2023年职称英语理工类教材A级新增文章

1、2023年职称英语理工类教材A级新增文章:阅读理解第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLowsalt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientistThe research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in

2、the levels of salt we like to eatThose conclusions are important because recent，wellpublicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of fo

3、od science，who was lead investigator4 0n the studyDiets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and strokeThat is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eatThis study increase

4、s understanding of salt preference and consumptionThe research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 yearsThe sampl

5、e was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettesThey rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind“Most of us like the taste of saltHowever，some individ

6、uals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food, said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flav

7、or, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but al

8、so bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt， he said“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their a

9、bility to taste certain chemicalsAs a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find th

10、ese same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitterhe said“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness(476)词汇：Publicize v引起公众对的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietary adj饮食的；规定食物的Ferment v(使)发酵转载自.安通学校

11、Geneticist n遗传学家Acuity n敏锐；锋利注释：1Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences宾州州立大学农学院。Penn是Pennsylvania的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年：在全国共有24个分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences用作定语，修饰food scientist。2Well-publicized efforts to redu

12、ce the salt content in food：大力宣传减少食物含盐量的做法31eft many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others：使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare相当于food。41ead investigator：研发工程负责人5carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chipson multiple

13、 occasion，spread out over weeks：经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。6too pronounced：此处pronounced为形容词，意为very noticeable，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。7supertasting：超重味感练习：1In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out thatAit is good to health to eat food without saltBmany people reject lowsalt food completelyCmany

14、people accept lowsalt tasteless food reluctantlyDfood with reduced salt tastes better2The fourth paragraph describes brieflyAhow to select subjects and what to do in the researchBhow to identify supertasters and nontastersCwhy to limit the number of subjects to 87 personsDwhy to select more male sub

15、jects than female ones3. The article argues that supertastersA1ike the；taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in foodB1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavorCconsume less salt because they don t like intensive tastesD1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters4. Which of the following

16、 applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?AThey like bitterness in foods as well as saltinessBThey like highsalt cheese as it has intense bitter tasteCThey prefer highsalt cheesewhich tastes less bitterD. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health5. What message do the last two par

17、agraphs carry?ATaste acuity is genetically determinedBTaste acuity is developed over time after birthCTaste acuity is related to ones eye and hair colorDTaste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science答案与题解：转载自.安通学校1C根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力(struggling)去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(fare tha

18、t simply does not tastegood to them)。选项C有accept reluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。2A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。3B短文的第五段提供了答案o supertaster在这里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐；因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，

19、口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。4C短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶酪发酵会产生苦味，supertasters不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的昔味，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。5A文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes得出的结论是，Taste acuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biological difference(生物差异)，所以A是答案。B说味觉敏度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结

20、论相左0说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D的内容在最后两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案。2023年职称英语理工类教材A级新增文章:阅读理解第四十六篇Marvelous MetamaterialsInvisibility cloaks1 would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fictionhad it not been for the development of metamaterials2. In Greek, meta means beyond, and metamaterials ca

21、r do things beyond what we see in the natural worldlike shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together3If scientists ever manage to build a fullfledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterialsWe are creating materials that dont exist in nature, and that ha

22、ve a physical phenomenon that doesnt exist in nature, says engineer Dentcho Genov. That is the most exciting thing. Genov designs and builds metamaterials-such as those used in cloaking-at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accom

23、plishment to come from the field of metamaterialsOther applications are just as excitin9In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlensA lens is a deviceusually made of glassthat can change the direction of light wavesLenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，

24、thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far awayA hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterialsAnd since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials cant，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001A hyperlens would allow

25、researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginableas small as the wavelength of visible lightGenov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device usin

26、g metamaterialsWe need people who can imagine, he saysSince 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that dont involve just visible lightIn fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterialsAt the Polytechnic University of Valencia in

27、 Spain5Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of soundJust as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an acoustic cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way thats not found in natureIn an orchestra hall, for examplean acoustic cloak could redirect the sound wavesso some

28、one sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audiencewithout distortionSanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that its possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we11 see one any time soonIn principle，it is possible, he says，but it might be impossible

29、 to make one, he addsOther scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs6 as protection from tsunamisA tsunami is a giantdestructive waveThe metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or islandand the wave would resume its ioumey on th

30、e other side without causing any harm词汇：转载自.安通学校Cloak n斗篷，披风Metamaterial n超材料fullfledged adj完全成熟的，完全合格的Hyperlens n超透镜Acoustics n声学Tsunami n.海震，海啸注释：1Invisibility cloaks：隐形衣。在?哈利?波特与死亡圣器?(Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows)一书中，哈利通过邓布利多的转交继承了他父亲的隐形衣。该书是英国女作家JK罗琳创作的哈利?波特系列小说的第7部。2had it not been for

