EPC交钥匙合同-菲迪克

1、EPC ContractsTim SteadmanContract Management in International ConstructionBeijing, April 28, 2009设计采购施工合同Tim Steadman国际工程合同管理2009年4月28日 北京2General OverviewIntroductiontoCCConstruction GroupPurpose of presentationOutline of presentationContextRolesPhilosophyStructureFormKeyrisksand contract terms概述高伟

2、绅律律所建设设工程团团队介绍绍演讲目的的演讲概要要背景角色体系结构形式主要风险险与合同同条款3Context -EconomicEffectofcyclesParticipantsProcurementmethods andstructuresPriceRisk allocationFunding sourcesand methods背景-经济体系循环环的效果果参与者采购方式式与结构构价格风险分担担资金来源源与方式式4Context BusinessCultureMost countriesembrace marketeconomics(in theory)Inpracticethereare

3、exceptions helpfuland otherwiseSorelationships aretosome extentadversarial/competitiveAndnegotiations canbecomplex (especially if lendersare involved)背景商业文化化（理论上上）大多多数国家家信奉市市场经济济实践中存存在例外外有益或有有害因此在在某种程程度上存存在对抗抗/竞争性关关系谈判存在在复杂性性（尤其其涉及贷贷款人时时）5Context Legal/RegulatoryLegalsystemispartofbusinesscultureThe

4、ruleoflaw/contractisimportant,especially in projectfinanceddealsCivilandcommon lawsystems differinform andsubstanceImpactofprocurementrulesOnowners behaviourOnbidding tactics背景法律法规规法律体系系是商业业文化的的一部分分法治/契约规则则很重要要，尤其其在项目目资金筹筹措交易易中罗马法与与普通法法系在形形式与实实质上存存在不同同采购规则则的影响响对业主的的行为对投标技技巧6RolesPrimecontractor (not

5、always EPC)VendorTechnology licensorInvestorFunder(deliberateorbydefault)角色总承包商商(并非总以以EPC合同形式式)供应商技术许可可人投资者融资者(有或无)7PhilosophyAsa contractorOpen biddingorsolesource?Immediateprofit or marketpenetration/profile?Sole or in consortium?Legalandpractical consequencesofjointliability?Equityorcontractingro

6、leonly?体系作为承包包人公开投标标或唯一一来源?希求得到到直接利利润或通通过市场场渗透/打造企业业形象?单独投标标或联合合投标?共同责任任的法律律后果或或实际后后果?入股抑或或仅仅是是承包人人角色?8Philosophy (contd)AsanownerAllianceorrisk transfer?LinkedtofundingmethodSome sectoral patternsAlso variesbetween publicandprivatesectorPhilosophy is influential onlyifshared withinsupplychain体系(续)作

7、为业主主联合或风风险转移移?与融资方方式相关关联一些部门门模式公共部门门与私营营部门不不同体系仅在在供应链链共享范范围内有有影响9StructuretheProjectPrivatelyprocuredOnbalance sheetOffbalancesheetPubliclyprocuredMaystillbeaccountingconsiderations,eginPPPCombinationsPPPprojectsConcessionsOthersegPPAs结构项目私下获得得项目资产负债债表上资产负债债表外公开获得得项目仍可能考考虑对价价，例如如在PPP（公私合合伙）合合同中结合PPP

8、（公私合合伙）项项目让步其他例如PPA10Typical PPPStructurePUBLICENTITYCONCESSION CONTRACTSPVSPONSOR EQUITYTHIRDPARTYEQUITYINVESTORSDUEDILIGENCE ADVISER1MEZZANINEFUNDERSINSURERSCONSTRUCTIONSENIORFUNDERS(BANK/BOND)SURPLUS REALESTATE DISPOSALDUEDILIGENCE ADVISER2SUBCONTRACTOR 1DESIGNERSEQUIPMENTSUPPLYOPERATION&MAINTENA

