2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号18

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题The bar in the club is for the（ ）use of its members.问题1选项A.extensiveB.exclusiveC.inclusiveD.comprehensive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项extensive“广泛的，大量的”；B选项exclusive“独有的，专一的”；C选项inclusive“包含的，包括的”；D选项comprehensive“综合的，广泛的”。句

2、意：俱乐部内的酒吧仅对会员开放。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。2.单选题Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have alway

3、s accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more

4、to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sent

5、ient creatures.Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to r

6、eciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, pr

7、ovided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.The question becomes much more complex, how

8、ever, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpop

9、ulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe avera

10、ge multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.1. The first paragraph is mainly about（ ）.2. We owe nothing to the future generations（ ）.3. Population policy we

11、 take should be considered（ ）.4. According to this passage, optimum population（ ）.5. The proper title for this passage should be（ ）.问题1选项A.the intrinsic value of human experiencesB.the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animalsC.the intrinsic value of ecological system as a wholeD.an anc

12、ient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value问题2选项A.in the authors opinionB.from a social contract view of ethicsC.for a utilitarianD.for most environmentalists问题3选项A.positiveB.negativeC.complexD.reasonable问题4选项A.refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be

13、 as high as possibleB.refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possibleC.is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the futureD.is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons问

14、题5选项A.A Mystery in Applied EthicsB.Our Obligations to Future GenerationsC.Environmental EthicsD.Environmental issues【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干：第一段主要是关于_。A选项“人类经历的内在价值”，B选项“非人类动物经历的内在价值”，C选项“生态系统作为一个整体的内在价值”， D选项“一个关于内在价值本质的古老伦理问题”,前三个选项在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要问题的所在，而第四个选项，在第二句话中就点了出来，前三个选项是

15、第四个选项的展开说明，故D是正确答案。2.推理判断题。题干：我们不欠后代任何东西_。根据关键词“owe to”“future generations”可以定位到文章第二段第三句话From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing.（从伦理学的社会契约观点或道德自我主义者的角度来看，答案似乎是：什么都不亏欠。），可知，B选项“伦理学的社会契约观点”，是正确的。文章并没有提及作者个人观点，所以A选项“在作者的观点看来”排除。从文章第二段第五句话Mo

16、st other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own.（然而，其他大多数伦理理论确实考虑

17、到了后代的利益。举例来说，功利主义者不会认为，后代成员还不存在这一事实，是我们对后代利益的考虑少于我们对自己利益考虑的任何理由。），所以C选项“功利主义者”排除。环境保护主义者也认为，我们应该为后代考虑，所以D选线项“环境保护主义者”排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。3.事实细节题。题干：我们采取的人口政策被认为是_。根据关键词“population policy”可以定位到文章第三段，第一句话明确指出The question becomes much more complex, however（然而，问题会变得越来越复杂），所以本题的正确答案是C选项。4.细节推理题。题干：根据文章，最

18、适宜的人口数量_。文章第三段后半部分提出了最合适的人口数量的问题。用两个问句提出对这一问题的两种可能的答案，即Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? (是在人口规模上，平均福利水平会尽可能高吗？或者是总

19、福利的规模平均乘以人口的数量尽可能大？)，并在结尾的最后一句话中指出，and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.（这一问题仍是应用伦理学中最令人不解的谜之一。），其意就是仍有待于将来解决，所以C选项“这是一个只能留到将来解决哲学问题”是正确答案。A选项“最适宜的人口数量指平均福利水平尽可能高的人口规模”，B选项“最适宜的人口数量指福利总额最大的人口规模”，A，B选项都是文章提出的问题，未被证实，所以不正确，D选项“最适宜的人口数量是一个困难的哲学问题，德里克帕菲特在理性与人中成功地

