历史课件第2课战国时期百家争鸣版必修

1、本系列资料简介专题一 2012届高考英语书面表达（图画式作文）专题指导与练习讲评专题二 2012届高考英语书面表达（文字提纲式作文）专题指导与练习讲评专题三 2012届高考英语书面表达（图表式作文）专题指导与练习讲评专题四 2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）专题指导与练习讲评专题四2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）专题指导与练习讲评目录一、2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）专题指导 （含课件和文字稿）二、2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）练习讲评 2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）练习讲评一 （含课件和文字稿） 2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）练习讲评二

2、（含课件和文字稿） 2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）练习讲评三 （含课件和文字稿） 2012届高考英语书面表达（开放式作文）练习讲评四 （含课件和文字稿） 开放作文形同于书面表达，但又不等同于书面表达，因为书面表达往往给出较为详细的提示（文字提纲式、文字+图画式、或图表式），考生在组织短文时，完全可以把这些提示当作短文提纲或线索；考生在表达时，只需沿着这条线索思维即可，考生发散思维的空间不多。而“开放作文”是一种限制相对较少、留给考生更多自由发挥空间的、考查学生书面表达能力的一种时新题型。这种题型只给出主题，也就是说只告诉你正在或将要发生什么事情，至于事情发生的过程、结果则完全由考生自

3、己去发挥，考生的思维完全可以发散。所以，考生的思路不同，写出的作文就会是千人千面。常见的开放式作文命题形式漫画式漫画式开放作文以北京高考为代表。命题形式往往围绕一幅漫画去写作。（2011北京卷）请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it. 随着高考改革的推进，一些自主单独命题的省份，逐年加大了书面表达的

4、开放的力度。比如2011年高考湖南卷就是模仿北京卷而出的开放程度很大的书面表达题。（2011湖南卷）假设你参加所在年级的英语写作比赛，请按如下要求完成一篇作文1.简要描述下图内容并点明主题；2.联系实际表达该图带给你的启示。 标题式标题式开放作文以上海高考为代表（但是近年来上海试题作文的开放程度有所下降）。命题形式往往围绕一个特定的话题去写作。（2005上海卷）古人云：“天生我材必有用”（There must be a use for my talent）。 通过描述你生活中一件事，说明人各有所长，无论才能大小都能成为有用的人。随着高考改革的推进，一些自主单独命题的省份，逐年加大了书面表达的开

5、放的力度。比如2011年高考安徽卷和湖北卷就是模仿上海卷而出的开放程度很大的书面表达题。（2011安徽卷）某校英文报开辟了一个专栏：Experience。本期话题是如何解决学习中遇到的困难。请你以“My Approach to Difficulties in Learning”为题，用英语写一篇短文，谈谈自己的一些做法。注意：1.词数100左右；2.短文中不能出现本人相关信息。（2011湖北卷）请根据以下提示，结合你校园生活中的一个事例，就与人合作这一话题，用英语写一篇短文。Working in groups at school is an opportunity to learn about

6、 team work. Teamwork shows us how other peoples roles fit the purpose of the group, and it teaches to be patient and how to respond to different people.注意：无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语； 除诗歌外，文体不限； 内容必须结合校园生活中的一个事例； 文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称； 词数为100左右。写作指导“标题式”开放作文实际上相当于汉语的命题式作文，考生只要围绕题目中所给的特定的话题说明、叙述、举例，加上谈谈自己的感想或发表自己的看法就可

7、以了。然而，相对于“标题式”开放作文而言，“漫画式”开放作文的写作难度就更大。近年来高考英语“北京卷开放作文”模式渐趋成熟，并基本定型。该题型要求考生根据一定提示(一般是一段20余字的英文提示和一幅漫画)，写一篇短文；词数不少于50。我们把它称之为“漫画式”开放作文。如此设计该题型目的是要求考生充分发挥想象力和创造力，自由拓展主题，组织篇章结构，这样既能体现出学生活跃的思维，又能表现出他们的逻辑思维能力和灵活运用英语的能力，从而把对考生的写作能力的考查上升到了一个新的高度。纵观2003年以来的高考英语“北京卷”真题，我们可以看出，“开放作文”常考文体有两种：记叙文和议论文。“记叙式开放作文”一

