浅谈英语语法及其分类

1、浅谈英语语法及其分类【摘要】当代英语语法流派可以粗略地分为三大类:规定性语法、描绘性语法和解释性语法。本文简单介绍了各类语法的起源、根本概念及其主要特点,并提出了作者对怎样正确对待传统语法的观点。【关键词】英语语法;分类;规定性语法;描绘性语法;解释性语法intrdutin:frthelinguistipintfvie,englishlanguage,likeanytherlivinglanguageintherld,nsistsfthreeessentialeleents:prnuniatin,vabularyandgraar.prnuniatinistheaterialutershellf

2、alanguage,rtheaterialfrinhihalanguageexists.vabularyreferstallthenstrutinsfalanguage.graardealsiththesysteatilasandrulesfalanguage,inludingitsfrs,inflexinsandaystakesentenes.graarisftenparedttheplasterandskeletndesignsfbuildingfalanguage.letusdraananalgysastakelearertherelatinbeteenthethreebasieleen

3、ts.suppsingalanguageisabuilding,thenprnuniatinisitsutershape,vabularyistheaterialfnstrutin(suhasbrik,tile,reinfrebars,eent,et.)andgraarisjustlikethedesignsandtehniquesfnstrutin.angthethreeessentialeleents,prnuniatin,astheaterialbasisftheexistenefalanguage,ispriary;vabularyliesntheentralpsitinastheth

4、ertareexpressedbyeansfit,hilegraaristheusefulandneessarytlfruststudyandusealanguage.ithutit,euldfeelitquitediffiulttusealanguagerretly,espeiallyafreignlanguage.frastudentrateaherfenglish,itisstillreneessarytstudygraar.ardingtthedevelpentfgraar,theprinipalshlsfntepraryenglishgraarayrughlybedividedint

5、threeajrlasses:presriptivegraar,desriptivegraarandexplanatrygraar.hereisaskethyintrdutintsefthe:a.presriptivegraarpresriptivegraarriginatedinanientgreektiesfplatandaristtle.atthattie,graarasnlytreatedasthetlfenjyingliterature,andthehangesflanguageerelkedupnasdeayanddegeneratin.theanientfrsfalanguage

6、ereheldinesteeandthegraarianstriedtkeepthefixedandunhanged.presriptivegraarainlynsistsftparts:rphlgyandsyntax.thereereeightpartsfspeehandaseriesfgraatialrulesbasednlatingraarithagreatnuberfillustratinsfrtherksfsefausriters.allpresriptivegraarshlshavesuhnharateristisasbel:a.thegraarrulesareadenthebas

7、isflgialreasning(justlikelatingraar),andusedtdeidehetheraertainlanguagephenennisrretrnt.b.thesysteisdividedintrphlgyandsyntax.theanalysisfsenteneisadererlessardingttheireanings(thusalsalled“ntinalgraar).itisephasizedthatnelanguagefrexpressesnlyneneptfidea.theainshlsfpresriptivegraarare:a.shlgraar-th

8、enepiledfrteahingalanguageinththshlsfrthe18enturytthe20entury.b.pratialgraar-theneusedtaster,rreexatly,thelptheandfafreignlanguage.traditinalgraar-allthegraarshlsdifferentfrdesriptivegraarandexplanatrygraar.thughlastingfrver2,000years,ithasnatualdefinitin.generallyspeaking,itrefersttheters,rules,nep

9、tsandtheriestakenandarriednfrthethrksf18enturypresriptivegraarandthseafterards.b.desriptivegraarthdesriptivegraaraeintbringinthelate19enturyandththeearly20entury.thedesriptivegraariansthinkthatlanguageisalayshanginganddevelping,andthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentfeaturesftheirn,stheybjettapplying

10、latingraarehanially.theyinsistupndesribingbjetivelyandindetailthepratialusefalanguage,andanalyzingitardingtitsstruturesandfuntins.itisephasizedthatneneptfideaanbeexpressedindifferentays.seainshlsfdesriptivegraar:a.struturalgraar-thehiefviepintsare:asfarasalanguageisnerned,speehisinthefirstplae,naely

11、,ralfrsareprirtrittennes.thedesriptinfalanguageughttbegivenardingthitisspkeninreality,nthitustbespken.thenretestepsfanalysisaretakenatthreelevels:first,thephnee;then,therphee;andfinally,sentenepatterns.thestruturalgraariansareppsedtdividingrdlassesardingttheeaning,butinsistndesribingalanguagebyitsfr

12、s.b.funtinalgraar-thebritishlinguist.a.k.hallidayasthehieffunder.hethughtthatlanguageisauniativetliththreesialfuntinsexpressing:neptsfthught,relatinshipsbeteenhuanbeings,andherentntents.antherfeatureffuntingraariststudydeeplyvariustypesfalanguageusedndifferentasinsandindifferentregins(suhasbritishen