20、解决了这个问题”德里克帕菲特只是在书中提到What is optimum population?但是并没有解决，所以D选项不正确，综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。5.主旨大意题。题干：最适合文章的标题应该是_。本文主要讨论的并不是环境问题，而是由环境问题而引出的道德问题，A选项“应用道德中的谜”是最后一段提到的，B选项是“我们对下一代的责任”是第二段提到的，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想内容。所以本题的正确答案应该是C选项“环境伦理”。3.单选题A(n)（ ）shape has four straight sides at 90 to each other, two of which are

21、 much longer than the other two.问题1选项A.squareB.ovalC.circularD.oblong【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项square“正方形的，直角的”；B选项oval“椭圆的，卵形的”；C选项circular“循环的，圆形的”；D选项oblong“长方形的”。句意：长方形有四条边，相邻两边夹角为90度，其中两条边长于另外两条。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。4.单选题Good salesmen know by（ ）the best approach to take with a particular customer.问题1选项

22、A.bentB.geniusC.instinctD.faculty【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项bent“天赋，爱好”；B选项genius“天才，天赋”；C选项instinct“本能，直觉”；D选项faculty“能力，功能”。句意：优秀的推销员凭直觉就知道应对特定客户的最佳方法。由选项意思，固定搭配和句意可知，C选项符合句意。5.写作题Write on the ANSWER SHEET a composition of about 250 words based on the topic “Education Makes A Better Future”.You are to wri

23、te in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons or your experience(s) to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.【答案】略6.单选题Correct ideas are not（ ）in the m

24、ind, but come from social practice.问题1选项A.learnedB.friendlyC.impartedD.innate【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项learned“博学的，有学问的”；B选项friendly“友好的，亲切的”；C选项imparted“给予的，授予的”；D选项innate“先天的，固有的”，句意：正确的思想不是头脑中固有的，而是来源于社会实践。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。7.翻译题Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the

25、ANSWER SHEET.An American study played people recordings of actors delivering speeches about climate change. The version that people responded to the best talked about “air pollution” rather than “climate change” because pollution is something visible that they could relate to, with strong connotatio

26、ns of dirtiness and poor health. Climate change is about much more than just dirty air, but finding ways of making climate change more visible is critical. People simply dont worry about things they cant see (or even imagine). One approach that has been used to increase the amount that people use pu

27、blic transport breaks down habits into simple “ifthen” plans. To change a habitual behavior, a person has to identify a goal (drive less, for example), a behavior they want to perform in pursuit of that goal (get the bus to work on Fridays) and a situation that will trigger the behavior (having enou

28、gh time to catch the bus).【答案】一个美国研究向人们播放演员在做天气转变演讲的录音。人们反应最好的版本谈论的是“空气污染”而不是“气候变化”因为污染是和他们有关的，可以看见的脏乱和对健康的不良影响。气候变化不仅仅是空气污染的问题，但找到让气候变化更加有形的方法是至关重要的。人们只是不担心他们看不见（甚至想象不到）的事情。一种增加人们使用公共交通工具数量的方法是把习惯分解成简单的“如果那么”计划。为了改变一种习惯性行为，一个人必须确定一个目标（比如少开车），一种他们为了追求这个目标想要做的行为（周五坐公共汽车去上班），以及一种能够触发这种行为的情况（有足够的时间去赶公共

29、汽车）。8.单选题There were two small rooms in the beach house,（ ）served as a kitchen.问题1选项A.the smaller of whichB.the smaller of themC.the smallest of whichD.smallest of that【答案】A【解析】考查比较级。前面句子里面提到的两个房间，所以后面的句子应该是这两个房间做比较，选择其一，要用到的是比较级，而不是最高级，排除C，D选项。两者中较小的一个应该用which。句意：在海滨小屋有两个小房间，小点的那个做厨房。所以本题的正确答案是A选项。9

30、.单选题A great amount of work has gone into（ ）the Cathedral to its previous splendor.问题1选项A.refreshingB.restoringC.renovatingD.renewing【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项refresh“振作，恢复活力”；B选项restore“恢复，修复”，强调恢复原貌；C选项renovate“更新，修复”，强调整修一新；D选项renew“使更新，使修复”。句意：为了使大教堂恢复昔日的辉煌，进行了大量的工作。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。10.单选题His thoughts

