实用英语写作(四六级通用)课件

1、实用英语写作教程ContentChapter I ABCs of English WritingChapter II Genres of English Writing (I)Chapter III Genres of English Writing (II)Chapter IV Common Mistakes in English WritingChapter I ABCs of English WritingI Punctuation MarksII Manu ScriptsIII DictionIV Correct and Effective SentencesV Ways of Dev

2、elop paragraphsI Punctuation MarksThe comma (,)The period (.)The semicolon (;)The colon (:)The question mark (?)The exclamation mark (!)Quotation mark (“”)Parentheses/brackets ()Square brackets(【】)The dash(-)Attention !1. Never begin with a comma(,),a period(.), a colon(:), a question mark (?), an e

3、xlamation mark(!)2. Never ends with 【 “ ( -The comma (,)A comma is used to join clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and,but, or, for, so, nor, yet )2. A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase.3. Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the

4、sentence.4. Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are Set off by commas.5. Commas set off parenthetical elements.6. In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the order is month-day-year, no comma need be used if the order is day-month-year.7. Numbers 1,253,900 53,807,214The period (

5、.)Declarative sentence, a mildly imperative sentence, and an indirect question2. Abbreviations3. Ellipsis mark Writing Task 1most american people are fond of cats and or dogs it is said that every year they spend about $5.4billion on their pets including $1.5 billion on pet food four times the amoun

6、t of money they spend on baby food now there are about 100 million dogs and cats in the country the number is still going up rapidly since 12 500 puppies are born every hourAnswers to task 1Most American people are fond of cats and/ or dogs. It is said that every year they spend about $5.4billion on

7、 their pets, including $1.5 billion on pet food -four times the amount of money they spend on baby food. Now there are about 100 million dogs and cats in the country; the number is still going up rapidly since 12 500 puppies are born every hour.Task 2 its 745 on tuesday morning and 26 year old steve

8、 clerkson is going to work he puts on his jacket and picks up his cell phone paper and laptop as he leaves the house he turns on his mp3 player and put on his headphones he is ready to goAnswers to Task 2Its 7:45 on Tuesday morning and 26-year-old Steve Clerkson is going to work. He puts on his jack

9、et and picks up his cell phone, paper, and laptop. As he leaves the house, he turns on his MP3 player and put on his headphones. He is ready to go.II Manu ScriptsArrangementCapitalizationArrangement1. two centimeters at the top2. two centimeters at the bottom3.one and a half centimeters on the left4

10、.one and a half centimeters on the rightCapitalization 1. proper names2. key words in titles3. the first words of sentencesTask 1where i lived, and what i lived forare transgenic crops safe?well-known dramatists of the ming dynastya day to rememberapproaches to teaching english as a foreign language

11、criticisms on the ending of mark twains adventures of huckleberry finnAnswers to task 1Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Are Transgenic Crops Safe?Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming DynastyA Day to RememberApproaches to Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageCriticisms on the Ending of Mark Twains A

12、dventures of Huckleberry FinnIII Diction-Using Proper WordsI. Using words correctlyII. Using words accuratelyI. Using words correctly1.overcome ChinglishEg:Im not afraid of the hot weather. I dont mind the hot weather. I found the room rather cold. I felt the room rather cold. On Sundays I always sl

13、eep late. On Sundays I always get up late.The blanket felt soft to her. She felt the blanket soft. His level of English has been proved. His English has improved. He came out the fourth in the exam. He received the fourth place in the exam.2. Beware of archaisms, obsolete words, and newly-coined wor

14、dsWords or meaning of words which are no longer in common used but occur in special text (e.g. Religious works) and poetry are called archaic. Eg: mayhaps (v.hope; adv.maybe), quoth (vt.say), thy (pron. your), ere (prep. before) Words or meaning which have gone out of use altogether are called obsol

15、ete. Eg: admirable废语令人惊奇的 fine n. 废语惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱 Newly-coined words Eg: junior-high-schooler, tube-steak, water-sensitive-crops, snow-poor-winter, 3.Avoid slangOn hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our deep sympathies.The big banquet held in honor of t

16、he distinguished state guests was really neat.俚语呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的 Unexceptionable/ admirable/ excellentII. Using words accuratelyThe shade of meaningEg1: eagle and hawkEagle is a bird that soars high and thus see far. to have an eagle eye (to have excellent vision)Hawk is a bird of pray, symbolizes hars

17、hness, thus people call the hard line politician “the hawk”.Eg2: dumb and muteHe is a dumb / mute man.1. Specific and concrete wordsSpecific and generalA good man : kind / honest / just / generous / sympathetic / warm-hearted / selfless / honorableGood food: tasty / nourishing / rich / wholesome / h

