2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号9

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题The planet Venus, like Earth, spins on its own（ ）as it orbits the Sun.问题1选项A.splinterB.indexC.axisD.trace【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项splinter“碎片”；B选项index“指数”；C选项axis “轴线”；D选项trace“痕迹”。句意：金星和地球一样，绕着太阳公转，也绕着自己的轴心自转。本句表示自转轴。

2、因此C选项正确。2.单选题Please（ ）yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.问题1选项A.restrainB.hinderC.restrictD.prohibit【答案】A【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项restrain“控制，约束”；B选项hinder“阻碍，打扰”；C选项restrict“限制，约束”；D选项prohibit“阻止，禁止”。根据句意可知，这里是说控制自己不要抽烟，对自身的控制和管理应使用restrain，而restrict多指限制在一定的范围内。所以

3、选项A最为恰当。3.单选题This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important（ ）of American life.问题1选项A.facetsB.formatsC.formulasD.fashions【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项facets“方面”；B选项formats“构成”；C选项formulas“方案”；D选项fashions“风尚”。句意：这本书是关于这些基本信念和价值观如何影响美国生活的重要方面。本句表示美国生活的重要方面。因此A选项正确。4.单选题When I（ ）my sens

4、es, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.问题1选项A.woke upB.took toC.picked upD.came to【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。come to ones sense 意为“清醒过来；恢复理性”。句意：当我回过神来，发现自己正裹在小房间的床上，奶奶正俯身看着我。选项D符合语境。5.单选题Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class b

5、ecause they believe this kind of（ ）grouping is advisable.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.instantaneousC.spontaneousD.anonymous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项homogeneous“同性质的”；B选项instantaneous“瞬间的”；C选项spontaneous“无意识的”；D选项anonymous“匿名的”。句意：有些教育工作者试图把能力相似的学生分到同一个班级，因为他们认为这种同质的分组是可取的。本句表示把能力相似的学生分到一个班是一种同质性的分组。因此A选项正确。6.单选

6、题Investigators believe the fire was caused by（ ）electrical wiring. They said the buildings wiring had not been done by a professional electrician.问题1选项A.soberB.faultyC.promptD.fussy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项sober“清醒的”；B选项faulty“错误的”；C选项prompt“敏捷的”；D选项fussy“爱挑剔的”。句意：调查人员认为火灾是由错误的电线引起的。他们说，大楼的布线不是由专业电工完成的

7、。本句表示错误的电线布线。因此B选项正确。7.单选题Which is safer-staying at home, traveling to work on public transport, or working in the office? Surprisingly, each of these carries the same risk, which is very low. However, what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately, the former is 65 ti

8、mes riskier than the latter! In fact, the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity, and almost as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It i

9、s this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately, they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947), Flixborough (1974), Seveso (1976), Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984).Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small.

10、 No one died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal, where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives, just a month before the

11、unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particular danger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate (硝酸铵), which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of manag

12、ement, which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The Pemex

13、fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction on exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two largest tanks did not explode. Had these caught fire, then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.1. Which of the follo

14、wing statements is true?2.Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because（ ）.3.According to passage, the chemical accident that caused by the fault of management happened at（ ）.4.From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of（ ）.5.From the discussion among

15、 some experts we may conclude that（ ）.问题1选项A.Working at the office is safer than staying at home.B.Travelling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.C.Staying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.D.Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by

16、 air.问题2选项A.they are very rareB.they often cause loss of lifeC.they always occur in big citiesD.they arouse the interest of all the readers问题3选项A.Texas cityB.FlixboroughC.SevesoD.Mexico City问题4选项A.natural gas, which can easily catch fireB.fertilizer, which cant be stored in a great quantityC.poisono

17、us substance, which cant be used in overcrowded areasD.fuel, which is stored in large tanks问题5选项A.to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemical industryB.the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemical industryC.all these accidents could hav

18、e been avoided or controlled if effective measure had been takenD.natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safe【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.客观细节题。由D选项关键词“chemical industry”可以定位到文章第一段第三、四句However, what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately, the former

