数学建模竞赛技巧课件

1、数学建模竞赛技巧丁永生东华大学信息学院数学建模竞赛技巧丁永生近年来获奖情况全国二等奖和上海赛区一等奖， 2004年全国大学生数学模型竞赛全国一等奖和上海赛区一等奖， 2003年全国大学生数学模型竞赛上海赛区二等奖，2002年全国大学生数学模型竞赛全国二等奖和上海赛区一等奖，2001年全国大学生数学模型竞赛上海赛区二等奖，2001年全国大学生数学模型竞赛上海赛区二等奖，2000年全国大学生数学模型竞赛上海赛区二等奖，1999年全国大学生数学模型竞赛全国一等奖和上海赛区一等奖，1998年全国大学生数学模型竞赛近年来获奖情况全国二等奖和上海赛区一等奖， 2004年全国大近年来获奖情况国际一等奖，20

2、04年美国大学生数学模型竞赛国际特等奖，2003年美国大学生数学模型竞赛国际一等奖，2001年美国大学生数学模型竞赛全国一等奖，2004年全国部分高校研究生数学建模竞赛上海市精品课程，数学建模与数学实验，2004上海市优秀教学成果二等奖，工科数学课程的计算机实验教学改革与实践，2004上海赛区优秀教练员， 2004年全国大学生数学建模竞赛近年来获奖情况国际一等奖，2004年美国大学生数学模型竞赛近年来获奖情况国际特等奖，2003年美国大学生数学模型竞赛 自1989年以来，获得国际特等奖的中国高校未超过10所 近年来获奖情况国际特等奖，2003年美国大学生数学模型竞赛 数模小组的任务分工三个人侧

3、重点不同:建模：推导数学模型，数学能力强编程：计算机能力强论文写作：写作能力强数模小组的任务分工三个人侧重点不同:竞赛时间的安排 第一天： 上午：确定题目，并查阅文献 下午：开始分析，建立初步模型 晚上：编程，得到初步计算结果 12：00 PM 休息 第二天： 上午：得到第一个模型的合理结果 下午：开始写论文，并考虑对第一个模型的改进竞赛时间的安排 第一天：竞赛时间的安排第二天： 晚上：得到第二个模型的初步结果 12：00 PM 休息第三天： 上午：得到第二个模型的合理结果 下午：考虑对前二个模型的进一步优化，得到第三个数学模型，或对前二个模型的正确性进行验证 晚上：得到最后结果，完成整篇论文

4、竞赛时间的安排第二天：2004 论文格式规范论文（答卷）用白色A4纸，上下左右各留出2.5cm 的页边距第一页为保证书，具体格式按要求第二页为空白页，用于论文编号论文题目和摘要写在第三页上第四页开始是论文正文论文从第三页开始编写页码，页码必须位于每页页脚中部，从“1”开始连续编号论文不能有页眉，不能有任何可能显示答案人身份的标志2004 论文格式规范论文（答卷）用白色A4纸，上下左右各留2004 论文格式规范论文题目用3号黑体字、一级标题用4号黑体字，并居中。论文中其他汉字一律采用小4号宋体字，行距用1.5倍行距注意：摘要在整篇论文中评阅中占有重要权重，请认真书写摘要引用别人的成果或其他公开的

5、资料（包括网上查到的资料）必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中均明确列出。正文引用处用“”标出，如13等。2004 论文格式规范论文题目用3号黑体字、一级标题用4号黑2004 论文格式规范参考文献按正文中的引用次序列出，其中书籍的表述方式为： 编号 作者，书名，出版地：出版社，出版年期刊杂志论文的表述方式为： 编号 作者，论文名，杂志名，卷期号：起止页码，出版年网上资源的表述方式为： 编号 作者，资源标题，网址，访问时间（年月日）2004 论文格式规范参考文献按正文中的引用次序列出，其中论文学作及评卷标准论文组成部分: 1. 摘要 2. 问题重述 3. 假设 4. 建模 5

6、. 求解 6. 讨论优缺点 7. 模型改进论文学作及评卷标准论文组成部分:论文评卷标准1. 假设的合理性2. 建模的创造性3. 结果的正确性4. 文字清晰程度论文评卷标准1. 假设的合理性一定要写好。主要写三个方面： 1. 解决什么问题（一句话） 2. 采取什么方法（引起阅卷老师的注意，不能太粗，也不能太细） 3. 得到什么结果（简明扼要、生动、公式要简单、必要时可采用小图表）（一）摘 要一定要写好。主要写三个方面：（一）摘 要正 文 10页左右，公式推导放在附录中将原问题用数学的语言表达出来重点解决的问题应着重说明，把阅卷老师引导到自己的思路中，把他们看成不懂本问题的读者。（二）问题重述正

