)

Inkeepingwithpreviousstudies,theauthorsfirstfoundthatparticipantsproducedfewerideasintotalwhentakingpartinabrainstormingsessionthaniftheyhadbeenworkingseparately.Thedifferencewasashighas44%inthefirst5minutesofabrainstormingsession.Theauthorsalsofoundthatwhenworkingseparatelyparticii)antsexploredagreatervarietyofideas,upto55%moreideacategoriesthandm.ingbrainstomiingsessions.(2)

Inasecondexperiment,theresearchersfoundthatparticipantsinabrainstormingsessiontendedtoconformtoideastowhichtheywereexposed,andtherateofconformityincreasedasthenumberofideasexposedincreased.(3)Theauthorswroteintheirpaper“Fixationtootherpeople’sideascanoccurunconsciouslyandleadtoyousuggestingideasthatmimicyourbrainstoniiin»partners.’’(4)Thus,youpotentiallybecomelesscreative,”Kohnexplainsinanaccompanyingpressrelease.Thisdoesn’tnecessarilymeanthatyoushouldbanbrainstormingsessionsfromyourlabmeetings.Youmightjustneedtoadjusttheformat.Itseemsodd,but,dependingonwhatyouwanttoachieve,thebestapproachmightbetoputeveryoneinaseparateroom.“Assumingitisdesirabletohaveawidevarietyofideasorsolutionstoaproblem...thenoneshouldsplitthebrainstorminggroupintonon-interactingindividuals,avoidingagroupsession,”theauthorswriteintheirresearchpaper.“Ontheotherhand,ifthegoalistoexploreafewcategoriesindepth,theninteractingamongthemembersshouldbeencouraged.Also,takingabreakmighthelpalleviatefixation,leadingtoanimprovementinideation,especiallyintemisofthequantityandvarietyofideas.(5)’’

【答案】1.集体研讨会议不但没有提高创造性，反而可能在某些想法上会引起“合作的固定”。

2.作者们也发现，参与者独自工作吋会探讨出更多种类的想法，其数量比集体研讨会议上高出多达55%。

3.集体研讨会议的参与者倾向于顺应自己所接触到的想法，而这种顺应的比率随着所接触的想法数量的增加而增加。

4.“对其他人的想法的固执己见能不知不觉地发生，并且会导致你提出模仿你集体研讨会议伙伴的想法。”

5.另外，休息一下可能帮助缓和固执己见，从而导致尤其是在想法数量和种类方面的思维能力的提高。

4.单选题

Afterhavingdiscussedthematterwiththebankmanger,Peter（）receivedhisIoan.

问题1选项

A.instantly

B.instinctively

C.causally

D.inexpertly

【答案】A

【解析】句意:在与银行经理讨论这件事后，Peter即刻就得到了贷款。

考查副词辨析。instantly立刻，立即，马上；instinctively本能地；causally随便地，偶然地，临吋地；inexpertly外行地，不熟练地。因此A符合句意。

5.单选题

Thetwinbrothersshowedgreat（）totheirstepsister,whohadactedasamothertothemformanyyears.

问题1选项

A.compliance

B.devotion

C.subjection

D.allegiance

【答案】B

【解析】句意:这对孪生兄弟对多年来一直担任着母亲角色的异胞姐姐表现出极大的忠诚。

考查名词辨析。compliance顺从，服从；devotion忠诚，挚爱，信仰，崇拜；subjection隶属，服从，征服；allegiance效忠，忠诚。故B符合句意。

6.单选题

ItoldmyfriendGrahamthatIoftencyclethetwomilesfrommyhousetothetowncentreblitunfortunatelythereisabighillontheroute.Hereplied,“Youmeanfortunately.”HeexplainedthatIshouldbegladoftheextraexercisethatthehillprovided.

Myattitudetothehillhasnowchanged.Iusedto(1)asIapproacheditbutnowItellmyselfthefollowing.Thishillwillexercisemyheartandlungs.Itwillhelpmetolose(2)andgetfit.ItwillmeanthatIlivelonger.Thishillismyfriend.FinallyasIwindmywayuptheincline,I(3)myselfwiththethoughtofallthosesillypeoplewhopaymoneytogotoagymandsitonstationeryexercisebicycleswhenIcangetthesamevaluefor(4).IhaveasmileofsatisfactionasIreachthetopofthehill.