19、is 65 times riskier than the latter!（然而，坐飞机和在化工行业工作相比怎么样呢？不幸的是，前者的风险是后者的55倍！），说明在化工行业工作比坐飞机更安全。因此D选项“在化工行业工作比坐飞机更安全。”正确。A选项“在办公室工作比待在家里更安全”，B选项“乘公共交通工具去上班比在办公室工作更安全”，由原文可知待在家里、乘坐公共交通工具上班和在办公室工作的风险是相同的，没有谁比谁更安全，所以A，B错误。由第一段最后一句the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of

20、 almost any of human activity, and almost as safe as staying at home（化工行业工人的事故率比几乎任何人类活动都要低，几乎和待在家里一样安全），说明化工行业和待在家里一样安全，所以C选项“待在家里比在化工行业工作更安全”错误。2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“reported as news”可以定位到文章第二段第一、二句The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living

21、nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy.（化工行业的问题是，一旦出现问题，往往会导致附近居民死亡。这也使得化学事故具有新闻价值。），说明新闻报道化学事故是因为它们会导致人员死亡。因此B选项“它们经常造成生命损失”正确。A选项“它们非常罕见”，C选项“它们总是发生在大城市”和D选项“它们引起了所有读者的兴趣”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。3.客观细节题。由题干关键词“fault of management”可以定位到文章第四段第三句The Flixborough fireball was the fa

22、ult of management, which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs.（弗利克斯伯勒的火灾是管理层的失误造成的，因为他们冒着风险在重要维修期间继续生产。），说明由管理失误造成的化学事故发生在弗利克斯伯勒。因此B选项“弗利克斯伯勒”正确。A选项“得克萨斯城”，C选项“塞维索”和D选项“墨西哥城”的事故不是因为管理失误造成的，所以A，C，D错误。4.客观细节题。由题干关键词“ammonium nitrate”可以定位到文章第四段第二句Thus the Texas City explosion wa

23、s caused by tons of ammonium nitrate, which is safe unless stored in great quantity.（因此，得克萨斯城的爆炸是由数吨硝酸铵引起的，大量储存硝酸铵是不安全的。），说明硝酸铵不能大量储存，另外文章第三段第四句The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552.（得克萨斯城的肥料爆炸造成552人死亡。）说明造成得克萨斯城爆炸事故的硝酸铵是一种肥料。因此B选项“不能大量储存的化学肥料”正确。A选项“天然气，很容易着火”是墨西哥城火灾事故的原因，C选项“有毒物质，不能在人满

24、为患地区使用”，由文章可知塞维索的事故是毒气造成的，D选项“燃料，它被储存在大的油箱里”在文中没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。5.推理判断题。由A选项关键词“repair”可以定位到文章第四段第三句The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management, which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs.（弗利克斯伯勒的火灾是管理层的失误造成的，因为他们冒着风险在重要维修期间继续生产。），说明维修设备很重要，不能冒着风险在维修设备时继续生产。因此A选项“为了避免事

25、故，我们不应该维修化工设施”错误。由B选项关键词“local authorities”可以定位到文章第四段第四、五句The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action.（塞维索事故表明，如果地方当局对其家门口的危险缺乏了解，

26、将会发生什么。当毒气飘过城镇上空时，当地领导无法采取有效行动。），说明地方当局需要了解当地化工生产的情况。因此B选项“地方当局不应关心化学工业的生产”错误。由D选项关键词“tanks”可以定位到第四段倒数第三句The fire set off a chain reaction on exploding storage tanks.（大火引起储存罐爆炸的连锁反应。），说明储存罐里的天然气也会发生气体爆炸的事故。因此D选项“储存在大型储罐中的天然气总是安全的”错误。第四段列举了各种原因引发的事故，同时也相对应采取的措施，因此C选项“如果采取有效措施，所有这些事故都是可以避免或控制的”正确。8.单选

27、题There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from sending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) for young people before they take up full-t

28、ime employment,（1）there are opportunities for overseas service for qualified technicians in developing countries. Some people, （2）those who retire early, offer their technical and business skills in countries（3）there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or paid community service, there are

29、more opportunities than there（4）were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time staff, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations, and values may be different.

