管制中的不正常情况

1、特殊情况处置程序及通话 Abnormal Situations operating procedures and communications1EMERGENCY OVERVIEW FOR CONTROLLERS管制员对紧急情况的概览ESTABLISH BASIC INFORMATION EARLY 尽早建立基本信息 - Inform your supervisor immediately and begin to write the information.Nature of the Emergency 紧急状态的性质Intentions of the Crew 机组人员的意图 Time A

2、vailable 可用时间 Additional Information 其他信息 Alternatively consider the task as :- 考虑其他因素 WHO is the aircraft in Emergency ? 哪一航空器在紧急状态中 WHATis the Problem ? 问题所在 WHEREare they? 在哪 WHEREdo they need to go? 往哪去 WHENis it going to happen? 什么時间发生2WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN人物、事件、地点、时间ESTABLISH THE NEED TO KNOW

3、 & IGNORE THE NICE TO KNOW !建立必須知道的信息和省略次要的信息The crew are likely to be VERY busy ! They will prioritize tasks !机组人员可能非常繁忙！ 他们将予以排列优先任务！They will 他们会 :- 1. OPERATE the aircraft & complete the drills.继续飞行并完成有关应急程序 2. Navigate 导航 3. COMMUNICATE with ATC 然后与空中交通控制部通信The Following May Be of Interest to N

4、ote 也许可注意下列事项 In the cockpit, time will “COMPRESS” whereas, for the controller, it will seem to “EXPAND” 在驾驶舱内,时间是紧迫的，相对管制员的时间似乎是宽松的。 Talk to the crew but DO NOT hassle 对机组人员谈话但不要争论 Observe a request to “Standby” 依从等待之请求Try to jot down times of contact so as to rationalize “Time Distortion”设法记下联络的时间

5、，以便对时间合理化，以免有误差3DEGREE OF EMERGENCY 紧急程度Voice pitch / tone does not necessarily reflect the seriousness of the situation or the level of flight deck activity.声调 /语气不一定能反映事件的严重性或在驾驶舱内的情况 A PAN is also an emergency situationPAN是紧急状态A PAN may develop into a MAYDAY if the situation gets worse.如果情况变坏，无线电

6、呼救信号便改为MAYDAY There may be a reluctance to declare that there is a problem or the correct prefix may not be used.在某情况也许不願勉强宣称有问题或没有使用正确的前缀 PREPARE FOR THE WORST-HOPE FOR THE BEST4HANDLING OF EMERGENCIES BY CONTROLLERS管制员处理紧急事故FIRST PRIORITIES :- 优先处理事项Establish degree of urgency (PAN or MAYDAY not j

7、ust an “emergency”)确立紧急程度 (是紧急 / PAN / MAYDAY )Aircraft type. 飞机型号 Immediate assistance required. 要求立即协助 Immediate intentions of crew. 机组人员的意向 RESPONSE :- 应对Acknowledge PAN or MAYDAY. 表示收到无线电呼救信号 If they are unsure, advise crew of position.如果他们是不肯定的，告知机组人员位置所在 Offer immediate options. 提议实时的方案 5Contr

8、ollers: Use ASSIST to Respond to a Mayday or Pan, Pan.管制员 ：无线电呼救信号之应对ASSISTcknowledge 表示收到eparate 分隔 ilence 沉默nform 通知upport 支持 ime 时间Make sure you understand and acknowledge the nature of the emergency !确定已了解和认知紧急状态的本质 Dont forget to establish / maintain separation with other aircraft and terrain !

9、紧记要保持与其它航空器及地形上之分隔 Impose silence on your radio frequency, if necessary. Dont disturb urgent pilot actions by unnecessary transmissions !如有需要，在无线电保持沉默，以防打扰航空器驾驶员的迫切应变行动 Inform your supervisor and other involved sectors, units and airports !通知值班经理和其它扇区、单位和机场Give maximum support to the flight crew !对机

10、组人员予以充分支持 Allow pilot sufficient time to work on their problem !予以航空器驾驶员充裕时间解决问题 6SUBSEQUENTLY 随后Establish the NATURE of the Emergency, preferably a non-technical description.以非技术性的描述紧急状态的本质REMEMBER : The crew may not be aware of the full situation,备忘 ：机组人员可能未意识到全面的情况e.g. the extent of any damage or