31、 were（ ）from this painful topic by the sudden arrival of a neighbor.问题1选项A.attractedB.retractedC.distractedD.protracted【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项attract“吸引，引起”；B选项retract“缩回，缩进，取消”；C选项distract“（使）分心，转移注意力”，distractfrom“使从分心”；D选项protract“延长；绘制”A、B、D选项一般不和介词from连用。句意：突然来了一个邻居，使他从这个痛苦的话题上分心了。由选项意思和句意可知，C选项符合句

32、意。11.写作题Write on ANSWER SHEET a letter of about 150 words based on the following situation: You are Sally Parsons, dean of the School of Information Engineering, Southeast Missouri State University. Your school is employing prof. Lin Jia-xin from Beijing University to be a visiting professor. Your w

33、riting should include the following content:1. The purpose of your employment2. The payment and accommodation offered to the professor3. The employment duration4. Your expectation for a favorable and early reply5. Signature in your name with rank / position【答案】略12.单选题The book（ ）was not in the school

34、 library.问题1选项A.to which the professor referred usB.to which the professor referred to usC.which the professor referred usD.which the professor referred to us【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。当从句谓语动词是不及物动词时，定语从句用介词+连接词引导，refer表示“参考，查阅”的意思时为不及物动词，用法是refer sb. to sth.。句意：教授让我们查阅的那本书不在学校图书馆。因此，本题的正确选项是A选项。13.单选题That myt

35、hical beast, homo economicus, is utterly clear about the purpose of work: to get paid. He is keener on leisure than work, and if money can be got without effort, he downs tools. If real people feel the same, then plentiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens.

36、Yet a cross-country comparison of benefits and attitudes to work published on January 28th finds precisely the opposite pattern. Researchers ranked 13 countries according to their generosity (measured by comparing typical benefits to those out of work with the average wage of a production worker) an

37、d their citizens commitment to work (gauged by asking whether they would work if they did not need the cash, and whether they regarded a job as merely a way to earn a living). The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits were least after those

38、that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates. Fewer Britons than Norwegians (who came top

39、on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees. But this does not entirely explain their comparative immunity to the attractions of hard work: Britons of every social class and level of education were less keen on work than their counterparts elsewhere.Could the “dependency culture” currently

40、 excercising British politicians be solved by raising benefits? Unlikely, says Alison Park, editor of the annual British Social Attitudes Report, in which the study appeared: attitudes to work vary from country to country for many reasons. The generosity of what the report terms “encompassing” state

41、s, all Nordic with Lutheran traditions, may have been made possible by a strong work ethic, rather than a stronger commitment to work having emerged as a result of it.And work incentives are affected by features of welfare systems other than overall generosity: “corporatist” states such as Germany,

42、which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality. Britain s little benefits, by contrast, are largely independent of previous employment, which may mean they are seen as an alternative to work, rather than as one of t

43、he good things that flow from it.6. “Work-shy citizens” in the last sentence of paragraph 1 probably refers to people who are（ ）.7. From paragraph 2, we learn that（ ）.8. Britons are unmotivated in their work mainly due to（ ）.9. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?10. Which of the fo

44、llowing would be the best title for the text?问题1选项A.incompetent for their workB.ashamed of their workC.unwilling to do their workD.irresponsible for their work问题2选项A.Britons average wage is the lowest in EuropeB.Britons rely heavily on government welfaresC.Britons prefer leisure to workD.Britons are

45、 not enthusiastic in work问题3选项A.weak work ethicB.insufficient work skillsC.lazy lifestyleD.defective welfare system问题4选项A.Americans are probably less interested in their work than Britons.B.Norwegians exceed Britons in professional education.C.People in Nordic countries are more committed to their w

46、ork than Germans.D.The welfare of “encompassing” states might be better than that of “corporatist” states.10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?问题5选项A.Attitude to Work: Diligent or Idle?B.Attitude to Work: Cant or Wont?C.Welfare System: Stimulator or Inhibitor?D.Welfare Sys