30、 In some ways they may seem more（5）and less efficient, but one should not judge them by commercial（6）.The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different objectives, both personal and organizational. One should not join them（7）to arm them with professional expertise; they mu

31、st be joined with commitment to the cause, not business（8）Because salaries are small or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expenses. But many retired people take part in community service for（9）， simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible in retirement were al

32、so possible during ones working life but they are to be undertaken no less seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider（10）community service.问题1选项A.asB.soC.thenD.that问题2选项A.passionatelyB.partiallyC.particularlyD.peculiarly问题3选项A

33、.whichB.whereC.asD.that问题4选项A.everB.beforeC.neverD.lately问题5选项A.casualB.formaC.activeD.usual问题6选项A.valueB.normC.criteriaD.perspective问题7选项A.expectingB.to expectC.being expectedD.expected问题8选项A.effectB.sufficiencyC.deficiencyD.efficiency问题9选项A.freeB.freedomC.healthD.salary问题10选项A.to be takenB.to take

34、C.being takenD.taking【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:A第10题:C【解析】1.本题考查连词的用法。本句意为:“正如年轻人在参加全职工作前有机会参加海外志愿服务一样,发展中国家的合格技术人员也有机会参加海外服务。”just asso”意为也，因此，B选项为正确答案。2.本题考查副词的用法。根据句意，“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人”，空格所在句子的前后均是逗号，并且紧跟在主语的后面，因此后面的应该加上表示更进一步的副词， A选项passionately“热情地，强烈地”，B选项partially“部分地，偏袒地”

35、， C选项particularly“特别地，尤其地”，D选项peculiarly“特殊地，奇怪地”，因此，C选项为正确答案。3.本题考查关系副词的用法。countries ,表示地点, where用于表示地点，放在地点之后,意为“在那;该处”,句意：在有特殊需要的国家提供他们的技术和商业技能。根据空格前的countries，可知此处缺少一个表示地点的副词，引导一个定语从句，因此，B 选项为正确答案。4.本题考查副词辨析。此处是一个more than的比较结构,现在和以前做比较，因此此句缺少的是一个表示过去状况的时间副词。A选项ever“曾经”，B选项before“以前”，C选项never“决不

36、“，D选项lately“近来”，before作副词需要放在动词后，lately和never都不符合与过去时态之间的逻辑关系，本句意为“所以在考虑义务或付费的社区服务时,现在比一个人刚开始工作时有更多的机会。”5.本题考查形容词的用法。A选项casual“随便的，疏忽的”， B选项forma“植物型，变型”，C选项active“忙碌的，活跃的”， D选项usual“通常的，惯例的”,此空的后面有个less efficient，并列成分，因此应该是more casual，来表达同一个意思，与之相对应，句意：在某些方面，他们可能看起来更随意，效率更低。因此，A选项为正确答案。6.本题考查名词用法。根

37、据judge可以得出，后面应该是有一个评判的标准，才可以去根据这个标准做出判断，A选项value“价值，益处”，B选项norm“准则，惯例” ，C选项criteria“标准”，D选项perspective“态度，观点”，因此，C选项为正确答案。7.本题考查动词+ ing作宾语补足语的用法。此句中them和they指代的都是志愿者组织的全职员工，join them后面所跟的部分为伴随状语，故应使用动词的现在分词形式。因此，A选项为正确答案。8.本题考查名词用法。A选项effect“影响，结果，效应”，B选项sufficiency“足量，充足”，C选项deficiency“缺点，缺陷”，D选项ef

38、ficiency“效率，功效”，该空前面一句话说的是人们不应该加入他们指望用专业知识武装他们;之后有提到必须结合对事业的承诺，而不是什么，那么也就是前文所提到的用专业知识所获取的商业的效率。因此，D选项为正确答案。9.本题考查词汇的固定搭配。A选项free“自由的，免费的”，B选项freedom“自由”，C选项health“健康”，D选项salary“薪资”，由上下文可知，他们选择做这项工作只是因为他们喜欢，因此可以推断他们不要求报酬，无偿参加社区服务的工作，for free表示“无偿的”。因此，A选项为正确答案。10.本题考查非谓语动词。consider要求后面动词用ing形式,作宾语。句意

39、：那些只是想在退休之后寻找一些新鲜事情做的人并不应该考虑做社区服务。因此，C选项为正确答案。9.单选题Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented exte

40、nt; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790s, North Ame

41、rican entrepreneurs even without technological improvements had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820s and 1830s th

42、e shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts town, whereas pr

43、eviously journeymen would have made the ensure shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss” and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.For tasks that were not suit

44、ed to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modern factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly

45、automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrel

46、s. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary stream engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.

