国际货物运输InternationalCargoTranport-课件

1、International Cargo TransportChapter 6International Cargo TransportCObjectives the different modes of transport, esp. ocean transport the nature of liner transport general considerations on cargo transport the various kinds of B/L the contents of the transport clauseFocus The time of delivery Shipme

2、nt termsDifficult pointsApplication of transport documents 国际贸易实务 第6章 Modes of transport ( ocean transport)Transport documentsChapter 61Objectives the different mode 6.1. Modes of Transport 6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport 6. 3. Major Transport Documents 6.4. Clause of Shipment 2Chapte

3、r Six 2Chapter SixWhat are the major types of transportation? Can you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of transportation you have mentioned?What should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation? 3What are the major types of tr4Overview Transport aids trade grea

4、tly. By moving goods from places in one country where they are sold to places in another where they are bought, transport helps to bring about the realization of a transaction. Transport is indispensable to import and export business. In international trade, both the seller and the buyer should nego

5、tiate and stipulate the terms and conditions of the shipment clause, such as shipment date, port of shipment and destination, partial shipment, transshipment, etc. Without specific stipulations of the shipment clause in the sales contract, some disputes would arise from the performance of the sales

6、contract and lead to serious outcome. 4Overview The concept of delivery The seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manner to the buyer. In international trade, the delivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer.

7、The former is called physical delivery of goods, which is applied in sales under E terms and D terms, while the later is called symbolic delivery of goods, which is applied in the sales under F terms and D terms.5 The concept of delivery 6.1. Modes of Transport(International Cargo Transportation) In

8、land Trans. Water Trans. Container Trans. River-sea Costal Trans. Combined Sea Trans. Inshore Trans. Trans. Land Bridge Trans. Ocean-going Trans. ICT Intl Multimodal Trans. Rail Trans. Land Trans. Air Trans. Road Trans. Pipe Trans. Postal Trans. 66.1. Modes of Transport(Int (1) Features of ocean tra

9、nsport(2) Operational modes of ocean transport(3) Freight Rates71. Ocean/Sea/Marine Transport 71. Ocean/Sea/Marine TransFeatures of Ocean Transport Advantages: The easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by water. Large capacity. The unit distribution cost reduced. Good adaptability to

10、cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. Disadvantages: The low passage of ocean transport. Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.8Features of Ocean Transport 1) Liner Transport（班轮运输）A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route accord

11、ing to an advertised time-table. Features fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight loading and unloading charges included in freight simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantityTypes of Shipping Services91) Liner Transport（班轮运输）A pas2) Charter Transport 租船运输 （Tramp Shippi

12、ng)不定期船运输 The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. Much cheaper than that of the liner. Shippers may choose direct route. Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.102) Charter Transport 租船运输 Charter Transport Voyage Charter Time CharterBareboat Charter.The charter or hi

13、ring of a vessel and crew for a single voyagesingle trip charter 单航次租船 return trip charter 来回程航次租船consecutive voyages 连续航次程租The charter of a ship for a definite period of time. The ship owner is responsible for providing seaworthy ship and the related charges. The renter has the right to dispatch th

14、e ship, but bear all expenditures in transit, such as charges for fuels, port and loading & unloading. A ship without crew and ships masterThe charterer is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, maintaining and even paying different taxes or duties within a period of time, usually a num

15、ber of years 11Charter Transport Voyage Char12 Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. Freight is collected in different ways. Shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost of transport. Ocean frei

16、ght may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight. Ocean Freight12 Freight is a special Liner FreightBasic freight rates1）Weight重量法: for items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton).2) Measurement体积法: for items ma

17、rked with “M”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).3) Ad Val.从价法: for items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. For some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive

18、 fur, usually 1-5% of the price.4) Weight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（选择法）5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法）6）Open Rate 议定法13Liner FreightBasic freight raSurcharges bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (B.A.F.燃料附加费 ) devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor (C.A.F.货币 贬值附加费) tra

19、nsshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(绕航附加费)14Surcharges bunker surcharg How to calculate liner freightSelect relevant freight list/freight tariffDetermine the freight basis and class of the goodsFind

20、 the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destinationFind the types of receivable surchargesAdd surcharges to basic rate to get actual freightfreight = actual freight x freight ton15 How to calculate liner freiCharter freightThe freight rate f