7、文（二）问题重述最关键的一步从假设开始。需要下很大功夫，简明扼要、准确清楚1）假设太多，阅卷老师记不住。要归结出一些重要的假设，一般35条，有些不是很重要的假设在论文适当的地方提一下2）假设要数学化，重视逻辑性要求3）设计好符号，使人看起来清楚（三）假 设最关键的一步从假设开始。需要下很大功夫，简明扼要、准确清楚（说明建模的思路有些简单的事情往往是最重要的东西，一定要说清楚刚刚开始的原始想法，很重要推导时，公式若很长，可放在附录中一般要求设计23个模型（一个简单的、再对模型进行改进，得到第二个模型，就会生动）（四）建 模说明建模的思路（四）建 模（1）模型的定性 线性或非线性 连续、离散或混合

8、 时变或非时变（2）模型求解 利用现成的软件 自己解出来，实际意义更清楚（五）模型求解（1）模型的定性（五）模型求解（六）模型优缺点及改进提出一些新的思路，使问题更精确、也使模型得到进一步优化。敢于讨论的学生，成绩会好。（六）模型优缺点及改进提出一些新的思路，使问题更精确、也使模举例说明 设某生物种群在其适应的环境下生存，试预测该种群的数量。举例说明 设某生物种群在其适应的环境下生存，试预测该种群的一般解法 记N(t)为t 时刻该种群的数量，设该种群自然增长率为 ，则 即假定初试时刻种群数量为N0，则有 于是：一般解法 记N(t)为t 时刻该种群的数量，设该种群自模型假设假设该环境下只有一种生

9、物群体，或者其它生物群体不影响此生物群体的生成假定该种群的自然增长率与时刻t 和时刻t 时该种群的数量无关，记为因为种群数量很大，故可设种群个体N(t)是时间的连续可微函数假定初始时刻，种群的数量为N0模型假设假设该环境下只有一种生物群体，或者其它生物群体不影响实验验证 美国战后10年的人口增长 不同时间段的世界人口增长 进一步改进 （1）变参数 （2）多种群共存 （3）随机模型实验验证 美国战后10年的人口增长飓风疏散问题建模Strategies for Escaping a Hurricanes Wrath 2001年美国竞赛B题2001年美国竞赛B题数学建模竞赛技巧课件A Monumen

10、tal Traffic Jam in 1999 Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out

11、of gas along the way. Traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly.A Monumental Traffic Jam TraffReversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Traffic reversal on principal roads lea

12、ding inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned. The Principal ProposalReversal of traffic on I-26, sCharleston has approximately 500,000 peopleMyrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal stripColumbia, another metro ar

13、ea of around 500,000 peoplePeople in Different CitiesCharleston has approximately 5The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from

14、 farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. Others FactorsThe interstates have two lanesThe questions that need to be addressed: 1. Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two co

15、astal-bound lanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow? Construct a ModelThe questions that need to be 2. In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the states entire coastal region was

16、ordered. Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast? Construct a Model2. In 1999, the simultaneous 3. Several smaller highways besi

17、des I-26 extend inland from the coast. Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these? 4. What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?Construct a Model3. Several smaller

18、highways be5. In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation?Construct a Model5. In

19、1999, many families lea6. It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation tra

20、ffic flow? Construct a Model6. It has been suggested thatRequiresClearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public. RequiresClearly identify what

21、(1) The interstates (e.g., I-26, I-77, I-20) have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three, which means the traffic entering a metropolitan (such as Columbia) can be smoothly separate into the routes leaving it in most case.(2) The normal drive ta

22、kes two hours to complete from Charleston to Columbia. The average drive speed for a car on the interstate I-26, I-77, and I-20 is limited to 60-80 mph, while the one for a car on principal roads (e.g., US501) is limited to 50-70 mph.Assumptions(1) The interstates (e.g., I(3) Charleston has approxim

23、ately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are well-distributed along the rest of the coastal strip. Also, we should consider some evacuees from the coastline of Georgia and Florida in Question 6.Assumptions(3) Charleston has approxima(4) Columbia has aro

24、und 500,000 people. And, according to our rough search via Internet, the total number of the hotels and motels in Columbia and beyond Columbia, SC, is about 184, which can occupy around 50,000 people. Hence, Columbia does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including people