9、NCEDEVELOPERDUEDILIGENCE ADVISER3INVESTORSSUBCONTRACTOR 2SUBCONTRACTOR 3BONDS& GUARANTEESSURETIES& GUARANTORS典型PPP结构共同实体体特许权合合同SPV发起人股股份第三方股股份投资人合理注意意顾问1中间融资资者保险人建设高级融资资者(银行/债券)剩余不动动产处置置合理注意意顾问2分包人1设计人设备供应应运营与维维护开发商合理注意意顾问3投资人分包人2分包人3保函与担担保担保与保保证11StructuretheMainConstructionContract(s)EPC/design an

10、dbuildOwnerdesignedEPCM/CMOthervariants结构主建设合合同设计采购购施工/设计施工工业主设计计设计采购购施工管管理/施工管理理EPCM/CM其他变量量12KEY“Traditional”OWNERCONTRACTORSUB-CONTRACTORSARCHITECT/ENGINEER = Appointments= Sub-Contracts= Building ContractEPCStructureKEY“传统”业主承包人分包人建筑师/工程师 = 任命 = 分包合同 = 施工合同EPC结构13Wheredoes EPCfitin?ConstructionM

11、anagementOwnerassumes riskContractor retainsriskTraditionalDesign&BuildLSTK/EPCR ISKSP ECT RUMExceptasotherwise statedintheContract:theContractorshallbedeemedtohaveobtainedallnecessary information as to risks,contingencies andothercircumstances which mayinfluenceoraffect theWorks;bysigning theContra

12、ct,the Contractoracceptstotalresponsibilityforhaving foreseen alldifficultiesand costs of successfullycompleting theWorks;andtheContractPriceshallnot be adjusted to takeaccountofanyunforeseendifficultiesorcosts.LSTK LumpSumTurnkeyEPCEngineeringProcurementandConstructionEPCStructure (contd)EPC合同适合合什么

13、?建设管理理业主承担担风险承包人保保留风险险传统设计施工工LSTK/EPC风险幅度度除非在合合同中另另有约定定外：承包人应应当被视视为已获获知有关关风险、意外事事故及其其他可能能影响工工程的情情况的全全部必要要信息；一俟签约约，承包包人即接接受了所所预见到到的各类类困难的的全部责责任并承承担顺利利完工的的一切费费用；且且合同价款款不得因因考虑任任何不可可预见的的困难或或费用而而调整。LSTK 一次性付付款交钥钥匙EPC设计采购购施工EPC结构(续)14EPCKey FeaturesSinglepointresponsibilitySubject to capsand carve-outsHig

14、h degreeofrisk forcontractorAlso high(butnotabsolute) degreeofcontractor controlPricedaccordinglyThepreferred structureforprojectfinance/PPPtransactionsLinkage to shareholder supportEPC主要特点点单一责任任责任的上上限及分分割承包人承承担高风风险项目多由由承包人人控制，但非完完全控制制相应报价价项目融资资的更优优模式/PPP交易与股东支支持的联联系15EPCKey Features (contd)Sensitiv

15、etomarket conditionsrecenthistoryWide choiceofstandardcontracts(eg FIDIC SilverandYellow)Commonlyused in infrastructure,thermal power anddownstream petchemEPC主要特点点(续)对市场条条件敏感感最近的历历史可以选择择更多的的标准合合同(例如FIDIC银皮书和和黄皮书书)在基础设设施、热热电厂和和下游石石化行业业中应用用16KEY“Traditional”OWNERCONTRACTORSUB-CONTRACTORSARCHITECT/ENGI

16、NEER = Appointments= Sub-Contracts= Building ContractOwnerDesignKey“传统”业主承包人分包人建筑师/工程师 = 任命 = 分包合同 = 施工合同业主设计计17OwnerDesignKey FeaturesMore controlfor ownerDesignand other risks alsoretainedbyownerHistory of disputesUsehas declined in recentdecades butstillused in,eg,public civil works andtechnology