18、igh-priced / fresh / substantialGeneral: In spring, the weather in Beijing can be very bad.Specific: In spring, it is often windy and dusty here.More specific with the help of details:In spring, the wind blows all day long. The air is then filled with fine dust which sometimes shuts out the sun. The

19、re is no escape from the fine dust. It gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair.2. Denotation and ConnotationDenotation is the basic ,direct, literal meaning of a word. As defined by the dictionary.Connotation is the association around and the overtone about the word. its the fee

20、ling or idea suggested by the word.E.g . 国家Country emphasizes the territory.Nation emphasizes the people.State emphasizes political organization. Land is often used to connote certain feeling.An island country ; neighboring countrypeace-loving nation; the awaking nation of AfricaState-owned enterpri

21、sesOur state system is the peoples democratic dictatorship.A far-away / foreign land; a land of liberty/ opportunityDifferent connotation reflects the different attitude of the speaker.Complimentary derogatory neutralPublic servant bureaucrat government employeeFinancier speculator investorLaw offic

22、er cop policemanCaptain of industry tycoon successful businessman Investigator spy detectiveCaptive jailbird prisoner3. SynonymsSynonyms :Two or more forms with very closely related meaning, which are often but not always, intersubstitutable in a sentence.According to formality:Early English: small/

23、little ask time rise French: petite question age mountLatin: diminutive interrogate epoch ascendGenerally, Latin words are more bookish than early English and French.ExamplesThe concert concluded with a performance of Beethovens 5th symphony.They ended the concert with Beethovens 5th symphony. My fa

24、ther purchased a large automobile. My dad bought a big car.IV Correct and Effective SentencesElements of a sentenceII. Requirements of a correct sentenceIII. Requirements of an effective sentenceI. Elements of a sentence1. Completeness in structure;2. Begin with a capital letter;3. End with a full s

25、top, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark;4. Express a single complete idea.II. Requirements of a correct sentence1. completeness in structure2. the right subject3. agreement between the subject and the predicate verb4. agreement between pronoun and antecedent5. clear pronoun reference6. endin

26、g sentences with full stops7. joining clauses with conjunctions8. a main clause in a complex sentence9. proper use of comparisons10.correct use of the tenseTask 1Correct the following sentences:Because he hadnt finish his assignment, so he continued working in the classroom. completeness in structur

27、eNot knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him. the right subjectA number of spelling mistakes was found in his composition. agreement between the subject and the predicate verbEverybody should return the books he borrowed within a week. agreement between pronoun and antecedentShe told my

28、sister that her idea was practicable. clear pronoun referenceNo one come to the party, it was a complete failure. ending sentences with full stops / joining clauses with conjunctionsBecause he had not heard about that important decision. a main clause in a complex sentenceThe Sahara is larger than a

29、ny desert in the world. proper use of comparisonsWe have revised our work plan last night. correct use of the tenseFragment and EllipseA fragment is a part of sentence (such as a phrase or dependant/ subordinate clause) which begins with a capital letter and ends as a sentence does. E.g.Fragment The

30、 result being that he lost the presidential election. Sentence The result is that he lost the presidential election. More Fragment-like sentencesAs exclamations Oh! Nonsense! Well done! What a day! How kind of you! Susan a singer!?In spoken English A: how about this? B: very good! A: Your name and y

31、our address, please? B: All right , here.As transitions And a final instance, To return from our digression, Now, a few more words about the meeting today.For emphasis and vividness There is a price to pay for success. The demanding price of self denial, the price of blood and sweat and tears.III. R

32、equirements of an effective sentenceI Unity Unity: A sentence should express a single complete idea, no more, no less. If it contains too much, then the sentence becomes confusing . If it contains too little, then the idea in it is incomplete.In other words, a sentence violates the principle of unit

33、y if it contains ideas that are not closely related; whats more, a sentence is not unified if it does not express a complete thought.Eg:Ideas not closely related: Born in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be a great musician.He was born in a small town in South China in 1937, and gr

34、ew up to be a great musician.Idea incomplete: Dream of the Red Mansion is the best-known novel. Dream of the Red Mansion is one of the best-known classical Chinese novel.1. Avoid chopped-up sentenceIn the following sentence, the idea of one unified sentence is chopped into several short sentences.E.

