修辞与翻译课件

1、第五章：修辞与翻译（1）第五章：修辞与翻译（1）修辞与翻译（一）明喻暗喻（隐喻）转喻（借代）夸张反语反复排比拈连头韵尾韵递升；递降修辞与翻译（一）明喻排比明喻 simile明喻的定义明喻的构成明喻的文化内涵明喻 simile明喻的定义明喻的定义Simile: a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to enhance an image.明喻：把甲事物比作乙事物，两者既不同类，又不同质，只是在某一点上有相似之处。明喻的定义Simile: a figure of speec明喻的构

2、成1）组成I wandered alone as a cloud. (“I” 是Object/tenor本体, “lonely” 是sense喻意, “a cloud” 是image/vehicle喻体)2)比喻词英语：asas, like, as, as if/though汉语：像，好像，如，犹如，若，宛若，宛如，仿佛，如同，跟一般明喻的构成1）组成明喻的文化内涵 1共性（universals）她的脸色苍白而带光泽，仿佛大理石似的；一双眼睛又黑又大，在黯淡的囚房中，宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and

3、her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell.He drove as if possessed by the devil.他着魔似地驾车狂奔。明喻的文化内涵 1共性（universals）明喻的文化内涵 2个性（peculiarities）喻意相同，喻体相同或略异喻意相同，喻体相异无对应明喻的文化内涵 2个性（peculiarities）喻意相同，喻体相同或略异know sth./ sb. like the palm of ones handas light as a featheras cold as iceas

4、busy as a beeas cheerful as a lark了如指掌轻如鸿毛冰冷像蜜蜂一样忙碌像云雀一样快活喻意相同，喻体相同或略异know sth./ sb. lik喻意相同，喻体相异as stupid as a goose as timid as a rabbit as hoarse as a crowas bold as a lion as mute as a fish as proud as a peacockas strong as a horse drink like a fish蠢的象猪胆小如鼠公鸭嗓勇如猛虎噤若寒蝉；守口如瓶骄傲得像公鸡体健如牛牛饮喻意相同，喻体相异as

5、 stupid as a goose 无对应as poor as a church mouseas cool as a cucumberas tight as a drumas sharp as a needleas sure as a gun一贫如洗非常镇静非常不肯花钱十分精明一点不错；千真万确无对应as poor as a church mouse一贫暗喻 metaphor暗喻的定义英汉对应暗喻 metaphor暗喻的定义暗喻的定义Metaphor: a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designate

6、s one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻：又称隐喻。把要说明的事物比喻成另外一种具有鲜明的同一特点的事物，从而更形象、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力和感染力。暗喻的定义Metaphor: a figure of spe暗喻的构成1）组成After the long talk, he became the sun in her heart. 这次长谈之后，他成了她心中的太阳。（英汉的暗喻都不露比喻的痕迹，直接把甲说成了乙，正是在这一点上有别于前面所讲的明喻。）2)比喻词英语：

7、be, become, turn into汉语：是，成了，成为，当作等暗喻的构成1）组成英汉对应完全对应Our blood boils.我们热血沸腾。部分对应draw water in a sieve 竹篮打水无对应be tied to sbs apron-strings 受人控制英汉对应完全对应比喻的翻译保留原语形象（直译）转换原语形象（替换） 舍弃原语形象（意译） 比喻的翻译保留原语形象（直译）直译法Joe, a clumsy and timid horseman, didnt look to advantage in the saddle, “Look at him, Amelia my

8、 dear, driving into the parlor window. Such a bull in a china shop I never saw”.乔胆子小，骑术又拙，骑在鞍子上老不像样。“埃米丽亚，亲爱的，快看，他骑到人家客厅的窗子那儿去了，我一辈子也没见过这样的，真是大公牛闯到瓷器店了”。（杨必名利场）直译法Joe, a clumsy and timid hor替换法put all the cards on the table打开天窗说亮话go for wool and come back shorn偷鸡不成蚀把米替换法put all the cards on the ta意译

9、法By the winter of 1942 their resistance to the Nazi terror had become shadow.到了1942年冬季，他们对于纳粹恐怖活动的抵制已经名存实亡。 意译法By the winter of 1942 their转喻 metonymy；借代synecdoche转喻定义英汉对比翻译方法转喻 metonymy；借代synecdoche转喻定义转喻定义Metonymy: a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute or a thing is substituted for t

10、he thing itself as in the use of Washington for US government.转喻：也叫借代。不直接把所要说的事物名称说出来，而用跟它有关系的另一种事物的名称代替它。例如用华盛顿来指代美国政府。转喻定义Metonymy: a figure of spee转喻：英汉对比投笔从戎throw away the pen and take up the sword in defense of the countryPen is mightier than sword.笔威于剑。His wife spent all her life on the stage.