8、般给出一段材料，然后要求考生沿着材料的纵横发展方向，充分发挥想像力，拓展原材料内容；再次运用逻辑推理方法，进行谋篇布局；最后串词成句，联句成文。概言之，“记叙式开放作文”要求考生灵活处理所给材料，做到综合分析，辩证思考，提炼观点，力求论点合理，论据充分，论证严密。“议论式开放作文”则要求考生根据所提供的信息材料(一般为漫画)，在描述漫画信息之余，发挥自己的想象，展开简单的议论，并略谈自己的观点和看法。概言之，“议论式开放作文”要求考生围绕所给漫画的信息，简要地进行描述，辩证思考，提炼观点，力求论点合理，发人深思。值得注意的是：近年来，北京卷“开放作文”倾向于“就图论事”、“就图明理”。可以说，

9、“议论式开放作文”与现在流行的新课改、新课程、新课标非常吻合，也与流行的研究性学习、探究性学习非常一致，既迎合了当前教学潮流，又对潮流有一定的引领和推动作用。因此，考生要注意训练自己围绕图片，总结写作要点的能力。另外，看图类文章的审题难度要略大于文字类文章的审题难度，所以考生在平时的训练中应该加强对解图能力的训练。因此，本讲注重谈谈“漫画式”开放作文的写作。 第一步、描述漫画内容描述漫画内容的基本条件是看懂漫画。要求是：审图要准，定位要清；描述时言简意赅，不可越位；要注意：不要花太多时间挖掘图画深意！因为开放作文不看重你的思想厚度，而看重你的语言质量。第二步、阐述对漫画的理解所谓对漫画的理解，

10、是指围绕漫画反映的基本事实进行较为细致的解释和自己的看法、感想或人生感悟等。要求是：逻辑清晰，合情合理。根据以上两个步骤，我们可以这样认为：“开放作文”只要求你做两件事情，一件是描述图画（describe the following picture），另一件是阐述你对图画解释和看法（explain how you understand it）。相应地，你只需要写两个段落，一段是“描述段”，另一段是“议论段”。1.“描述段”的写法：第一句可以使用如下句式： In the picture, there is等。 “描述段”的功能就是传达图画中的信息，向读者交代图画内容，所以必能使用“there b

11、e”句型。另外，“描述段”的另一个功用即：为第二段的议论埋下伏笔。 2.“议论段”的写法： “议论”段的首句有个固定的句式，即：In my opinion, the picture is meaningful and wonderful as well.等。如何发议论呢？所谓议论，就是根据图画信息，表达你的看法、感想。考生不必过深地挖掘图画信息，只需用简单的英文，表达平易的道理。换句话说，只要你能用正确的英文表达你的感想，便赢得了胜利。1.思路清开放式作文的答题思路与语文作文思路有一定程度的类似。在写作前，一定要先明确主题，先写什么，后写什么，突出什么，层次要分明。对于短文的脉络要一清二楚。虽

12、然开放式作文是一篇只有50词左右的短文，但它也是一篇文章。麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。如果要求写的是一篇记述文，就要按照事情发展的先后顺序来行文，事情发生的时间、地点、人物、原因、过程、结果，一个都不能少；若是要求写一篇议论文，就应该按照所议论的观点顺序来安排结构，论点、论据，一个都不能缺。开放式作文的写作注意事项2.思想正开放式作文虽然思维发散空间很大，但有一点必须注意要有明确的思想性。如果一篇文章没有了明正确的思想，那它就没有灵魂。比如有这样一篇开放式作文：One day, on your way home you saw a boy fall into a river. What did you

13、 do? 如果你写的文章结果是 I went away because I didnt know how to swim.那肯定没有思想性。即使你不会游泳，但你至少可以呼救。如果你写的文章结果是 Though I didnt know how to swim, I called out for help. The boy was pulled out by a young man and I tried to save him with other people. 文章这就有了思想性，这样的文章才有意义。 开放式作文要有思想性的另一方面表现在，句子要有感情色彩，即人情味。这样的文章读起来才使人

14、感到亲切，才能完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。如：Im so glad to learn that youre coming in September，这话就富有人情味；如果写成 Its said that youre coming in September, 这话就平淡无味，没有感情色彩。 3.语句精尽可能使用较高级词汇和复杂语法结构使语句精练。开放作文虽然只有区区50个左右的词，但更要使用较高级词汇和复杂结构，这样更能彰显你的“英雄”本色。这样的开放作文才显得浑然一体，一气呵成。所以，同学们在书写开放式作文时，一定要尽可能多地使用过渡词、分词短语、插入语，灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合

