【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本-Lecture 3

1、放心做自己想做的放心做自己想做的【托福听力备考】TP012听力文本Leeture3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。TPO12Leeture3MusiehistoryNarrator：Listentopartofaleetureinamusiehistoryelass.TheprofessorhasbeendiseussingOpera.ProfessorThewordoperameanswork,aetuallyitmeansworks.Itsth

2、epluralofthewordopusfromtheLatin.AndinItalianitrefersingeneraltoworksofart.OperaLyrieaorlyrieoperareferstowhatwethinkofasopera,themusiealdrama.OperawaseommonplaeeinItalyforalmostathousandyearsbeforeitbeeameeommereialasaventure.Andduringthoseyears,severalthingshappened,primarilylinguistieorthematiean

3、dbothinvolvingseeularization.Musiealdramastartedintheehurehes.Itwasanedueationaltool.ItwasusedprimarilyasavehieleforteaehingreligionandwasgenerallypresentedinLatin,thelanguageoftheChristianChurehwhiehhadeonsiderableinflueneeinItalyatthattime.ButthelanguageofeverydaylifewasevolvinginEuropeandataeerta

4、inpointinthemiddleagesitwasreallyonlymerehants,aristoeratsandelergywhoeoulddealwithLatin.Thevastmajorityofthepopulationusedtheirownregionalvernaeularinallaspeetsoftheirlives.AndsoinwhatisnowItaly,operasquitbeingpresentedinLatinandstartedbeingpresentedinItalian.Andoncethathappened,thethemesoftheopera

5、presentationsalsostartedtochange.Andmusicaldramamovedfromthechurchtotheplazarightoutsidethechurch.Andthethemesagain,thethemeschanged.Andoperawasnolongeraboutteachingreligionasitwasaboutsatireandaboutexpressingtheideasofsocietyorgovernmentwithoutcommittingyourselftowritingandriskingimprisonmentorpers

6、ecution,orwhathaveyou.Opera,aswethinkofit,isofcoursearesurrectedform.ItisthemelodiousdramaofancientGreektheater,thetermmelodiousdramabeingshortenedeventuallytomelodramabecauseoperasfrequentlyaremelodramatic,nottosayunrealistic.Andthegroupthatputthefirstoperastogetherthatwehavetodaythen,were,wellitwa

7、sagroupofmenthatincludedGalileosfatherVincenzo,andtheymetinFlorenceheandagroupoffriendsofthecountofBardiandtheyformedwhatiscalledtheCameratadeiBardi.AndtheytookclassicaltheaterandreproduceditintheRenaissancetime.Thisuhthisproducedsomeoftheoperasthatwehavetoday.Nowwhathappenedinthefollowingcenturyisv

8、erysimple.OperaoriginatedinItalybutwasnotconfinedtoItalyanymorethanItalianswere.AndsoasItaliansmigratedacrossEurope,theycarriedtheaterwiththemandoperaspecificallybecauseitwasanItalianform.Whathappenedisthatthemajordivideinoperathatendurestodaytookplace.TheFrenchsaidoperaoughttoreflecttherhythmandcad

9、enceofdramaticliterature,bearinginmindthatwearetalkingaboutthegoldenageinFrenchliterature.Andsothemusicwassecondary,ifyouwill,tothedramaticcadenceoflanguage,tothewaytherhythmoflanguagewasusedtoexpressfeelingandusedtoadddramaandofcourseasaresultinsteadofariasorsolos,whichwouldcometodominateItalianope

10、ra.TheFrenchreliedonwhattheItalianscalledrecitativoorrecitativeinEnglish.Thelyricswerespoken,frequentlytotheaccompanimentofaharpsichord.TheFrenchsaidyoureallycanttalkaboutrealpeoplewholivedinoperaandtheyreliedonmythologytogivethemtheircharactersandtheirplots,mythology,thepastoraltraditions,thenovels

11、ofchivalryortheepicsofchivalryoutofthemiddleAges.TheItalianssaid,nothisisagreathistoricaltoolandwhatbetterwaytoeducatethepublicaboutNeroorAttilaoranynumberofpeoplethantoputthemintoaplaytheycanseeandlistento.TheEnglishappropriatedoperaaftertheFrench.OperacamelatetoEnglandbecausealltheaters,publicthea

12、terswereclosed,ofcourse,duringtheircivilwar.Anditwasntuntiltherestorationin1660thatpublictheatersagainopenedandoperatookoff.TheEnglishmadeamajoradjustmenttooperaandexportedwhattheyhaddonetooperabacktoItaly.Sothatyouhavethiscircleofmusicalinfluences,theItaliansinventedopera,theFrenchadaptedit,theEnglishadoptedit,theItalianstookitback.ItcametoAmericalateandwasconsideredtoelitistforthegeneralpublic.ButBroadwaymusicalsfulfilledasimilarfunctionforagreatlongwhile.JohnJayChapmanwroteaboutopera,quote,“Ifanextraterrestrialbeingweretoappearbeforeusandsay,whatisyo