公共管理英语(修订版)-顾建光-全文翻译Unit

1、.Why Public Management Reform?为什么要进行公共管理改革？Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种达到目的的手段,而并非目的本身。To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说,我们可以认为它是一种潜在地达到多种目的的手段。These include making

2、saving in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient, and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支经济,提高公共服务的质量,使政府的运作更加有效,增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的机会。On the way to achieving

3、 these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials 公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员from bureaucratic constrainswhich inhibittheir opportunities to manage and enh

4、ance the governments accountabilityto the legislatureand the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时,公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务,包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放出来,这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和计划实施中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的机会。Last, but not least, one should mention the symbolic and legitimacybenefits of management

5、reform. 最后,但并非最不重要的是,我们还应该注意公共管理改革的象征性与合法性意义。For politicians these benefits consist partly of being seem to be doing something. 这些好处对于政治家而言,至少可被人们认为他们正在有所作为。Announcing reforms, criticizing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising improved services for the future, restructuring mini

6、stries and agenciesall these activities help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espouse 支持、赞成、信奉 them. 比如宣布进行改革,批评官僚主义,表扬新的管理技术,许诺在未来改进服务,重组部门和办事机构所有这些活动都能把有利的注意力吸引到主张这些事情的政治家身上。A cynic 玩世不恭者、愤世嫉俗者、好挖苦人的人、好嘲笑的人 might observe that, in these days when the power of individual governm

7、ents to act independently is increasingly called into questions 对表示怀疑、认为有问题、对表示异议、非难、怀疑、质疑 by a complex interplay of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers usually can dowith the appearance of dynamism 活力 but at little immediatecostis to announce changes in their

8、own machinery 机械、机构、机制 of governance.一个愤世嫉俗的人可能会发现,近来,由于地方、国家和国际限制等复杂的相互作用,单个政府独立行动的权力能力日益受到质疑,政府部长们通常所能做的事情以充满活力的面貌出现却仅需极小的直接代价就是在他们自己管辖机构内部宣布改革。 公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员 支持、赞成、信奉 玩世不恭者、愤世嫉俗者、好挖苦人的人、好嘲笑的人 对表示怀疑、认为有问题、对表示异议、非难、怀疑、质疑 活力 机械、机构、机制If management reform really does produce cheaper, more efficient

9、government, with higher-quality services and more effective programs, and if it will simultaneously enhance political control, free managers to manage, make government more transparent and boost 促进、增加、提高、改善、宣传 the images of those ministers and mandarins 国语、官话、满清官吏、旧中国的官员、官僚 most involved, then it is

10、 little wonder that it has been widely trumpeted 吹喇叭、吹嘘. 如果管理改革真会产生一个能提供高质量服务和有效计划的更廉价、更高效的政府,如果它同时还会强化政治控制,让管理者放手去管理,使政府更透明,并且能提升最积极参与的部长和官员们的形象,那么它被广泛鼓吹也就不足为奇。Unfortunately, however, matters are not so simple. 不幸的是,事情并非如此简单。There is a good deal of evidence to show that management reforms can go wr

11、ong. 众多证据表明,管理改革会走入歧途。They may fail to produce the claimedbenefits. 它们可能无法产生那些宣称的好处。They may even generate perverse 堕落的、不正当的、违反常情的、有悖常理的、不合人意的、不当的 effects that render the relevant administrative progresses worse than they were previously. 它们甚至可能导致相反不当的结果,从而使相关的行政过程在某些重要的方面变得比以前更糟。When a local author

12、ity home help service for elderly and disabled people is reshaped along quasi-market lines, with a split between the authority purchasing the service and the providing it, we may consider this a typical reform.比如,某个地方当局一项为老人和残疾人提供家庭帮助家庭照顾的计划按照准市场的原则进行了重新修改,将购买服务的当局和提供服务的成员分离开来,我们可将此视为一项典型的改革。 When,

13、however, we discover that the contractdrawn up for the service is 700 pages long and that the actual service provided seems to have changed very little in either quality or quantity, then doubt sets in 来临、开始、到来. 然而,如果我们发现,为这项服务而起草的合同文件厚达700页,而实际提供的服务在数量上和质量上只有非常小的改变时,质疑就开始产生了。W 促进、增加、提高、改善、宣传 国语、官话、