15、句等，使句子显得丰富多彩，表现出熟练驾驭英语语言的高超能力。实例一(2008北京卷)请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。 In an English speech competition, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to the judges how you understand it.该题的写作要求非常明确：一是描述漫画内容；二是你如何理解漫画内容。本篇作文考查考生的能力主要有两个：一是审图，抓住图片内容的实质的能力；二是准确的语言表达能力，慎选英语表达思想与想法。针对本题，首先要认真阅读文

16、字材料，抓住文字信息“describe the following picture，how you understand the picture ”, 即首先要审清题意；其次仔细审读并描述图片材料；再次阐明图片内容实质；最后发表个人看法。也就是说，解答本题可以按如下步骤进行操作：简述图片内容；点明图片实质；发表个人看法。当然行文时还要切记：内容要点要齐全，表达方式可以灵活多变。 总体分析一、简述漫画内容从漫画中我们可以看出：圆规画圆游刃有余、轻松惬意而铅笔划线划得满头是汗、举步维艰。上述要点要做到准确表述，也并非易事。所以要用不同表达方法（特别要根据自己的实际水平）来进行。1.从漫画中我们可以

17、看出As is shown in the picture,The picture shows us thatWe can see from the picture that写作指导 2.圆规画圆游刃有余、轻松惬意而铅笔划线划得满头是汗、举步维艰。A pair of compasses are proud of drawing a circle with great ease, while a pencil are burdened with drawing a line.It is easy for a pair of compasses to draw a circle, so it is

18、proud and comfortable. However, it is difficult for a pencil to draw a line, so it is sweating all over. It is easy for a pair of compasses to draw a circle, of which it is proud while it is so difficult for a pencil to draw a line that it is sweating all over.把上述的描述连句成段：As is shown in the picture,

19、a pair of compasses are proud of drawing a circle with great ease, while a pencil are burdened with drawing a line. We can figure out something meaningful from the picture.二、点明漫画实质从我们对漫画的内容描述中看，我们应该不难看出这样的道理：圆规和铅笔用途不同，各有所长，各有所短。From the picture, we can see the difference clearly between the compasse

20、s and the pencil due to their different application. The compasses have every reason to feel superior in drawing a circle because they are designed to do so. But if the compasses are used to draw a line, the pencil may have the same feeling. Therefore,a conclusion can be easily drawn: both of them h

21、ave their own advantages. From what the picture shows us, we can draw a conclusion that compasses and pencils have their own advantages but disadvantages. Each of them have different functions of its own. Compasses are good at drawing a circle and pencils do well in drawing a line. From the picture,

22、 difference can be seen clearly between the compasses and the pencil due to their different application. The compasses have every reason to feel superior in drawing a circle because they are designed to do so. But if the compasses are used to draw a line, the pencil may have the same feeling. As a r

23、esult, a conclusion can be easily drawn: both of them have their own advantages. To begin with, difference can be seen clearly between the compasses and the pencil due to their different application. The compasses have every reason to feel superior in drawing a circle because they are designed to do

24、 so. But if the compasses are used to draw a line, the pencil may have the same feeling. As a result, a conclusion can be easily drawn: both of them have their own advantages. So dont lose yourself in your life.三、发表个人看法发表个人看法：尺有所短寸有所长，和谐社会要求人们怀有容人之雅量。注意：这里的个人看法必须是从图片所展示或内涵的问题中抽象、总结出的做人做事的普遍规律，而不能脱离文

25、本，任意发挥！该题图片所展现的主要问题是“圆规与铅笔各有特点，各有所长”，由此可以推出：我们既要扬己之长，又要敬人之长！So dont lose yourself in your life. From my point of view, we should be aware of our strengths and weaknesses, and show due respect to everyone, for no one is perfect in this world.In my opinion, although we have our own advantages ,we shou

26、ld not turn a deaf to others disadvantages. We ought to learn from each other to make up our weaknesses. From my point of view, we should be aware of our strengths and weaknesses and never show due respect to everyone, for no one is perfect in this world.参考范文From the picture I can see a pair of prou

27、d compasses and a hard-working pencil. The compasses are big, drawing a circle with ease, while the pencil is small, drawing a line with great effort. I think the compasses are reasonable to be proud because no one else can do the job better. At the same time, however, he should realize the pencil h