Problems(5)befacedandovercome.Wecannotachieveanythingwithaneasylife.HelenKellerwasthefirstdeafandblindpersontogainauniversitydegree.Heractivismandwritingprovedinspirational.Shewrote,“(6)cannotbedevelopedineaseandquiet.Onlythroughexperiencesoftrialandsufferingcanthesoulbestrengthened,visioncleared,ambitioninspiredandsuccessachieved.”

Oneofthemain(7)ofsuccessinlifeisourattitudetowardsadversity.Fromtimetotime,weallfacehardships,problems,accidents,afflictionsanddifficulties.Someareofour(8)butmanyconfrontusthroughnofaultofourown.Whilewecannotchoosetheadversitywecanchooseourattitudetowardsit.

Howcanyouchangeyourattitudetowardstheadversitythatyouface?Trythesesteps:Confronttheproblem.Donotavoidit.Deliberatelytakea(9)attitudeandwritedownsomebenefitsoradvantagesofthesituation.Visualizehowyouwillfeelwhenyouovercomethisobstacle.Developanactionplanforhowtotackleit.Smileandgetcracking.

Thebiographiesofgreatpeoplearelitteredwithexamplesofhowtheytookthesekindsofstepstoovercomethedifficultiestheyfaced.Thecommonthreadisthattheydidnotbecomedefeatistordepressed.Theychosetheirattitude.They(10)tobepositive.

Theytookonthechallenge.Theywon.

问题1选项

A.grumble

B.fear

C.giveup

D.stop

问题2选项

A.temper

B.control

C.weight

D.sight

问题3选项

A.provide

B.converse

C.deal

D.console

问题4选项

A.good

B.free

C.ever

D.return

问题5选项

A.arethereto

B.whichcan

C.willnot

D.wehave

问题6选项

A.Education

B.Interest

C.Character

D.Friendship

问题7选项

A.causes

B.determinants

C.symptoms

D.components

问题8选项

A.making

B.doing

C.taking

D.thinking

问题9选项

A.special

B.strong

C.negative

D.positive

问题10选项

A.seemed

B.opted

C.had

D.used

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:D

第10题:B

【解析】1.动词辨析。grumble抱怨,嘟囔;fear害怕,敬畏,为……担心;giveup放弃,交出；stop停止,逗留。此处句意为:我对这座山的态度现在改变了,过去我看到它总是…。因此A符合句意。

2.名词辨析。temper脾气，(钢等)回火，性情，倾向；control控制，管理；weight重量，体重，负担;sight视力，景象。And连接空格和getfit(变得健康),因此and前面很可能表示“减肥,减掉体重”,故选C。

3.动词辨析。provide提供，供应；converse交谈，谈话；deal处理，交易；console安慰，慰藉。此处表示“想起这些愚蠢的人去健身房的做法来安慰自己”。故选C。

4.短语辨析。Forgood永久地，一劳永逸地;forfree免费；ever永远，曾经；forever永远，永恒地；forreturn作回报。这里句意为:自己能免费地得到同样的价值,故选B。

5.语法题。考查一般将来时。句意:难题是用来被面对和克服的,顺风顺水就不会有进步。因此要用一般将来时,排除B和D。C不符合句意。故选A。

6.名词辨析。education教育，培养，教育学；interest兴趣，利息；character性格，品质，特性；角色friendship友谊，友爱，友善。空格后句意为提示信息:只有通过磨炼和受难的经历，人的心灵才能被强化,由此可知C符合句意。

7.名词辨析。cause原因，事业，目标;determinant决定因素；symptom症状，征兆；component成分，组件。句意为:我们对待逆境的态度是生命中成功的主要决定因素之一,因此选B。

8.名词辨析。making发展，制造，造成；doing做，不能接受，难以完成，事件；taking捕获，收入；thinking思考，意见，见解。这里表示“一些问题是我们造成的”,因此A符合句意。

9.形容词辨析。special特别的，专门的，专用的；strong坚强的，强壮的，牢固的；negative负的，消极的，否定的，阴性的；positive积极的，确定的。空格前句意为:你怎样能改变自己对待所面临的逆境的态度呢？可以尝试这些步骤。所以此处表示“故意采取一种积极的态度”,故选D。

10.动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去式。seem似乎，像是，装作，seemto似乎，看起来;opt选择，optto选择;have有，从事，允许，haveto必须，不得不；use利用，耗费。这里应表示“他们选择积极地面对”,故选B。

7.单选题

Itwas（）wehadhoped.