11、 the full effect it will have on aircraft handling. 如损坏的程度对航空器运作的影响A “fly by” may be required before landing to establish the full extent / nature of any damage.有需要在降落之前作一次“飞越”以充分评估损坏的程度/本质7SUBSEQUENTLY 随后Establish effect of emergency on handling / performance of the aircraft.处理紧急状态对航空器的影响和运作Obtain

12、POB ,SOB, including crew.获取机上总人数，包括机组人员 Obtain further intentions of the crew.e.g. Possible evacuation.获取机组人员进一步的意图，如撤离的可能性8IF TIME / SITUATION ALLOWS如果在时间/情况容许之下Consider clearing the frequency / actions to minimize frequency changes.考虑清除无线电其它通信/使变动频率减到最小 Provide further information-navigation advic

13、e.提供进一步信息 导航指示Weather information. 气象信息 Inform adjacent sectors / units, otherappropriate agencies and supervisor.通知邻近的扇区/单位、其它有关的机构和主管 9SUBSEQUENTLY Cont :- 随后FROM THE PREVIOUS ESTABLISH TIME AVAILABLE :-从早前建立的可利用时间IMMEDIATE LANDINGIn a critical situation to contain a立即降落worsening situation情况已在一个紧急

14、情况下恶化 DELAYED LANDINGFuel dump, Drills, Situation analysis,被延迟著陆Approach preparation.给放油、应急演习、分析情况、预备进近 AIRCRAFT ENDURANCE May become a factor. 航空器续航能力 可成为因素之一 10SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONTROLLERS 管制员之特别考虑DOES THE CREW HAVE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ?机组人员有没有本土知识 ？Under stress, language problems with the c

15、rew will be greater. This is a particular problem in Hong Kong.机组人员通常在受压力或语言的问题影响较大。Use STANDARD phraseology. 使用标准术语 AVOID BUILT UP AREAS 避开集居地区Controllers should, when possible, avoid taking aircraft over built up areas such as flying over cities.管制员应该尽可能避免引领航空器到集居地区11SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CON

16、TROLLERS - EMERGENCY SERVICES控制员之特别考虑 - 应急服务Follow notification procedures. 跟随公布程序 Advise crew of fire vehicle positions (limited view from cockpit)通知机组消防车位置(驾驶舱视野较陜窄)Advise AFC Rescue Leader of crew evacuation plans (if known)通知机场消防抢救指挥官有关机组撤离计划(如有的话) FACILITATION 帮助Pass on any requests from crew o

17、r AFC, e.g.传递所有机组或机场消防队的请求，如Casualty numbers 伤亡数字 Special Equipment needed 特别设备的需求 High lift / Tug / Steps 起重装置/拖船/梯架 12FACTORS AFFECTING TYPES OF EMERGENCY影响紧急程度的因素Remember : No two emergencies will ever be the same ! The same emergency can develop and be resolved in an entirely different way on di

18、fferent occasions because there are so many variables that can eventually affect the outcome. The following is a list of some of the factors that may affect the progress and outcome of particular emergencies.备忘 ：没有紧急事故是完全一样的 ！类似的紧急事故可发展成不同情况，因为有太多变数可影响特殊紧急状态的进展和结果。見下面例子13What is an Abnormal Situatio

19、n? 1、爆炸物威胁；(bomb warning)2、操纵系统故障 ；(control system inoperative)3、除/防冰系统故障；(icing problem)4、电力系统故障；(electric system failure)5、发动机故障 ；(engine failure)6、风挡问题 ；(windshield problem )7、非法干扰；(unlawful interference)8、空中失火 ； fire in cockpit)9、起落架故障；(landing gear inoperative)10、燃油问题；(fuel trouble)14What is Ab

20、normal situation?11、通讯失效；(communication failure)12、液压系统故障；(hydraulic problem)13、医疗救护；(sick person reported )14、仪表故障； (instrument problems)15、增压系统故障；(pressurization problem) 16、鸟击；(bird strike)17、ACAS/TCAS18、空中放油；(fuel dumping)19、不利气象条件；(bad weather)20、地面事件；(ground incident)21、复飞；(missed approach)22、

21、活动通报；(traffic information)23、最低引导高度和最低扇区高度。(MVA/MSA)15BOMB WARNING REMEMBERAlways inform your SUPERVISOR of an abnormal situationAlthough most cases of this modern form of terrorism are false alarms, ALL must be taken seriously until proved to be a hoax.The terrorists report may be proven false. The