11、 (theatrical profession)他的妻子在舞台上渡过了一生。（戏剧工作，表演艺术）转喻：英汉对比投笔从戎转喻：翻译方法汉语和英语里的转喻内容丰富，有借人或事物的特征或标志来指人或事物；有借与人或事物有关的工具或材料代指人或事物；有借与人或事物有关的所属或所在代指人或事物。一般而言，可以对这种辞格采用直译，但有时因为两种语言的不同表达习惯，需要采用意译。转喻：翻译方法汉语和英语里的转喻内容丰富，有借人或事物的特征转喻译例Only a knife can save the patients life now.要拯救病人只能动手术。Paper and ink cut the thro

12、ats of men, and the sound of a breath may shake the world.纸墨能割断人的喉管，嗓音能震动整个世界。（写几个字，说几句话）Gray hair should be respected.（graying China/ aging China）老人应该受到尊重。转喻译例Only a knife can save the 夸张 hyperbole定义译例夸张 hyperbole定义夸张定义Hyperbole: a figure of speech which contains an exaggeration for emphasis.夸张：指凭借

13、丰富的想象，用铺饰张大的语言，对事物的某些方面进行夸大或缩小，进行艺术渲染。夸张定义Hyperbole: a figure of spe夸张译例夸张一般直译，对夸张的内容不需改变，也不能改变，但涉及语言习惯时，可略作调整。Thanks a million.万分感谢。I have told you fifty times.我告诉过你好多次了。夸张译例夸张一般直译，对夸张的内容不需改变，也不能改变，但涉反语 irony定义译例反语 irony定义反语定义Irony: the use of words to express something different from and often opp

14、osite to their literal meaning.反语：使用同本意完全相反的词句来表达本意，明显含有嘲弄讽刺的意思，从而使本意更加突出。反语定义Irony: the use of words to反语译例 1It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in his pocket.在异国他乡，身无分文，那才叫“绝”呢！他浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有！He doesnt have a single defect in his whole body. Why, he doesnt

15、 even have a belly-button!反语译例 1It must be delightful to反语译例 2If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes, dont listen They are probably trying to trick you into living longer.如果有人苦口婆心劝你戒烟，不要理他们 他们是想骗你活得长久些！- It is raining cats and dogs!- Lovely weather, isnt it?（太好了！）反语译例 2If people keep

16、telling y反复 repetition定义译例反复 repetition定义反复定义反复：通过重复同一单词、词组或语句使人加深印象，重复部分往往含有强烈的情感或优美的节奏。反复定义反复：通过重复同一单词、词组或语句使人加深印象，重复译例 1：直译It is no use doing what you like; you have to like what you do.（Winston Churchill）做你喜欢的不重要，重要的是喜欢你所做的。 Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your

17、country. (J F Kennedy ）不要问国家能够为你做什么，问问你能够为国家做什么。译例 1：直译It is no use doing what译例 2：变通It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land. (Ray Bradbury, The Vacation)绿草萋萋，白

18、云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱。蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声咽，大地音沉，这日子是如此安静。译例 2：变通It was a day as fresh a排比 parallelism/parataxis定义译例排比 parallelism/parataxis定义排比定义Parallelism: the use of identical or equivalent syntactic constructions in corresponding clauses.排比：指用结构相似、语气一致、关系并列的一组语句，接连表达几个相关意思的一种修辞方式。排比定义Parallelism: the us

19、e of i排比译例 1I came, I saw, I conquered.我只身前往，我明察秋毫，我旗开得胜。Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。排比译例 1I came, I saw, I conquer排比译例 2延安的歌声是黑夜的火把，雪天的煤炭，大旱的甘霖。Songs of Yanan are torches in dark night, charcoal fire in the snowy weather, and time

20、ly rainfall in the severe drought.排比译例 2延安的歌声是黑夜的火把，雪天的煤炭，大旱的甘霖。拈连 zeugma定义译例拈连 zeugma定义拈连定义zeugma: a construction in which a single word, especially a verb or an adjective, is applied to two or more nouns when its sense is appropriate to only one of them or to both in different ways, as in He took

21、my advice and my wallet. 拈连：在说甲乙两事物时，把适用于说甲的词顺便也用来说乙,达到语言凝练、含义深刻、幽默风趣的效果。拈连定义zeugma: a construction in 拈连译例 1She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. (敞开)In fact, I was to organize my fathers tools, my mothers kitchen utensils, and my sisters boyfriends.（安排）拈连译例 1She opened the door an

22、d 拈连译例 2She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.舞会上她丢了项链也丢了魂她坠入爱河了！He took photographs and other things.他不仅将画面摄入镜头，还将其它东西摄入私囊。拈连译例 2She lost her heart and n拈连译例 3The girl he loved was Laura Merton, the daughter of an army officer who had lost his temper and health in India, and never found either

23、of them again.（Oscar Wilde Model Millionaire）身体坏了,脾气也坏了；一个都没再好起来 On his fishing trip, he caught three trout and a bad cold!他外出钓鱼，得鲑鱼三条，也得了感冒！拈连译例 3The girl he loved was La拈连译例 4The new president took his oath and seat.(宣誓；就座)A candidate is one who shakes your hand before election and your acquaintance afterwards.拈连译例 4The new president took h头韵 alliteration 1It was a splendid population - for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.（Mark Twai