47、1. What is the passage mainly about?2.The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how（ ）.3.All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820s and 1830s EXCEPT（ ）.4.All of the following are true of the outwork syst

48、em EXCEPT（ ）5.The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory machinery?问题1选项A.The difficulties of industrialization in North AmericaB.The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centersC.The rapid speed of industrialization in North AmericaD.I

49、mproved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods问题2选项A.entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork systemB.entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase outputC.rural workers responded to “shoe bosses”D.changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes问题3选项

50、A.an increase in the workers dependence on entrepreneursB.an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakersC.a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of productionD.a decrease in the price of shoes问题4选项A.It involved stages of production.B.It was more efficient than the systems used

51、 before 1790.C.It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.D.It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.问题5选项A.It became easier for factory owners to find workers and customers.B.Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.C.The amount of power requi

52、red for factories operate was reduced.D.Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第二段中had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a

53、 single step of the production process.（扩大了外部工作系统的范围，通过将材料分发给连续的工人，每个工人只执行生产过程中的一个步骤，从而提高了生产效率。）介绍了流水线的生产方式，第三段中entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modern factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made g

54、oods.（企业家们创造了一种更重要的新组织现代工厂，它使用动力驱动的机器和装配线技术生产出大量优质产品。）介绍了动力驱动的现代化工厂，这些都是改进的生产组织方式。所以D选项“改进的商品生产组织方式”符合题意。A选项“北美工业化的困难”，文章说的是北美工业化的不断进步，而不是困难之处，所以A错误。B选项“制造业变化对城市中心增长的影响”和C选项“北美工业化的快速发展”，文中均没有提及，所以B，C错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段，第二段开头说The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which

55、workers made goods had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient.（令人印象深刻的产量增长主要源于工人的生产方式北美企业家扩大了外部工作系统的范围。），后面又介绍了“shoe industry”，即第二段提到制鞋业是作为外部工作系统的例子。所以A选项“企业家通过使用扩展的外部工作系统来增加产量”正确。B选项“企业家利用技术改进提高产量”，文章第二段第一句even without technological improvements（即使没有技术进步），说

56、明制鞋业产量的提高不是因为技术改进，所以B错误。C选项“农村工人对鞋老板的反应”，文中没有提到工人对鞋老板的态度，所以C错误。D选项“外部工作系统的改变提高了鞋子的质量”，文中只说了产量的提高，没有说到质量的方面，所以D错误。3.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss”.（这种生产体系使雇主成为一个强大的“鞋老板”。），也就是说雇主的权力加大，工人的工作越来越依赖于雇主，所以A选项“工人对企业家的依赖增加”符合题意。由C选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句

57、and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor（剥夺了工人对劳动速度和条件的控制），说明工人对劳动速度的控制减弱，所以C选项“工人控制生产速度的能力下降”符合题意。由D选项可以定位到文章第二段最后一句it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.（它还大幅提高了鞋子的产量，同时降低了它们的价格。），说明鞋子的价格下降了，所以D选项“鞋价的下降”符合题意。而文章中没有提到工人工资的问题，所以B选项“付给熟练工

58、的工资提高”不符合题意。4.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章第二段第一句had broadened the scope of the outwork system each performed a single step of the production process（扩大了外部工作系统的范围每个工人只执行生产过程中的一个步骤），说明外部工作系统涉及到生产的各个阶段，所以A选项“涉及到生产的各个阶段”正确。由B选项可以定位到文章第一段第一句Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American ent

59、repreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories.（1790年后工业化进入美国，北美企业家通过重组工作和建造工厂提高了生产力。），说明1790年后新的外部工作系统使得生产效率比以往提高了，所以B选项“比1790年以前使用的系统效率更高”正确。由D选项可以定位到文章第二段第一句even without technological improvements（即使没有技术进步），说明外部工作系统不一定需要技术进步，所以D选项“并不一定涉及技术进步”正确。由C选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句Th

60、is system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss”.（这种生产体系使雇主成为一个强大的“鞋老板”。），说明这种外部工作系统让雇主权力更大了，选项与原文表述的意思相反，所以C选项“使得许多雇主的权力不如以前”错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of in