22、 event is then called a hoax.The crews on an aircraft are trained to handle such situations and there is a bomb search checklist on board.16BOMB WARNINGIn the event of a bomb warning the air traffic controller is the most direct point of contact with the pilot and crew . Therefore, much of the coord

23、ination and official counter measure planning will be relayed through the controller talking to the pilot.17BOMB WARNINGAll procedures will be executed according to local instructions as contained in the local alarm plans In the event of an explosion ,damage is reduced if flying at a lower altitude

24、due to less pressure18BOMB WARNING ATC Can Expect a: aircraft may stop climbingb: request for immediate level changec: possible landing at next suitable airportd: aircraft early in landing configuration, such as lowering landing gear and flaps19BOMB WARNING ATC actions to be takena : clear airspace

25、in the immediate vicinityb: ask for flying time neededc: prepare for evacuation after landingd: prepare for additional stairs to unload passengerse: clear runway according to local instruction20BOMB WARNINGf : keep safety strip clear near landing runwayg: arrange parking away from building & other a

26、ircraft21爆炸物威胁通话关键词:anonymous call 匿名电话emergency evacuation 紧急撤离escape chute(emergency slides) 逃生滑梯the bomb disposal squad 拆弹人员pitch 俯仰 roll 横滚 yaw 偏转bank the aircraft 倾斜(压坡度) dive 俯冲stall 失速22爆炸物威胁jet way 廊桥（美）air bridge/loading bridge 廊桥passenger gate 登机口 terminal 候机楼ground handling 地勤 conveyor 输送

27、带service truck 地面特种车辆airport passenger bus/ferry 摆渡车tug/towing tractor 拖车tow bar 拖把ground power unit 地面电源车catering truck 食品车（配餐车） 23爆炸物威胁water service truck 供水车galley service truck 餐车 fire truck 救火车ambulance 救护车crash tender 事故处理车wheelbarrow 独轮手推车air steps 机载客梯snow plow 犁雪车ramp vehicle 机坪车辆24爆炸物威胁sec

28、urity van 保安运货车ice melter 除冰车coach 大客车loading fuel 加油车hydrant dispenser 管线加油车runway snow blower 吹雪车sweeper 清扫车25爆炸物威胁通知机组情况并询问意图:C: We have just received an anonymous call saying theres a bomb on board and they want your aircraft to proceed to WB, Whats your intention? 我们接到一个匿名电话说飞机上有一颗炸弹，要求你们的飞机飞往W

29、B。你们打算怎么办？C: The emergency equipment is standing by. 紧急救援设备已经准备好。机组报告及意图:P: We have found bombs on board. 我们在机上发现有爆炸物(炸弹) 。P: Well execute emergency evacuation after landing and please send the bomb disposal squad to get on board as soon as possible. 我们将在落地后实施紧急撤离，请在落地后派炸弹拆除人员立即登机。26Control system i

30、noperative ATC action to be taken:ALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELYa: ask the pilot more about the system trouble (make clear of what the problem is and what will happen)b: ask the need and intention of pilotc: prepare the priority of landingd: inform the alternate airport, ACC and APPe: cle

31、ar the airspace if needed27操纵系统故障通话关键词:control system inoperative 操纵系统故障system jammed 系统卡住了crank 曲柄（摇把）reverse thrust 反喷装置manual controls 人工操纵系统handles 操纵手柄switches 开关stick 驾驶杆the elevator controls 升降舵操纵系统the autopilot controls 自动驾驶操纵系统28操纵系统故障the control surfaces 操纵面flaps 襟翼elevators 升降舵spoilers 扰流

32、板 no flap landing 无襟翼落地flap setting 襟翼位置选定the full flaps position 全襟翼位置retract the flaps 收襟翼brakes are unreliable 刹车不可靠boosted control 助力系统lever/stick/column 杆knobs 按钮或旋钮29操纵系统故障the control stand 操纵台the rudder bar 方向舵连杆the flap controls 襟翼操纵系统steering wheel 转弯方向盘（前轮）ailerons 副翼slats 缝翼rudder 方向舵airb

33、rakes 减速板flap angle 襟翼角度pitch trim 俯仰配平30操纵系统故障机组通报情况:P: Were having difficulties in maintaining a straight course, airplane tends to drift to the right. We dont have the steering problem anymore. There must be something wrong with the boosted control. 我们保持航迹有困难，飞机有右偏的趋势。转向系统没有问题，可能是助力系统的问题。P: Flaps