31、the development of metamaterials：如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。该句使用的是虚拟过去时的倒装结构。虚拟过去时表示与过去事实相反的假设；因为是倒装结构，所以将情态动词had提到主语之前。如使用正常语序，该句可写为if it had not been for the development of metamaterials3meta means beyondand metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural worldlike shuffle light waves around an o

32、bject and then bring them back together：“meta的词义是“超越，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我们在自然界看不到的事情，例如将光波移动到某个物体周围，然后将光波全部收回。4Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大学，位于路易斯安那州拉斯顿市。该校为公立大学，1894年建校，是美国最为重要的研究型大学之一。5the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain：瓦伦西亚理工大学，位于西班牙东南部的瓦伦西亚市，该校建于l968年。6oi

33、l rigs：石油钻塔练习：1What is true for metamaterials?AThey will always remain in science fictionBThey are already a realityCThey are nonexistent in natureDScientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks2A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensAas it can allow scientists to see sma

34、ll thingsBas it can help photographers to capture images far awayCeven if it is made of ordinary materialsDas it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light3Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to inventAan acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of lightBan in

35、visible cloak that can shuffle waves of soundCan acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of soundDa cloak that is made of materials found in nature4According to SdnchezDehesa,Ait is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soonBit is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far fromrea

36、lityCit is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak.Dit is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak5What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis?(Read the last paragraph)ASurround them with metamaterials as protective shieldsBStopping th

37、e tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches themCBuilding them with larger metamaterials to keep away tsunamisDUsing the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami答案与题解：转载自.安通学校1CA不是正确答案，因为短文一开始的句子使用了虚拟语态，句子的意思是：如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。也就是说，科学家已经在研发超材料。短文的后面局部也进一步提到科学家正致力于超材料的开发

38、。但是因为超材料尚未研发成功，科学家更没有开始使用超材料来制造隐身衣，所以B和D也不是正确选择。第二段的第一句提供了答案。2DA、B所述成效均是第三段中普通的lens能够到达的成效，所以不是正确选择。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是错误选择。短文第四段对hyperlens做了描述，结合第四段内容可以得到D选项提供的结论。3C短文的第七段提供了答案。该段的大意是：瓦伦西亚理工大学的研究者Jose Sanchez-Dehesa试图研发acoustic cloak，其原理与invisible cloak相同，只是acoustic cloak移动声波(shuffle waves of

39、sound)，而不是移动光波(shuffle waves of light)。所以，只有C是正确的选择。4B短文的第八段提供了答案。工程师Sanchez-Dehesa认为，成功开发acoustic cloak在理论上是可能的，但他对是否能成功表现出疑心。5A短文的最后一段告诉我们，科学家也在研究如何将超材料应用于抵御海啸的袭击。可以在岛屿周围使用超材料作为防护(shields)，因为超材料可以让海啸改变行走方向(redirect tsunarni)。A表达了这层意思，所以是答案。文章没有说，在海啸到达之前数小时用超材料将海啸档住，B不是答案。文章没有建议用超材料建造海岛和石油钻塔，C不是答案。

40、D的内容是用超材料制作海啸预警器，文章中没有提及，也不是答案。2023年职称英语理工类教材A级新增文章:完型填空第十五篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQl and are more l to go on to university，reveals a major new study2 carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy3 and Sahlgrenska University HospitalThe results

41、 were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)4 The study involved l.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between l 950 and l976The research group analysed the 2 of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took fight after they started s

42、erving the armyThe study shows a clear link l good physical fitness and better results for the IQ testThe strongest links are for 4 thinking and verbal comprehensionBut it is only fitness that plays a 5 in the results for the IQ test5，and not strength“Being fit means that you also have good heart an

43、d lung 6 and that your brain gets plenty of 7，says Michael Nilsson，professor at the S ahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital“This may be one of the reasons 8 we can see a clear link with fitness，but not with muscular 9We are also seeing that there are growth fa

44、ctors that are importantBy analysing data for twins，the researchers have been 10 to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a 11 IQ“We have also shown that those youngsters who 12 their physical fitness between ages of l5 and l8 in

45、crease their cognitive performance, says Mafia Aberg，researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre“This being the case6，physical 13 is a subject that has an important place in schools，and is an absolute must7 if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.Th

46、e researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests 14national service8 with the socio-economic status of the men later in 15Those who were fit at l 8 were more likely to go into higher education，and many secured more qualified jobs词汇：转载自.安通学校Proceedings n学报，论文集Swedish adj瑞典的Comprehensio

47、n n理解muscular adj肌肉的注释：1IQ：智商。IQ是intelligence quotient的缩写o2reveals a major new study：一项主要的新研究显示。这是一个倒装句，主语是a major new study，谓语是reveals。第三段出现的“says Michael Nilsson和第五段出现的“says Maria Aberg也是同一类型的倒装句。3. Sahlgrenska Academy：瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院4. the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS)：美国国家