17、 projectsIncompatiblewithproject financeapproach业主设计计主要特特点业主更多多控制设计及其其他风险险仍由业业主保留留争议历史史近几十年年来使用用率降低低，但仍仍在使用用，例如如在公共共民用建建筑和技技术项目目中与项目融融资方式式不兼容容18OWNERTCPROFESSIONALTEAMARCHITECTSTRUCTURAL ENGINEERM&EENGINEERQUANTITYSURVEYORCDMCO-ORDINATORCONSTRUCTIONMANAGERTC= TRADE CONTRACTOR= Trade Contract = Appoi

18、ntments= CMAKEYEPCM/CMTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTC业主TCTC专业队伍伍建筑师结构工程程师机械电气气工程师师成本估算算师CDM协调师TCTCTCTCTCTCTC施工项目目经理TC=专业承包包商=专业合同同=任命=注册管理理会计师师KEYEPCM/CM19EPCM/CM KeyFeaturesEPCM contractorisessentiallyaconsultantOwnerbearssubstantialriskInterfaceRecourse/leverageCanproducethelowest costand fastestcompletionButish

19、eavilydependentonspecialistskills, experienceand resourcesCanbedisastrousifthosearenot presentexamplesWidelyusedinupstreamoiland gas,renewablesandsomereal estatemarketsEPCM/CM主要特点点EPCM承包人实实际上是是顾问业主承担担实质性性风险接口追索/杠杆作用用能达到最最低支出出与最快快完工但很大程程度上有有赖于专专业技术术、经验验与资源源如果不具具备这些些将可能能损失惨惨重案例广泛应用用于上游游油气、可再生生资源以以及一些些

20、不动产产市场20VariantsTimingtwo-stagecontractingMarketdriven andmixedfeedbackConversion mechanismScope is FEEDincluded?CanbeattractiveforcontractorsPricing target cost/GMPUsually aconsequencerather thanachoiceExamples eg 2012Link to philosophy变量时间两步签约约市场驱动动与综合合反馈转换机制制范围是否包括括FEED?对承包人人有吸引引力价格目标费用用/优良制造造标准G

21、MP通常是结结果而非非选择例子例如2012与体系相相关21FormsofContracta profusionofcolourand variety!合同格式式各种各样样的色彩彩和类型型!22FormsofContractStandardorspeciallydrafted?RelevanceofwiderstructureOriginofstandardformsExample of FIDICOtherstandardforms,egNEC,AIA, ENAA, EICWhyamenda“proven”form?Tocorrect perceivedanomaliesorbias(exam

22、ples)合同格式式标准合同同抑或特特别制定定的合同同?更广泛结结构的相相关性标准格式式起源FIDIC实例其他标准准格式，例如NEC, AIA,ENAA,EIC为何修订订“现有有”格式式?修正已发发现的异异常或偏偏差(例子)23FormsofContract(contd)Toreflect dealspecifics or sectorpractice(examples)Toincorporatematerialfrom other contracts(eginPPP)Toreflect requirementsoffunding (whichmaybeownerorcontractorsou

23、rced)Forlegalreasons(examples)Whodrafts ownerorcontractor?合同格式式(续)反映交易易特性或或部门实实践（例例子）吸纳其他他合同素素材(例如在PPP合同中)反映融资资需求(可能来源源于业主主或承包包人)基于法律律原因(例子)由谁起草草业主还是是承包人人?24KeyRisksand Contract TermsLawand languageEnglish language andstylecommonlyusedPrecedence andintegrationofdocumentsDistinguishlanguageofcontract

24、andofcommunicationsCommonlaw preferredbutlessstronglythesedaysImpactoflocallaw in anyeventWide choiceofmethods andplacesfor disputeresolution主要风险险与合同同条款法律与语语言通常使用用英语语语言与文文体文件的优优先顺序序与整体体性区分合同同语言与与交流语语言优先考虑虑普通法法，但近近来这一一趋势减减弱任何情况况下本地地法的影影响争议解决决方式与与地点的的广泛选选择25KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)Quality an