21、or charter is usually charged by quantities of the goods carried and fluctuates with market conditions of supply and demand. 1) Liner terms/gross terms(班轮条件): the freight includes loading and unloading charges. The ship owner shall be responsible for loading and unloading.2) Free in(船方管卸不管装): the sh

22、ip owner bears the unloading charges, not loading charges.3) Free out(船方管装不管卸): the ship owner bears the loading charges, not the unloading charges.4) Free In and Out(船方装卸均不管): the ship owner bears no unloading and loading charges.5) Free In and Out and Stowed and Trimmed（船方不管装卸、理舱和平舱）: the ship own

23、er is neither responsible for loading and unloading nor for stowed and trimmed charges.16Charter freightThe freight raOperational Procedure of Ocean Transport for Export备货报验审核装运条款货证齐全托运订舱货物集中港区报关放行装 船签发收货单换取已装船提单制单结汇保 险签发装货单报关单据装船通知17Operational Procedure of OceanWorld-famous Shipping Companies 澳大利亚

24、国家航运公司 澳国航运 ANL 美国总统轮船（中国）有限公司 美国总统 APL波罗的海航运公司 波罗的海 BOL中国远洋集装箱运输有限公司 中远集运 COSCON长荣香港有限公司上海办事处 香港长荣 EMC 香港航运有限公司 香港海运 HKMSH 现代商船株式会社上海代表处 现代商船 HMM川崎汽船（中国）有限公司 川崎汽船 KLINE 上海天海货运有限公司 天海货运 TMSC 东航船务有限公司 东航船务 TOHO日本邮船有限公司 日本邮船NYK东方海外货柜航运有限公司 东方海外OOCL上海国际轮渡有限公司 国际轮渡SFCO中海发展股份有限公司 中海发展CSD中外运（集团）总公司 中外运SIN

25、OTRANS18World-famous Shipping Companie2. Air Transport Advantages: High speed Good quality Low risk Competitive insurance premium Disadvantages High cost Low capacity Vulnerable to disruption Sparsely located facilities.192. Air Transport19Types of Air Transport ServicesFour categories: Scheduled ai

26、rlines 班机运输 Chartered carriers 包机运输 Consolidated consignments by freight forwarders 集中托运 Air express service / desk to desk service 航空速递(1) Scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods

27、.(2) Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying cargoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination.(3) Consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number o

28、f individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. A consolidated shipment made up by several shipments can be dispatched to one common destination. Many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled airline. (4) A

29、ir express service : the express service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in this line of business between consignors, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documents20Types of Air Transport ServiceAirline RatesAir freight is normally collected accord

30、ing to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for large volume cargo. The rates are normally quoted per kilogram. The air freight excludes other charges such as customs fees and storage fees.In order to stimulate traffic, different types of air freight rates are designed. For instance,

31、General Cargo Rates are the basic rates. Specific Commodity Rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities specified in the tariff of the carrier. If no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals, human remains or valuable cargoes, Classification Rates apply.21Airli

32、ne RatesAir freight is nAirline RatesM/W (subject to the higher rate)Four types of airline rates: - General Cargo Rate (G.C.R.)一般货物运价 - Specific Cargo Rate (S.C.R.)特种货物运价 - Class Rate (C.R.)等级运价 - Unitized Consignments Rate (U.C.R)Characteristics of airline rates: - one-way freight from one airport

33、to another - delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded - publicized in local currency - measurement unit is kilo or pound - fluctuate in line with market conditions22Airline RatesM/W (subject to The division of responsibilities of the parties concerned in the air freight发货人空运代理航

34、空公司航空公司空运代理收货人责任承担者提货空运代理航空公司空运代理或地面运输公司报关交付航空 运输提货 报关交货23The division of responsibilitiSome Airlines in the World Some Airlines in the World Rail Transport Advantages Large capacity (second to ocean transport) Relatively high speed Economical Relatively punctual Less prone to interruptions by poor

35、weather Disadvantages Confined to railroad Less flexible24Rail Transport Advantages 2International Railway Through Transport - under one rail consignment note - shipper or consignee not involved when goods are transiting the countries Siberia Transcontinental Railway Eurasia Transcontinental Railway