28、as his own advantages. The pencil can do other shapes better than the compasses, even pictures. So in my opinion, while we are confident in ourselves, we should recognize strengths in others and show due respect for them.【范文点评】范文首先用两个句子对图画进行了描述。然后从圆规(compasses) 和pencil的特点和各自应怎样看待对方的态度升华到作者对做人做事的深刻理解

29、。范文中注重对比手法的运用使描述生动形象：proudhard-working；bigsmall；with easewith great effort；比较级句型“because no one else can do the job better. The pencil can do other shapes better than the compasses, even pictures.”的运用更是增加了说理的力度。全文六句只用了一个简单句，其余五句均用了复合句，这说明命题者对于复合句的运用情有独钟，同时对考生提出了更高的写作要求。另外两处while的使用又是神来之笔：第一个while表示“

30、对比”，第二个while表示“让步”。实例二(2004北京卷)请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。Xiao Ming tells you that he had 100 yuan yesterday morning, which he put into the pocket of his jacket. He spent 40 yuan yesterday afternoon. But now when he reaches into the pocket of his jacket, he finds only 10 yuan. He is wondering what has ha

31、ppened to the rest of the money. As his friend, you suggest to him three or four different possibilities concerning the missing money. 本文要求考生根据两幅图画以及一段英语文字提示写一篇短文，解释为什么小明昨天装进口袋的100元钱，现在却只剩下10元了这一情况，并要求考生给出三至四个“丢钱”的可能性。这就给考生留出足够的写作空间，考生可以充分发挥自己的想象力，给出小明为什么“钱变少由100元变成10元”的原因。此题中的关键句为：He is wondering w

32、hat has happened to the rest of the money. As his friend, you suggest him three or four different possibilities concerning the missing money. 因此，考生写作时，就应该围绕这一中心来做文章。总体分析一、设想“丢钱”的可能性设想的丢钱的可能性要合乎情理，这些可能性要确实存在于现实生活中。1.昨天你花费40元后，也许在回家的路上丢了那笔钱。2.你买东西时，有可能被人偷了那笔钱。3.你也许忘记你花了那笔钱买其它什么东西了。4.这笔钱根本就没有丢失。你今天早上穿的

33、衣服跟昨天穿的不一样。碰巧今天穿的这件衣服里就有10元钱，你认为已经丢失的钱有可能在昨天你穿的衣服口袋里。写作指导二、表达“丢钱”的可能性1.昨天你花费40元后，也许在回家的路上丢了那笔钱。After you spent 40 yuan yesterday, perhaps you lost the money50 yuan on your way home.You spent 40 yuan yesterday and perhaps you lost the money50 yuan on your way home.After you spent 40 yuan yesterday, y

34、ou went home so I guess you lost the money50 yuan on your way home.2.你买东西时，有可能被人偷了那笔钱。Its possible that a pickpocket stole your money while you were shopping.While you were shopping, maybe you had your money stolen.It is possible that someone stole your money while were shopping.3.你也许忘记你花了那笔钱买其它什么东西

35、了.Maybe you forgot you had spent the money on something else yesterday afternoon.Maybe you spent the money on something else yesterday afternoon, but you cant remember it.Maybe you forgot you had bought something else with the money.4.这笔钱根本就没有丢失。你今天早上穿的衣服跟昨天穿的不一样。碰巧今天穿的这件衣服里就有10元钱，你认为已经丢失的钱有可能在昨天你穿的

36、衣服口袋里。You havent lost the money at all. You put on a different jacket this morning, and there happened to be 10 yuan in the jacket earlier. So the missing money you thought you lost still must be in the other jacket, the one you were wearing yesterday!The money has not been lost at all. This morning

37、 you put on a different jacket from the one yesterday. But in the pocket of the jacket you are wearing today there happened to be 10 yuan earlier. So the missing money you thought you lost still must be in the pocket of the jacket you were wearing yesterday.三、连句成篇I think there are four possibilities

38、 about the missing money. Firstly, After you spent 40 yuan yesterday, perhaps you lost the money50 yuan on your way home. Secondly, its possible that a pickpocket stole your money while you were shopping. Thirdly, maybe you forgot you had spent the money on something else yesterday afternoon. Finally, you havent lost the money at all. You put on a different jacket this morning, and there happened to be 10 yuan in the jacket earlier. So the missing money you thought you lost still must be in the other jacket, the one you were wearing yesterday!考生的考场习作（选自网络资源）As a friend, I