分词的用法小结

1、分词的用法小结分词时非谓语动词的形式之一。分词可以分为现在分词和过去分词两种。二者的基本区别是现在分词表示主动和进行，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成，不及物动词的过去分词仅表示完成。分词主要考查两类分词的区分： 分词的时态与语态；分词作状语；分词的逻辑主语问题等。一、分词的句法功能1、分词作表语分词作表语时其逻辑主语是该句子的主语。主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。现在分词作表语表示主语 的特征和性质，过去分词则常用来表示主语所处的状态。如：The scene is moving.这个场面很感人。The crowd are moved.人们很感动。The piece of news

2、is disappointing.这条消息令人失望。I am very disappointed.我很失望。Tom sounds very muchin the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.A. Interested B interesting C interestingly D interestedly2、分词作定语1)作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V-ing； being+done；过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V-ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being+done； 当被修饰的名词与分

3、词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。The crying baby is her son.The houses being built are for the teachers.The broken glass is Toms.作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V-ing和过去分词。现在分词表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。Falling leaves正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves落下的叶子；boiling water正在沸腾的水boiled water开过的水； developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家the risen

4、 sun the rising sun;分词短语作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后。意思同定语从句差不多。a boy named Tom 一个叫 Tom 男孩I received a letter offering me a job(= which offered me a job).The girl sitting by the window(= who is sitting) is my best friend.Tell the children playing outside(= who are playing outside ) not to make too much noise.The

5、book, written about 15 years ago (= which was written about 15 years ago), is published now.The people injured in the accident(= who were injured in the accident), were sent to the nearest hospital.3、分词作宾语补足语分词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语时它前边的宾语。分词和逻辑主语间时主动关系，用现在分词；两者是被动关系 用过去分词。分词常常在感官动词和使役动词的宾语之后作宾语补足语后面的宾语补足语1）

6、感官动词 see,hear,watch,feel,notice,observe,listen to,look at 以hear为例，hear sbdoing （表示主动关系其动作正在进行后面的宾语补足语I Do(表示主动关系或动作完成，即看见动作的全过程)Y Done(表示被动关系或动作已经完成)Being done (表示被动关系且动作正在进行)I heard her sing an English song just now. (主动, 完成)I heard her singing an English song when I pass by her room yesterday.住动，正

7、在进行）I heard an english being sung when I passed her room yesterd。（被动，正在进行）I heard an English song sung by her。2）Find/catch sb doing/done A cook will be fired if he is found smoking in the kitchenHe found his wallet stolen.3)leave后接三种形式作宾语补语，意为“使之处于某种状态” leave sb. Doing sth. 让某人一直做某事 You should not l

8、eave the water running.leave sb to do 留下某人去做某事 He left me to do all the rest work.leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做 She left mang clothes to be washed.4）have, ge诟接三种形式作宾补 get/have sth done 让某事由别人去做 I will get my hair cut.have sb/sth doing让某人持续做某事get sb doing让某人开始做某事have sb do sth /get sb to do sth 让某人去做某

9、事 I cant get him to stop smoking.4、分词作状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、条件、让步、方式、伴随等。1）用作时间状语典型例句Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off.见到猫，老鼠就跑了。The work finished, he went home.工作做完后，他就回家了。理解技巧分词（短语）用作时间状语通常可转换成时间状语从句（引导时间状语的从属连词需根据句意来确定），如上 面两句也可转换成：When As soon as the mouse saw the cat, it ran off.After t

10、he work was finished, he went home.高考实例 When different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the manysimilarities. （2006 浙江卷）A. compared B. being comparedC. comparing D. having compared【分析】此题答案选C，分词短语when comparing different cultures相当于时间状语从 句 when we compare diff

11、erent cultures。2）用作原因状语典型例句Being very weak, she couldnt move.她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。His car broken down, he had to walk .他的车坏了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged, she moved on to London.她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。理解技巧分词（短语）用作原因状语通常可转换成由as, because, since, now that等引导的原因状语从句，如：As she was very weak, she couldnt move.Because his car was b

12、roken down, he had to walk.Because she was much discouraged, she moved on to London.高考实例（1）with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. （2006 四川卷）A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face【分析】答案选 Ao faced with so much trouble 可转换成原因状语从句 because we were faced with so much trouble。（2）for t