35、g: My best friend in high school was our literature teacher. Her name was Wang Li. She taught us literature for three years.Revised: My best friend in high school was our literature teacher, Wang Li, who taught us for three years.2.Avoid Fused sentence: several ideas are fused into one sentence.Fuse

36、d: She suddenly paused and it seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily but she was usually bashful.Improved: She suddenly paused. It seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily, but she was usually bashful.Fused: They did not win the game so far as I could see they did not even try. Impro

37、ved: They did not win the game. So far as I could see, they did not even try.II CoherenceCoherence requires that the parts of a sentence are so arranged that they stick together, and that the ideas progress in a logical sequence.1. Parallelism E.g: I forgot that my research paper was due on Tuesday

38、and my teacher had said he would not accept late papers. In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence. It is sometimes necessary to repeat the introductory word or phrase or clause.The child was pretty and had brain

39、s. The child was pretty and intelligent.He sat down and was beginning to work. He sat down and began to work.I will wait until you call or she comes. I will wait until you call or until she comes.I went to the dance with a girl from Memphis and who has a southern accent. I went to the dance with a g

40、irl who is from Memphis and who has a southern accent.2. Consistency(1) keep the same grammatical subject unless there is good reason for changing. Eg: The cast first discusses the play and then nightly rehearsals begin.The cast first discusses the play and then begin nightly rehearsals.(2) Keep the

41、 person of pronoun consistent. Eg: Having eaten our lunch, they departed by boat.Having eaten their lunch, they departed by boat.(3) Keep the number of nouns and pronouns consistent Eg: Being a student, we all wish to learn to write well. One can never write effectively, unless they write as much an

42、d as often as they can.(4) Keep the mood and the voice that you have decided upon. Eg: First build a fire and then you should make the coffee. He drove the car into the garage and the motor was quickly stopped.3. Subordination Correct subordination clarifies the relationships between ideas, thus str

43、engthens the coherence of a sentence.Subordination also leads to greater economy in writing, permitting one to express oneself in the fewest possible words.It can be achieved by turning the other clause into:(1)an adverbial clause (2) an adjective clause (3) a present participial phrase(4) a past pa

44、rticipial phrase(5) an appositiveEg: A. I was in college. I had a roommate. He was studying to be a lawyer.B. I ran out of ink, thus being unable to finish my theme.C. The dean issued a bulletin, and it said the library would remain open on weekends.III Conciseness1. No wordinessWordiness also viola

45、tes the principle of unity, the idea gets blurred by unnecessary words which obscure it like clouds and smoke. Sorry, Im not in a position to offer assistance to him.Sorry, I am unable to help him.The maid put the letter that came from Prague on my desk.The maid put the letter from Prague on my desk

46、.There are several advantages to buying a motorbike.Buying a motorbike offers several advantages .Id like to take the opportunity to say thank you.Thank you.2. ClarityClarity requires that a sentence should be written with its meaning unmistakably clear.Misunderstanding is often caused by the positi

47、on of modifiers：The meaning of a sentence can be changed drastically by changes in the position of modifiers.Eg： I really dont mind waiting. I dont really mind waiting. In one word, the modifier must be placed as near to the modified as possible.IV EmphasisEmphasis is the means by which you give des

48、ired force to your writing.1. positioning for emphasisThe sentence end-the place of strongest emphasisThe sentence beginning-the place of secondary emphasisThe middle - the place of least emphasisE.g.He will not have the endurance needed for the long training required to be a dentist, I think.Attent

49、ion: move the point to be emphasized, out of order, to the front, this process is often called fronting or inversion. E.g: This I will never do.2. use of the appropriate voice for verbsIn general the active voice is preferable because it is more direct and precise, but sometimes the passive is more

50、appropriate than the active.E.g.The advice which was given to me by you will be followed by me.Television was watched by the whole family in the evenings.Passive voice is preferable:when the receiver of an action is more important than the doer.when the doer is vague or unknown.when the doer is to b

51、e especially emphasized.3. Climactic orderClimacte order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important or that goes from the general to the specific.She was a kind-hearted, goodlooking, and well-mannered lady.Revised: She was goodlooking, well-mannered and kind-hearted.He sai

52、d he had lost interest in life, fame, position and money after that tragedy.Revised: He said after that tragedy he had lost interest in Note:The opposite of climatic order results in anticlimax. it is often used deliberately for humorous effects.E.g. At one fell swoop, he lost his wife, his child, h

53、is household goods, and his dog.4. Rhetorical questionA rhetorical question differs from an ordinary question in that it does not need an answer, it is used for emphasis.The rhetorical question is often reserved for special occasion to exert its great force. A positive rhetorical question is like a

54、strong negative statement, while a negative rhetorical question is like a strong positive statement.E.g.If winter comes, can spring be far behind?Isnt it beautiful weather?5.The balanced sentenceThe balanced sentence, by positioning together two or more parallel items, makes for poignancy and emphas

55、is.E.g.Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. -Francis Bacon: “Of Studies”6. Periodic sentencesA periodic sentence is one that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word, which is the most important word of the sentence.Eg: It is gene

56、rally acknowledged that the sole criterion of truth is practice. He said for buying a house he had prepared everything but money.V Ways of Develop paragraphsI. General Introduction to Paragraph:1.In form: set off by indentation or spacing2. In content: closely-related sentencesII. Typical structure of paragraph1.Topi