25、dscope“Wrapping” eg of technologyorexistingworksordesignFitness forpurpose andreasonable skill andcareInsuranceand riskretention implicationsCompliance withlawsandconsentsSpecial importanceofenvironmentalrequirementsPass-downfromotherproject documents主要风险险与合同同条款(续)质量与范范围“限制”例如，对对技术或或现有工工程与设设计符合目标标及合

26、理理技术与与注意义义务保险与风风险保留留问题符合法律律及约定定环境要求求的特殊殊重要性性其他项目目文件的的延续26KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)IntellectualpropertyOwnershipbycontractorAssignedorlicensedtoowner?ScopeoflicenseIndemnitiesforinfringement capped or not?主要风险险与合同同条款(续)知识产权权承包人的的所有权权转让或许许可给业业主?许可范围围侵权赔偿偿有无上限限?27KeyRisksand Contract Terms (co

27、ntd)PerformanceSecurityJointliabilityGuaranteesBondsTypesandpurposesIssueswithon-demandbondsCreditissues in currentmarketRetentionfunds主要风险险与合同同条款(续)履约担保保共同责任任担保人保函类型与目目的按需求发发放保函函在当前市市场中按按信用发发放保函函保留基金金KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)SubcontractingApprovalStep-in rightsSite conditionsCanthreatenvia

28、bility of project/partiesMitigantsAnopen-mindedapproachGovernment supportSurveys andstagingFlexibilityindesign28主要风险险与合同同条款(续)分包同意介入权现场状况况可能威胁胁到项目目/当事方的的存续降低风险险的办法法思维开放放的方式式政府支持持现场考查查与筹备备设计的弹弹性29KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)LabourLocallawsLocalpreferenceTimeStatusofprogrammeRemediesfordelayLiqu

29、idated damages(“LDs”)fordelayEnforceabilityissueswithdelayLDsAccelerationMilestonesLook-forwarddefaultCalculationandcappingofLDS主要风险险与合同同条款(续)劳动力当地法律律当地优惠惠时间计划状况况延期赔偿偿延期违约约赔偿金金违约赔偿偿金执行行力问题题赶工重大事件件预期违约约延期违约约赔偿金金的计算算与上限限30KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)Completion,commissioning andtestingSectordiffe

30、rencesPerformanceLDsand make-goodDefects liabilityTypical periods“Evergreen”clausesLatentand patentdefectsRemediesunderthegenerallaw主要风险险与合同同条款(续)竣工、试试车与试试验部门差别别履行违约约赔偿金金或进行行补救缺陷责任任典型期限限“终生”条款潜在缺陷陷与显著著缺陷依照一般般原则的的救济31KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)VariationsInstructed by theownerResultingfromchang

31、es in laworstandardsExamplesofrisk allocationPriceandpaymentLump sumorother?CurrencyissuesInputcost fluctuationMilestones or measurement?Offsite materials主要风险险与合同同条款(续)变更按照业主主指示因法律或或标准的的变化风险分担担的例子子价款与支支付总价合同同或其他他?货币问题题投入成本本的波动动重大事件件或测量量?场外原料料32KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)Advance paymentsCashfl

32、owneutralityPayment security forcontractorSet-off andcorrectionECArequirementsRemediesfornon-paymentRole of lenders engineer主要风险险与合同同条款(续)预付款现金流平平衡给承包人人的付款款担保抵销与补补偿ECA要求未付款的的救济贷款人工工程师的的角色33KeyRisksand Contract Terms (contd)TerminationForownerconveniencePayment of profitForforcemajeureForownerdefaultTypical groundsRemediesForcontractordefaultTypical groundsRemedies(toincluderejection?)主要风险险与合同同条款(续)终止基于业主主的利益益支付利润润基于不可可抗力基于业主主违约典型原因