13、he breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. （2006福建卷）A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed【分析】答案选B。现在分词短语blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network可转换成原因状语从句because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network,3）用作条件状语典型例句Working

14、hard, you will succeed.如果努力工作，你就可以成功。Adding them all up, we can find the answer.如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。United, we stand; divided, we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。Given more time, we could have done it better.如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。理解技巧分词（短语）用作条件状语通常可转换成由从属连词if引导的条件状语从句，如上面几句也可转换成：If you work hard, you will succeed.If we ad

15、d them all up, we can find the answer.If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.高考实例 time, hell make a first-class tennis player. （2003 北京春）A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given【分析】答案选Do give与其逻辑主语he是动宾关系，用过去分词，故选D。分词短

16、语Given time可转换成条件 状语从顺 If he is given time。4）用作让步状语典型例句Living miles away, he attended the course.虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。理解技巧分词（短语）用作让步状语通常可转换成由从属连词though, although, no matter.等引导的让步状语从句，如： Although he lived miles away, he attended the course.Thought

17、 he was defeated, he remained a popular boxer.高考实例No matter how frequently, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. （2006广东卷）A. performed B. performingC. to be performed D. being performed【分析】答案选 A。现在分词短语 performed 在此相当于 they are performed。No matter how frequently they are pe

18、rformed 的意思是“无论它们（指贝多芬的作品）被演奏多少次”。5）用作伴随状语典型例句He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.他坐在椅子上看报。Dont you sit there doing nothing.别什么也不干坐在那里。He came in, followed by his wife.他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。理解技巧理解“伴随状语”的关键是要理解“伴随”二字。分词（短语）用作伴随状语时，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语动 作同时发生，即句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作，分词短语所表示的动作伴随性的次要动作。高考实例（1）Dont sit t

19、herenothing. Come and help me with this table. （2006 湖北卷）A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing（2）My cousin came to see me from the country,me a full basket of fresh fruits. （2006 安徽卷）A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought（3）Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer c

20、arelessly, alwaysthe same thing. （2006江 苏卷）A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said（4）We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs,that all children like these things. （2006全 国卷）A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought【分析】以上四题答案分别为CBAA。6）用作方式状语典型例句He earns a living driving

21、a truck.他靠开卡车谋取生。Im returning you letter as requested.我按要求给你退信。理解技巧分词（短语）用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近。有时用作方式状语的现在分词可以转换成by doing sth的结 构，如上面第一句也可换成：He earns a living by driving a truck.注：近几年高考对分词用作方式状语的情形考得较少。7）、用作结果状语典型例句He fired, killing one of the passers-by.他开枪了，打死了 一个过路人。He died, leaving his wife with

22、five children .他死了，留下他妻子和五个儿子。理解技巧分词（短语）用作结果状语时，通常可转换成并列句，如上面两句也可转换成：He fired and killed one of the passers-by.He died and left his wife with five children.It rained and rained, and vehicles were bogged and bridges were washed out.高考实例（1） He glanced over at her,that though she was tiny, she seemed v

23、ery well put together. （2005广东卷）A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted【分析】答案选 A，此句也可换成：He glanced over at her and noted that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.（2） Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year,a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. （2005

24、山 东卷）A. have reached B. reachingC. to reach D. to be reaching【分析】答案选 B,此句也可换成：Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year and reached a record US 6）独立成分作状语。有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。如：Generally/frankly/honestly/strictly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, o cons

25、ideration,to tell the truth, to be honest, compared with/toto make things worseConsidering everything, John isnt so bad after all.Supposing there was a war, what would you do?提示：使用分词作状语时应注意以下几点1 ）分词的独立主格结构（悬垂分词）分词作状语时分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。但如果分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时应该在分词前面 加上其逻辑主语，即构成独立主格结构。独立主格结构通常由“名词或代词主格+分词”构成。Mr. Cook being away from home, his wife has to do all the house work.（原 因状语）Work done, they went out to play basketball.（时间状语）There being no buses, we had to walk to go home.Weather permitting , we ll go for an outing tomorrow .2）现在分词的时态，语态以及否定式：doing :用来表示主动，且前后动作同时进行。R