47、tem: More Generous or More Reasonable?【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：第一段最后一句中的“work-shy citizens”可能指的是_的人。通过关键词“work-shy citizens”可以定位到第一段最后一句话前后内容If real people feel the same, then plentiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens.（如果现实中的人也一样如此，那么大量

48、的失业福利应该在那些不愿工作的公民身上找到。），可知C选项“不愿去做他们的工作”符合题意。选项A“无法胜任他们的工作”，B选项“对自己的工作感到羞愧”，D选项“对他们的工作不负责任”。根据“失业福利”这个单词可知，Work-shy citizens指的是不愿工作而导致失业的人，所以A，B，D选项均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。2.推理判断题。题干：从第2段，我们可以学习到_。根据第二段最后一句话The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose b

49、enefits were least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.（一个国家越慷慨，其人民就越热衷于工作。英国人紧随美国人之后，福利最微薄，他们对工作最不感兴趣。）可知，D选项“英国人对工作没有热情”，符合题意。A选项“英国人的平均工资是欧洲最低的”，文章表达的英国福利最差，并不是说平均工资最低，属于概念混淆，所以A选项不正确。B选项“英国人严重依赖政府福利”，英国人享受的福利是最差的，所以B选项的表述也不正确。C选项“比起工作，英国人更喜欢休闲”，文中并没有提及英国人喜欢休闲，属于无中生有，所以

50、C选项也不正确。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。3.事实细节题。题干：英国人在工作中缺乏积极性主要是因为_。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一句话One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates.（其原因之一可能是英国劳动力的技能的构成。研究人

51、员发现，符合逻辑的是，专业人士和大学毕业生对工作的态度比无技能和没有大学学历的人更积极。），所以B选项“工作技能不足”符合题意。A选项“薄弱的职业道德”，C选项“懒惰的生活方式”，D选项“有缺陷的福利系统”，这三个选项在此处并没有提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。4.推理判断题。题干：下列哪个选项可以从文章中推断出来？A选项“美国人对工作的兴趣可能不如英国人”，通过文章第二段最后一句话The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits we

52、re least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.（一个国家越慷慨，其人民就越热衷于工作。英国人紧随美国人之后，福利最微薄，他们对工作最不感兴趣。），可知，美国人的福利待遇比英国好，所以美国人比英国人更加热爱工作，A选项不正确。通过文章第三段Fewer Britons than Norwegians (who came top on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees.（拥有专业工作或学位的英国人少于挪威人（挪威人在工作承诺方面排名第一

53、），可知，B选项“挪威的职业教育超过了英国”，符合题意。通过文章第五段第二句话“corporatist” states such as Germany, which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality.（像德国这样的“社团主义”国家会给那些工龄较长的人更好的福利，他们可能通过这样的制约性来鼓励积极的工作态度。），所以德国人会更加投入工作，可推断出C选项“北欧国家的人比德国人对工作更

54、投入”和D选项“包容国家的福利可能比社团主义国家更好”均不正确。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。题干：下列哪一个是文章的最好的标题？文章第一段就指出，工作的目的就是获得报酬。第二段以英国人为例，说明人们对工作的积极性和国家的慷慨程度和福利有关。第三段指出英国人对工作不热情的另一个原因是缺乏技能。第四段指出每个国家对工作态度不同的原因有很多种，强烈的职业道德也是原因之一。第五段以德国的例子说明工作的动力还会受到福利体制的特点影响。文章主要说的是人的工作态度是积极的还是消极的受到方方面面的因素影响，所以本题选B选项“工作态度：不能还是不愿意？”正确。A选项“工作态度：勤奋还是懒惰

55、?”对主旨的概括不够贴切，C、D选项都在说福利待遇，不能全面概括文章内容。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。14.单选题A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) -rich and the info-poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger

56、twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the int

57、erest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be net

58、ted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defe

59、at poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an

60、invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructure inclu