14、满清官吏、旧中国的官员、官僚 吹喇叭、吹嘘 堕落的、不正当的、违反常情的、有悖常理的、不合人意的、不当的 来临、开始、到来Furthermore, even if a particular reform clearly succeeds in respect of one or two of the objectives mentioned above it is unlikely that it will succeed in all. 此外,即便一项特定的改革确实在上面提到的一个或两个目标方面节余、宣示和质量改进获得了成功,它也不可能完全获得成功。Indeed, we shall argu

15、e later that certain trade-offs 权衡、取舍、交易、妥协 and dilemmas are exceedingly common in administrative change, so that the achievement of one or two particular ends might well be paid for by a lowered performance in other respects: rule over specialized decision makers in a bureaucracy is maintained by s

16、elective crackdowns 镇压、制裁、强制取缔、惩罚 on one goal at a time, steering the equilibriumwithout ever acknowledging that tightening up on one criterion implies slackening off 放慢、松劲 on another. 实际上,我们在后面会说明,行政改革中导致的权衡和两难困境很常见,因此,某一项或两项目标的实现很可能会被其他方面较差的表现抵消：官僚体制中专门的决策者遵循的规则是,一次针对一个目标采取措施,从而控制平衡但他们没有认识到,紧缩某一项指

17、标意味着放松另一项指标。For example, if we subject public servants to more effective political supervision and control, can we simultaneously gift 赋予、给予、向赠送 them greater freedom and flexibility to manage? 例如,如果我们对公务员实施更有效的政治监督和控制,我们能否同时赋予他们更多的自由和管理的灵活性？The optimists will say yes,by laying down 制定、放下、铺设、主张、打赌 a

18、clearer, simpler framework of rules within which managers can get creative. 乐观主义者会点头称是,他们会提出一个更清晰、更简单的规则,从而使管理者在规则范围之内获得创造性。The 权衡、取舍、交易、妥协 镇压、制裁、强制取缔、惩罚 放慢、松劲 赋予、给予、向赠送 制定、放下、铺设、主张、打赌 怀疑者、怀疑论者、无神论者 不要画蛇添足、不要弄巧成拙、不要去管In any case, public management reform is only one way to achieve most of the desira

19、ble 令人满意的、值得要的、合意的、称心的 ends identified in the first paragraph. 不管怎样,公共管理改革只是达到第一段中所提到的期望目标的手段之一。To be adequate 足够的、不言而喻的、令人满意的、足以担任, any description of its nature will need to take into account that governmental performance can be improved by a variety of routes and that management reform is frequen

20、tly undertaken in conjunction with other types of policy initiative. 不言而喻的是,对公共管理改革性质的任何描述都需要考虑到政府的表现可以通过很多途径得到改善,并考虑到管理改革经常与其他政策创新联系在一起。Comparing administrative developments in a number of countries one academic observed recently: Administrative reform is a subject of all policy performance, not a

21、separable set of technical efforts.在对很多国家的行政发展进行比较之后,有一个学者最近发现：行政改革 令人满意的、值得要的、合意的、称心的 足够的、不言而喻的、令人满意的、足以担任Other routes to improved government performance include political reforms and substantive changes in key policies . The example of New Zealandwhich combined management reforms with fundamental

22、changes in both macroeconomic policies and, later, the electoral systemwas alluded to 提到、提及、谈到 提到、提及、谈到改善政府表现的其他途径包括政治改革例如选举体系或立法程序的改变以及关键政策的实质性变革例如新的宏观经济管理政策,劳动力市场改革,或社会政策的根本性的改变。本书导言中提到过新西兰的案例,在这个案例中新西兰把管理改革同宏观经济政策以及选举制度的根本改变组合在一起。To make matters more complicated still, there is, as commentators h

23、ave noticed, a delay which affects a good deal of public management reform. The full benefits of major changes in the processes and structures of public agencies normally cannot be harvested until three, four, five or even more years after a reform programs has been launched. To begin with, new legi

24、slation might well be needed. Then will be necessary to analyze status quo, and subsequently to design, formulate, and refine 精炼、提炼、改善 new operating procedures, train staff how to work with them, define new roles and the appropriate reward and appraisal system, set new measurement systems in place,

25、inform service users and other stakeholders, and work hard to reduce the anxiety all novelties 新奇、新奇的事务、创新 have probably caused, both among users and among staff.But this is not the kind of timescale that most senior politicians are comfortable with. Their focus is more intensely short-term: on the next el