问题1选项

A.moreasuccessthan

B.asuccessmorethan

C.asmuchofasuccessas

D.asuccessasmuchas

【答案】C

【解析】句意:这次成功跟我所希望的一样。

考查固定句式。asmuch+形容词+as跟……-样。

8.单选题

Foryearsnow,thepeopleofthatfarawaycountryhavebeencruelly（）byadictator.

问题1选项

A.depressed

B.immersed

C.oppressed

D.cursed

【答案】C

【解析】句意:多少年来，那个偏僻国度的人民一直遭受着一个独裁者的压迫。

考查动词辨析。四个选项分别为对应动词的过去分词形式表被动,表示“被独裁者…”。depress使沮丧，压抑，使萧条;immerse（in）沉浸，使专心于；oppress压迫;curse诅咒。故C符合句意。

9.单选题

Thisisnottheright（）toaskformyhelp;Iamfartoobusyeventolisten.

问题1选项

A.time

B.opportunity

C.chance

D.case

【答案】A

【解析】句意:这不是向我寻求帮助的恰当吋机，我太忙了，甚至没时间倾听。

考查固定搭配。itistherighttimetodosth.是做某事的恰当时机。故选A。

10.单选题

OneofthemostinfluentialliteraryfiguresofthetwentiethcenturywasAmericanauthor

GertrudeStein.Herliterarystyleandvisionwasoftenaradicaldeparturefromtraditionalmethods,whichreliedonamorelinearplotline.Instead,Steinfocusedonlanguageitselfbyemployingmethodsofrepetitionandspontaneityinanattempttomirrorhumanconsciousness.But,Stein’sinfluencedidnotstopwithherwriting.AsanexpatriateinParis,shewasresponsibleforbringsomeofthegreatestmindsinaitandliteraturetogetheratherapartment,Salon27.TheSpanishpainterPabloPicassoandAmericanwriterErnestHemingwayweretwofrequentvisitors.Indeed,Steinwastheonewhocoinedthephrase“LostGeneration”todenoteup-and-comingAmericanwriterslivinginParisatthetimemainlyduetotheirdisillusionmentwithartasawholebackhome.WhileGertrudeSteinmaynotbethemostrecognizablefigureinliterature,herpersonalandliteraryinfluenceonartistswasinvaluable.

SteinbeganlivinginParisin1903.Eventually,herflat.Salon27.becameacenterofintellectualexchangeforwritersandartists.Beforelong,shebecameanintegralpartoftheartisticandliterarysceneinthecityandbefriendednumerousimportantfigures,suchasPicassoandMatisse.Theywouldmeetthereweekly,wheretheycouldexpoundonnewtheoriesofart,philosophy,literature,politics,andsocialissuesinthestimulating,productiveenvironmentprovidedbyStein.WithoutStein’sSalon27,itisquitepossiblethatmanyoftheartistsandwritersofthedayneverwouldhavecrossedpaths,andtheindividualdisciplineswouldnothavebecomeasdiverseorfullydevelopedastheyeventuallydid.TheseinteractionsalsobecameamajorinlluenceonStein’sownliterarystyle.

SteinbecameenamoredwithPicasso’scubiststyle,and,asaresult,manyofhisearliestworksadornedthewallsofherapartment.Buttheywerenotsimplydecorative.Cubismattemptstoreducethesubjectfromitsnaturalformintoanabstract,geometricalshapecapableofnumerousanglesofperception.Inasimilarfashion,Steinattemptedtointerpretcubismthroughliteratureandwriting.Likecubistpainters,Steinwroteinastylethattookintoconsiderationeverypossibleangleofhersubjectmatter.Shewantedtogivereaderstheopportunitytoviewherworkonmanydifferentlevels,notjustasingle,flatsurface.But,unlikethecubists'vhoreliedonformalstructuretosomedegree，Steintookitastepfurtherandplacedlessemphasisonformalwritingstructuressuchasgrammarandsyntaxandfocusedmoreonwhatshecalled“automatic”language,whichwasspontaneousandrepetitiveandreliedmoreonthespokenword.