36、 Railway transport to Hong Kong and MacaoDomestic Rail Transport 25International Railway Through Road Transport Advantages Versatile Flexible in operation High distributive ability Disadvantages Low capacity High operating cost High risk of pilferage and damage Complication26Road Transport Advantage

37、s ContainerizationContainerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. It is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, adva

38、nced technology and so on.27ContainerizationContainerizatFeatures of containerization: Advantages Increase the efficiency of handlingImprove the transportation qualitySave operating costsSimplify delivery formalitiesPromote multi-modal transportation28Features of containerization:Containers and Cont

39、ainer TransportThe majority of containers are built to the ISO specification. The 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 X 8 X 40 and 8 X 8 X 20). The container capacity is measured in TEUs (Twenty-feet Equivalence Units). Containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but

40、not widely used. Three major types of containers: 8 X 8 X 40 (IA); 8.6 X 8 X 40(IAA); 8 X 8 X 20 (IC)29Containers and Container TransContainer Transport Containerization offers: a door to door service under FCL/FCL（整装整拆）, door to container freight station (CFS) service under FCL/LCL（整装拼拆） CFS to CFS

41、 service under LCL/LCL（拼装拼拆） CFS to door service under LCL/FCL （拼装整拆） 30Container Transport ContainerContainer Freight Based on container capacity/origin and destination of the merchandise Inland transportation cost is included Based on the type of commodity For LCL, each commodity is charged separa

42、tely for the freight 31Container Freight Based on co International Multi-modal TransportAt least two modes of transportOne contract, one transport document, one operator, one freight rateUse of containers Advantages High efficiency Good quality Cost and time saving Economy and simplicity of document

43、ation32 International Multi-modal Tra6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport(1） Reliability(2）Speed and Frequency(3）Cost336.2. General Considerations on6.3 Major Transport DocumentsBill of ladingConsignment note (for Rail and Road)Air waybillCombined transport documents (CTD)346.3 Major Trans

44、port DocumentsBBill of Lading (B/L)1. Definition and FunctionA bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(货物收据) 2) a document of title(物权凭证) 3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier (运输契约的证明)35Bill of Lading (B/L)1. Defini Bill of lad

45、ing (B/L) A bill of lading (B/L) is used for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. It must be produced at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods.As a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by en

46、dorsing or handing it over to another authorized party, even while the goods are still at sea.Although negotiable bills of lading are in common use, some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. You have to be sure that a negotiable B/L is accepted in your country. Other

47、wise, a non-negotiable B/L is issued.The B/L is a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the export agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment. If the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shippin

48、g line, the bill of lading, is deemed as clean. The ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill.See sample B/L36 国际货物运输InternationalCargoTranport-课件2. Types of B/LAs per whether the goods are shipped on board:Shipped (on board) B/L已装船提单Received for shipment B/L备运提单As p

49、er whether the B/L is clean or not:Clean B/LUnclean/Foul B/LUnclean B/L can not used for negotiation.Some remarks can not be regarded as “ unclean”.不明白地表示货物或包装不能令人满意，如：“旧包装”，“旧箱”强调承运人对于货物或包装性质引起的风险不负责任否认承运人知悉货物内容、质量、重量等发货人装载并计数372. Types of B/LAs per whether 提单抬头 是否背书 能否转让 Straight B/L No endorsemen

50、tThe consignor can not transfer.The consignee can if necessary. Blank B/L No endorsement TransferableOrder B/L) order to order to order of shipper to order of consignee to order of bankerBy the consignorBy the consigneeBy the bankTransferable after endorsement. 38As per the name of the consigneeStra

51、ight B/L记名提单Blank B/L /Bearer B/L不记名提单Order B/L指示提单 (widely used)Comparisons 提单抬头 是否背书 能否转让 S As per the modes of transportDirect B/L直达提单Transshipment B/L转船提单Through B/L联运提单Liner B/L班轮提单Container B/LCombined B/LAs per the content of the B/LLong form B/L全式提单Short form B/L简式提单As per the effect of B/LO

52、riginal B/L)正本提单Copy B/L副本提单39 As per the modes of transport As per the issuing date of B/LOn deck B/L甲板提单 When cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for delivery, an On Deck B/L is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port. Stale B/L过期提单 Bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank af

53、ter the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination Ante-dated B/L倒签提单 When the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the require