13、glish,aerianenglish,fral,infral,et.).ppsitely,hisaspet,funtinalgraarhaspenedupanefieldfthegraarresearhfrus.uniativegraar-thegraatialsysteputfrardbybritishlinguistsg.leehandj.svartvik.ittakesneptsfthughtasthere,andthefeaturesfvariustypesfenglish(elevated,fral,neutral,infral,slang;ritten,spken,plite,f

14、ailiar,et.)expressinsndifferentasins,prnuniatinandintnatinandsn.inanyaspets,itrelatestfuntinalgraar(sanygraariansregardtheasthesaene),butlaysrespeialstressntheuniativeeffetfalanguage,partiularlynthatneneptfthughtanbeexpressedbyvariusfrsflanguage.itshiefntributinliesn“htakeuniatinbyusinggraar.“fllean

15、d“neneptenglisharetypialtftheell-knntextbkspilednuniativegraar.explanatrygraarbasiallyspeaking,explanatrygraarbelngsttheretialgraar,hihakesratinaldisussinandexpsitinngraariththehelpfseantis,lexilgy,lgi,psyhlgy,silgyandeventheethdsfatheatialanalysis.explanatrygraariansbserveandstudylanguagephenena,an

16、dfurtherre,explaintheirdistintins,ausesandrigins.seprinipalshlsfexplanatrygraar:a.histrialgraar-itstudiesthedevelpentfalanguagefrthevie-pintfhistry,dealingiththestudyfrphlgyandsyntax.departingfrthetraditinsfpresriptivegraar,histrialgraariansexpundallkindsfphenenafenglishardingtthehistrialpriniples,a

17、vidingestablishingseabstratrulestguider“purifythelanguage.b.parativegraar-itakesaltfparisnbeteenthedifferentlanguagesnernedrbeteentherrespndinggraatialrelatinsfnelanguageatdifferentstagesfhistry.transfratinal-generativegraar-thefunderisanaerianlinguist,n.hsky.inhisell-knngraarbk“syntatistrutures,hes

18、etsfrthhisneandriginalviesngraar.hethinksgraarustbesipleandlear,andustpssesstheabilityfgeneratin,thatis,theabilitytprdueinfinitesentenesardingtthegraar.hehldsthateverynativespeakerfalanguageisbrnithasetflinguistiaquisitindevieandthattheatheatialpatternsustbeusedtakegraarsipleandlear.heputsfrardahles

19、etfstritsysteatifrulas,i.e.thetransfratinalrules,frhihthepratialspeehanbeprdued.nefitsutstandingfeaturesistheadvaningfthedistintinbeteen“surfaestrutureand“deepstruturefthesentene.nlusin:finally,letusetthequestin“hshuldeprperlythinkftraditinalgraar?asalinguistitheretibranh,traditinalgraarhasalreadybe

20、enlastingfrrethan2,000years.itertainlyhasitsnadvantagesandhasgivenseiprtantntributinstlanguagestudyingandteahing.itakesthestudyfalanguageeasierbygivingdefinitins,akingrulesandprvidingillustratins.thebasigraatialneptssuhaspartsfspeeh,ebersfthesentene,ethdsfanalyzingsentenesrdbyrd,et.dhelpthelearnerst

21、astersyntatistrutures,prehendessaysandreadtheriginalsreeasily.rever,ithashadseinflueneupntheestablishentanddevelpentfthergraatialshls.traditinalgraar,hever,hasitsndefiienyandshrtings.first,itputsstressntherphlgyanddesntpayenughattentintthesyntax.astheresult,itisusuallynteasyfrlearnerstakesentenesbth

22、inrightstrutureandagreeingiththehabits.thenthetraditinalgraarattahesiprtanettherittenlanguagebutntttherallanguage,andthustheuniativeandsialfuntinsfthelanguageareverlked.inadditin,itsdefinitinsandrulesareadebylgialreasningandbasednvariusstandards,andstheylakntinuity.frexaple,separtsfspeeharelassified

23、bytheeaning(suhasnun,verbandinterjetin),sebytheirfuntins(prnun,adjetive,adverb,njuntin),andsebybth(prepsitin).anynteprarylinguistssharplyritiizeandblaethetraditinalgraar,andseevenregarditassubjetivisr“herrds,theynsiderittbethesynnyfnn-siene.itisneessaryandhelpfultpintutthedefiienyandshrtingsfthetraditinalgraar,butitisntpratialtthritallaayatpresent.eustseethatiththedevelpentflanguage,thetraditinalgraarhasbeeniprvingitselfnstantly,partiularlydraingseresearhresultsfthestruturalgraarandtransfratinalgraar.inuruntry,espeiallyiniddleshlsandstlleges,thegraarsysteadptedi