Inmanyways,Stein’swritingmirrorsthechaotic,detachedatmosphereofpost-WorldWarIParis,yetitalsomarksthemomentwhenliteraturebegantoleavethenineteenthcenturybehindinfavorofamoremoderniststyleofimaginationandinnovation.Itisalsoaclearprecursorofstreamofconsciousness,whichdominatedwritingstylesduringtherestofthetwentiethcenturyinAmerica.WhileSteinwasabletocapitalizeonartisticrenditionsoflifeandtranslatethemintoliterature,otherartistsbenefitedfromherwillingnesstorejecttheacceptedtraditionsandcreateherown.Forinstance,Hemingway’sstyleinmanyofhisearlynovelsisclearlyinfluencedbyStein.

1.Theauthor’sdescriptionofGertrudeSteinmentionswhichofthefollowing?

2.Theauthordiscusses“Salon27”inthesecondparagraphinorderto（）.

3.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,Steinfollowedthecubiststylebecause（）.

4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinthethirdparagraph?

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,Stein’sstyleisaproductoftheerabecause（）.

问题1选项

A.ShewasoriginallyfromParisandlatermovedtotheU.S.

B.Herwritingstylewascenteredonastructuredplotline.

C.Sheattemptedtofocusonthelinguisticsideofwriting

D.Herworkwasquitecontroversialduetoitsextremenature

问题2选项

A.illustrateitsrelevanceasaplaceofartisticinteractionofthetime

B.noteitiswherethepaintersMatisseandPicassofirstmetoneanother

C.indicateitwasaninadequateplaceforsuchgreatmindstomingle

D.showthatartistsofthedaylackedameetingplaceatwhichtogather

问题3选项

A.itfocusedonthegeometricformsinherentinmostsubjectmatter

B.itgaveherawaytopresentherreaderwithvariousperspectives

C.itwasthesimplestformwithwhichtointerpretandunderstandherwork

D.itshunnedthesecondarypartsinfavorofthemajorpartsofart

问题4选项

A.Thespontaneityofautomaticlanguage,ratherthanthegrammarandsyntaxstressedformalwritingstructures,wascentraltoStein’swork.

B.ThestructureofStein’swork,intermsofitsemphasisonformalwritingstructuresandautomaticlanguage,followedthestructureofthecubiststosomedegree.

C.TherepetitionofgrammarandsyntaxmadeStein’swritingmoreuniquethanthatofthecubists,whofocusedonautomaticlanguageintheirworks.

D.TheformalityofStein,dueinparttoitsemphasisongrammarandsyntax,wasmuchgreaterthanthatofthecubistartists.

问题5选项

A.ittranslatesthesentimentofEuropeansduringatimeofreconstructing

B.itismoreimaginativeandinnovativethananythingtheworldhadseen

C.itcontinuestheformerstructuraltraditionspresentbeforeWorldWar1

D.itrejectsthepastandisfashionedoutofthesentimentofpost-warEurope

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。A:她起初来自巴黎，后来搬到了美国,第一段提到“AsanexpatriateinParis作为在巴黎的移居国外者”,因此A不正确。B:她的写作风格专注于结构性的情节主线,C:她试图去专注于写作的语言方面。第一段指出:Herliterarystyleandvisionwasoftenaradicaldeparturefromtraditionalmethods,whichreliedonamorelinearplotline.Instead,Steinfocusedonlanguageitselfbyemployingmethodsofrepetitionandspontaneityinanattempttomirrorhumanconsciousness(她的文学风格和视觉经常偏离依赖更线型情节主线的传统方式，取而代之的是，在试图去反映人的意识的过程中，她通过利用重复和自发性的方式来专注语言本身)。由此可知C项正确,B项不正确。D:她的作品因极端而极具争议性,文章并未提及。因此答案为C。

2.作者意图题。第二段指出:Theywouldmeetthereweekly,wheretheycouldexpoundonnewtheoriesofart,philosophy,literature,politics,andsocialissuesinthestimulating,productiveenvironmentprovidedbyStein(他们每周会聚集在那里（即27号沙龙），在这个地方他们能在斯泰因提供的令人兴奋且富有成效的环境下，评论有关艺术、哲学、文学、政治和社会问题的新理论),由此可知A项“解释它作为当时一个艺木互动性地方的重要性”正确。

3.细节事实题。第三段指出:Likecubistpainters,Steinwroteinastylethattookintoconsiderationeverypossibleangleofhersubjectmatter.Shewantedtogivereaderstheopportunitytoviewherworkonmanydifferentlevels,notjustasingle，flatsurface(如立体派画家一样，斯泰因的写作方式尽可能考虑到写作主题的各方面。她想让读者有机会从很多不同角度而非只是在单一的平面上去欣赏自己的作品)。由此可知B项“立体派风格给了她一种方式去为她的读者呈现不同的角度”正确。