54、ment so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Advanced B/L预借提单 When the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready for shipment. The purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C. 40 As per the issuing

55、date of B/Anti-dated B/L &Advanced B/L 倒签提单和预借提单被认为是典型的海运欺诈行为。不论出于什么原因，承运人通过倒签和预借提单，总是向收货人或提单持有人传达了一个关于装船时间的虚假情况。如果是应托运人的要求所为，那么从买卖关系上说，承运人则是帮助卖方掩盖了未能按时交运的违约事实。倒签和预借提单的主要原因是卖方不能按照买卖合同的约定时间交运货物，有时也因为承运人船期延误。Anti-dated B/L &Advanced B/L Case Study (1) 我国某公司与瑞士某公司签订某农产品3500公吨的合同，每公吨CIF鹿特丹24英镑共值84000英镑。

56、装船日期为当年12月至次年1月，对方以不可撤销的即期信用证进行支付。我国某公司在租船装运时，因原订货船临时损坏，在国外修理，不能在预定的时间到达我国口岸装货，临时改派香港某公司租船装运，但又因连日风雪，迟至2月11日才装完毕，2月13日开航。我某公司了取得符合信用证所规定的装船日期（即19年12月1日至次年1月31日）提单，要求外轮代理公司按次年1月31日签发提单，并以此提单向我银行办理议付。货物到达鹿特丹，经买方聘请律师上船查阅航行日志，查实提单的签发日期是伪造的立即凭证向当地法院起诉，并由法院发出扣船通知。船由外轮公司以30000英镑担保放行，我方经四个月的谈判，共赔偿20600英镑，买方

57、才撤回上诉而结案，既损失了外汇，又对外造成了不良的影响。试对此案进行分析。 Case Study (1) 我分析:倒签提单是一种违法行为，一旦被识破，产生的后果是严重的。但是在国际贸易中，倒签提单的情况相当普遍。尤其是当延期时间不多的情况下，还是有许多出口商会铤而走险。当倒签的日子较长的情况出现，就容易引起买方怀疑，最终可以通过查阅船长的航行日志或者班轮时刻表等途径加以识破。分析:倒签提单是一种违法行为，一旦被识破，产生的后果是严Case Study (2) 我国A公司与某国B公司于2004年10月20日签订购买52500吨化肥的 CFR合同。A公司开出信用证规定，装船期限为2005年1月1日

58、至1月10 日，由于B公司租来运货的“顺风号”轮在开往某外国港口途中遇到飓风，结 果装运2005年1月20日才完成。承运人在取得B公司出具的保函的情况下 签发了与信用证条款致的提单。“顺风号”轮于1月21日驶离装运港。A公 司为这批货物投保了水渍险。2005年1月30日“顺风号”轮途经巴拿马运河 时起火，造成部分化肥烧毁。船长在命令救火过程中又造成部分化肥湿 毁。由于船在装货港口的延迟，使该船到达目的地时正遇上了化肥价格下 跌A公司在出售余下的化肥时价格不得不大幅度下降，给A公司造成很大 损失。请根据上述事例，回答以下问题： 问题: (1)途中烧毁的化肥损失属什么损失，应由谁承担?为什么?(2

59、)途中湿毁的化肥损失属什么损失，应由谁承担?为什么?(3)A公司可否向承运人追偿由于化肥价格下跌造成的损失?为什么?Case Study (2) 我国A公司与某国B回答: (1)属单独海损，应由保险公司承担损失。途中烧毁的化肥属于单独海损，依CFR术语，风险由A公司即买方承担；而A公司购买了水渍险，赔偿范围包含单独海损，因此由保险公司承担。 (2)属共同海损，应由A公司与船公司分别承担。因船舶和货物遭到了共同危险，船长为了共同安全，有意又合理地造成了化肥的湿毁。 (3)可以。因为承运人迟延装船，又倒签提单，须对迟延交付负责。回答: (1)属单独海损，应由保险公司承担损失。途中Consignme

60、nt Note (for rail and road)Contract of carriageReceipt of goodsNot a document of title41Consignment Note (for rail andAir WaybillReceipt of goodsContract of carriageCertificate of insuranceCustoms declarationInstruction sheet to the carrierBill for the freight42Air WaybillReceipt of goods4243 Time o