25、coming from farther north by other routes). So, some traffic must continue outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 west to Atlanta.Assumptions(4) Columbia has around 500,00(5) There are several tropical cyclone guidance models available to the NHC and CPHC forec

26、asters for the hurricane season. These models range in complexity from simple statistical models to three-dimensional primitive equation models. According to their models, we assume that the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Miami, Florida can issue 72 hour tropical cyclone track and intensity fore

27、casts. Also, hurricanes are possible in the specified area of the WATCH, usually within 36 hours, and are expected in the specified area of the WARNING, usually within 24 hours.Assumptions(5) There are several tropic(6) Evacuees traveling on I-26 in the normal westbound lanes of travel will be allow

28、ed to exit at all interchanges between Charleston and Columbia. Evacuees traveling in the reversed lanes of travel will be allowed to exit at most, but not all, interchanges. Assumptions(6) Evacuees traveling on I-2610965432111TSx1x2x3x4x5x7x6x8x9x10 x11x12x14x15x1387x16S Super source1(V1)Hilton Hea

29、d2(V2)Charleston3(V3)Myrtle Beach4(V4)The crossover point between I-95 and I-265(V5)The crossover point between I-95 and I-206(V6)Columbia7(V7)Hotels in Columbia8(V8)Temporary shelters in Columbia9(V9)Atlanta10(V10) Spartanburg11(V11) CharlotteT Super sinkFig. 1. The traffic network of the main rout

30、es of evacuation. 10965432111TSx1x2x3x4x5x7x6x8xThe Maximum Flow Problem The objective function for Questions 1 to 6 except Question 2: The constraint conditions:The Maximum Flow Problem The The Maximum Flow Problem The objective function for Questions 2: The constraint conditions:The Maximum Flow P

31、roblem The Evacuees from Sources (Hilton Head, Charleston, and Myrtle Beach) We should first deal with the 250,000 people well distributing along the rest of the coastal strip, and divide them into three sources. Then we must consider two cases in our algorithms: (1) Non-consideration of the some of

32、 the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida came up I-95; (2) Consideration of some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida came up I-95.Evacuees from Sources We shoThe Famous Golden Section Method= 500,000+125,000=625,000 =200,000+I-95 :I-26: US501:(case 2)The Famous Golden Section MethTh

33、e Impact of Temporary Shelters The flow of entering Columbia and that of staying at and outgoing Columbia should be equal to:- I-26 westbound traffic to Columbia - I-20 westbound traffic to Columbia- I-26 westbound traffic leaving Columbia- I-20 westbound traffic leaving Columbia- I-77 northbound tr

34、affic leaving Columbia- In hotels and motels in Columbia- In established temporary shelters in ColumbiaThe Impact of The flow of enteThe Performance Measure of Traffic Flow The traffic flow to be an important performance measure Flow = The Performance Measure The trSimulation Results and Model Testi

35、ng Five different strategies according to Questions 1 to 5 considering two cases: (1) Non-consideration of the some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida came up I-95; (2) Consideration of some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida came up I-95, which is Question 6. Simulation Re

36、sults and Five diQ: Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound lanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow? A: Strategy IQ: Under what conditions does Q: Sev

37、eral smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast. Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these? A:Strategy IIQ: Several smaller highways beStrategy III Q: What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters in Col

38、umbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia? Strategy III Q: What effect woStrategy IV Q: In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers of ve

39、hicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation? Strategy IV Q: In 1999, many fTable 1. The Strategies comparison leaving the coast to Columbia. Performance measures of traffic flow (cars/hour)Strategy IStrategy IIStrategy IIIStrategy IVThe Flow on I-26Case 14327.54496.85048.85770.1Case 23854

40、.43823.15049.55770.8The Flow on US501 to I-20Case 11920224022402560Case 21920224022402560The Flow on I-95Case 1330.6356.5385.7440.8Case 2945.6992.91193.71364.2Table 1. The Strategies comparStrategy V Q: In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the states entire coastal region was ordered. Would the e

41、vacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?Strategy V Q: In 1999, the simTable 2. The comparison of evacuating times between using Strategy V

42、combined with Strategy I to IV and using only Strategy I to IVStrategyIIIIIIIVCompleting simultaneouslyCase 1108.457172.216966.964961.8984Case 2121.796878.136674.490563.8862Escaping county-by-countyCase 1105.400866.191661.065755.8962Case 2112.337972.769069.131956.5233Table 2. The comparison of evaSensitivity Analysis Two important implied factors to affect the performance of the entire network: The accommodation capacity in Columbia, and The evacuees