4.语义题。第三段划线句为:But,unlikethecubists'vhoreliedonformalstructuretosomedegree，Steintookitastepfurtherandplacedlessemphasisonformalwritingstructuressuchasgrammarandsyntaxandfocusedmoreonwhatshecalled“automatic”language,whichwasspontaneousandrepetitiveandreliedmoreonthespokenword.(但是，不像在一定程度上依赖于形式结构的立体派艺术家，斯泰因更进了一步，较少强调如语法和句法的写作结构，更专注她称之为的‘无意识的’语言，该语言是自然的、重复的且更依赖口头语言的),由此可知A项“对斯泰因的作品极为重要的是无意识语言的自发性，而不是强调语法和句法的写作方式”比较符合此句意思。

5.细节事实题。最后一段指出:Inmanyways,Stein’swritingmirrorsthechaotic,detachedatmosphereofpost-WorldWarIParis,yetitalsomarksthemomentwhenliteraturebegantoleavethenineteenthcenturybehindinfavorofamoremoderniststyleofimaginationandinnovation(在很多方面，斯泰因的作品反映了一战后巴黎混乱且分离的气氛，然而，它也标志了一个重要吋刻，即文学开始丢下19世纪的风格而去支持一个富有想象力和创新的更现代的风格)。因此D项“它抛弃了过去形成于战后的欧洲情绪”正确。

11.单选题

Ittakesmuchtimetosolvetheproblemonebyone.Canwegeneralizecommon（）toapplytosimilarproblems?

问题1选项

A.means

B.techniques

C.tips

D.solutions

【答案】D

【解析】句意:一个接一个地解决问题需要很多吋间。我们能归纳出适用于所有类似问题的通用解决方法吗？

考查名词辨析。means手段,方法;technique技巧,技艺,工艺;tip尖端,尖儿,端;solution解决方案,溶液,溶解。根据关键信息“problem(问题)”可知D符合句意。

12.单选题

Birdsthatareliterallyhalfasleep—withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping—controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks.Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere’seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.

Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerable,end-of-the-rowsleepers.Sureenough,intheendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.

Also,birdsdozing（打盹）attheendofthelineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotating16birdsthroughthepositionsinafour-duckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozinglimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots.

‘‘Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain,”theresearcherssay.

Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-hemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He’sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingside-by-sideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleepingbymirror.Theniirroi-sideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.

Usefulashalf-sleepingmightbe,ifsonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammals（哺乳动物）asdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.

Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUCLAsayshewondersifbird’shalf-brainsleepis“justthetipoftheiceberg（冰山）Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.

1.Anewstudyonbirds’sleephasrevealedthat（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause（）.

3.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat（）.

4.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto（）.

5.By“justthetipoftheiceberg”(Line2,lastPara),Siegelsuggeststhat（）.

问题1选项

A.birdscancontroltheirhalf-brainsleepconsciously

B.birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest

C.half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirds

D.half-brainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwaves

问题2选项

A.theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions

B.thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructured

C.theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacks

D.theirbrainhemispherestaketurnstorest

问题3选项

A.birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurity

B.thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespread

C.asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror

D.evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurity

问题4选项

A.avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents

B.emergefromwaternowandthentobreathe

C.alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemy

D.besensitivetotheever-changingenvironment

问题5选项

A.half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspecies

B.mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepers

C.themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsolved

D.half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweather

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。A:鸟类能有意识地控制其半脑睡眠,第一段指出:Birdsthatareliterallyhalfasleep—witlionebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping—controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks(一项对睡着的鸭子的最新研究发现，实际上半睡眠状态的鸟类（即一个大脑半球保持警惕，另一个大脑半球保持睡眠）能控制大脑的哪一边保持醒着),因此A正确。B:鸟类很少在其整个大脑休息的情况下睡觉,文章并未提及。C:半脑睡眠在很多鸟类中被发现,第一段指出:Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds(更早期的研究记录了很多鸟类有半睡眠情况),但题干问的是:一项关于鸟类睡眠的新研究表明…,因此不选C项。D:以缓慢的脑电波为特点的半脑睡眠,由第—段中“Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.大脑半球轮流陷入以缓慢的脑电波为特点的睡眠状态”指D项不正确。

2.细节事实题。第五段指出:Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-h