48、科学院学报5. But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test：“it isthat是强调式句子结构，被强调的局部是0nly fitness。强调前的句子是：“But only fitness plays a role in the results for the IQ test.。第四段中出现的“it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness那个句子也属强调式句子结构

49、。6. This being the case：倘假设情况果真如此，因此7. must：用作名词，意思是“必须8. national service：兵役，国民服役练习：1A carefully B secretly C likely D happily2A answersB works C scores D results3A behind B between C among D without4A logicalB critical C typical D positive5A place B game C roleD trick6A capacity B disease C shape

50、D treatment7A change B hydrogen C oxygen D memory8A what B why C how D where9A exercise B training C strengthD movement10A able B cleverC lucky D clear11A moderate B average C lower D higher12A ignoreB improve C likeD determine13A examination B labourC movementD during14A beforeB after C without D s

51、ervice15A marriage答案与题解：转载自.安通学校1C 本文第一句就将主题和盘托出：Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ(身体健康的年轻人智商也高)。根据此论断可以推断，智商高的人进入大学学习的可能性也高。读完全文便可知这个推断是对的。所以，此题的答案只能是likely。2D 第二段第二句说明，该项研究的样本是19501976年之间入伍的l20万新兵。新兵们报到时接受了体格测试和智商测试。研究人员对这两类测试的数据进行了分析。四个选项只有results符合这层意思。answers(答案)、works(作品)、scores(分数)都不适

52、宜。3B 上文屡次论及身体健康与智商之间的关系。本句又重述两者的联系。四个选项中有个between，答案非它莫属。among是“在之中，数量超过2个人或2件事时才用among。本句只说两者的关系，所以不能选among。选项behind和without的意思与上下文搭配不上。4A 填词所在的句子的意思是，身体健康与某种思维和语言理解能力有关。某种思维是哪有logical，它就是答案了。其他三个选项critical(临界的；评论的)、typical(典型的)和positive(正面的)与上下文的意思相去甚远，不会是答案。5C play a role是固定词组，填入所在句子后，上下文的意思连贯，所以

53、是答案。play a place没有这种搭配。play a game(玩游戏)和play a trick(恶作剧)与上下文的意思搭不上。6A 由于“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung说的是，健康意味着心肺功能好，所以选项disease(疾病)和treatment(治疗)可以排除，而good heart and lung后接shape(形状)，意思是“好的心肺形状，这与健康的关系也远了一些。此题只有capacity (能力)才是答案。7C 如前所述，身体健康意味着心肺好，这与大脑有什么关系呢?常识告诉我们，呼吸顺畅，通过肺

54、部进入血液的氧气也多；心功能良好，就能有效地将带有氧气的新鲜血液源源不断地输送到大脑，大脑就能活泼地工作。所以，选项0 xygen是答案。8B reason(s)后面的定语从句中的关系副词要用why。9C 第三段第二句给此题的答案提供了线索：“But it is only fitness that playS a role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength(是健康，而不是力量，对智商测试的结果起了作用)。此题的句子重复了上述论断，所以，缺失的词应该是strength。这一次作者把strength说得更清楚，指的是muscular s

55、trength(肌肉力量)。此题的答案C。10A 本句的意思是，研究人员分析双胞胎智商上的差异来说明智商差异不会来自基因，因为双胞胎的基因是相同的；智商差异来自后天的环境因素。填入本句最适合的词是able。clever，lucky和clear都不适宜；因为研究人员只有通过分析数据才能够得出结论，而不是靠幸运、聪明等。11D 文章反复论述，一个人身体健康，其智商也高。本句前面用的是fitness(健壮体魄)，后面出现的是IQ，修饰它的形容词就一定是higher。12B 根据全文的主要论点进行判断，此题的句子表达的意思一定是增强体质与提高智商成正比。所以，填入句子的动词的词义一定与提高和改善认知能

56、力(cognitive performance)有关。根据这一推论，人选的选项只有improve。13D 研究一下句子“This being the case，physical is a subject，就知道physical加点要填入空格中的词应该是一门学科(subject)的名称。四个选项中，只有physical education(体育)是门学科，所以，答案是D。14D 第二段曾说到新兵报到入伍时，接受了体格测试，此题的句子用的是复数形式的tests，说明他们在服兵役期间可能接受屡次体格检查，所以要选during(national service)，而before、after、witho

57、ut都与上述意思不配合。15B 研究人员将新兵报到入伍时体格测试和智商测试的结果和他们后来的社会经济地位进行了比拟。比拟的是哪方面的社会经济地位呢?最合理的选择是later in life(后来的生活中)。而later in marriage(后来的婚姻中)、later in residence(后来的居住中)或later in service(后来的效劳中)与社会经济地位搭配，显得十分勉强，所以不会是答案。咸度味感因人而异 理A宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究说明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出，遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感，分为“最轻微味感到“最强烈味感等级别。海斯说，“大局部人都喜欢