34、 and slats are jammed. We cant extend beyond 15 degrees.P: Flaps are jammed. They wont extend further down than 15 degrees. 襟翼卡阻，不能放下超过15度。P: We have full flaps now, it may be a lubrication problem. 现在我们可以放下全部襟翼了，也许是润滑的问题。 31操纵系统故障P: Overheat lights are on 油需要冷却。P: We have been struck by lightning,

35、the rear fuselage is damaged, the right elevator is inoperative. 我们遭到雷击，后机身被打坏，失去右升降舵。P: We have lost control of the left aileron. 左侧副翼不工作了。P: We have control problems, yaw damper inoperative. 我们操作系统故障，偏航阻尼器不工作了。P: Weve lost control of the pitch trim. 我的俯仰配平失效。P: Autopilot has a problem, now using m

36、anual control. 自动驾驶仪故障，改手操纵。 32操纵系统故障P: We have trouble with the elevator control, it is shaking slightly, we will keep a faster approach speed on final. 升降舵操纵系统故障，轻微抖动，我们在五边保持稍大进场速度。 P: The aircraft is rolling right and left up to 20 degrees. Something is wrong with the rudder system. 飞机左右摇晃20度，方向舵

37、系统发生故障。P: Reverse thrust and the air brakes have failed. 反喷和减速板故障。 33操纵系统故障机组要求:P: Wed like to hold over HUR to make further checks. 我们希望到HUR等待，做进一步检查。P: Ill have to hold for a while to sort this out. 我要盘旋等待以便找出原因。P: We have to taxi back to the apron due to flaps setting problem, please advise groun

38、d mechanics we need their help.指挥机组:C: Cleared to land with faster approach speed, be sure not to land beyond the touchdown zone. 可以用稍大进场速度，注意落地时不要超出规定接地地带。 34操作系统故障询问机组:C: Report endurance. 剩余油量还能飞多长时间？C: Report your intentions. 报告你的意图。C: How may I help you? 你需要我们做什么？C: Do you need the emergency eq

39、uipment? 你需要紧急救援设备吗？C: Do you need any additional assistance? 你需要其它帮助吗？C: The emergency equipment is standing by. 紧急救援设备已经准备好。C: Request number of people on board. 请报告机上人数。35Anti-icing system inoperativeEXPECT 36Anti-icing system inoperativeATC actions to be expected and takenALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPE

40、RVISOR a: aircraft may need immediate change of level and/or headingb: clear the airspace if neededc: aircraft may descend slow or fastd: aircraft may fly at a higher speed37除/防冰系统故障通话关键词:anti-icing system inoperative 防冰系统故障anti-icing system prevents ice formationsde-icing system inoperative 除冰系统故障d

41、e-icing system removes ice after it has formedthe freezing level 结冰层（指下限）icing 结冰freezing rain 冻雨anti-icing fluid 防冻液flushing toilet 冲水厕所38除/防冰系统故障补充词汇：nose, windshield, hatch, fuselage, belly；landing gear, nose gear, main gear)；wing (port=left, starboard=right), engine, cabin, aileron ；flight deck

42、(cockpit), flap, slat, wingtip, winglet；tail horizontal (vertical) stabilizer, fin；trim tab, rudder, elevator, exhaust nozzle；cargo compartment, skin, wheel well, tank；leading edge, trailing edge, autopilot39除/防冰系统故障机组通报情况:P: We have encountered continuous severe ice at this level, our anti-icing sy

43、stem is inoperative , request descent. 我们在这个高度碰到连续严重结冰，我们的防冰系统故障，请求下降。P: De-icing system is inoperative, request lower level. P: Leading edges are iced over, request immediate descent. 40除/防冰系统故障询问机组:C: Report your intentions. What do you want to do? 报告你的意图。C: How can I help you? 你需要我们做什么？C: Do you

44、need any more help? 你需要其它帮助吗？指挥机组下降高度:C: Descend to FL210 to avoid the icing area, report reaching. 可以下降到两万一千英尺避开结冰区域，到达报告。41Electrical problemREMEMBERALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPERVISORElectrical problems may be caused by the failure of one or more of the aircrafts generators, a short circuit, or other t

45、echnical deficiency. Lightning strike may also cause problems with the electrical systems42Electrical problemLoss of electrical power is an emergency situation. Even though most aircraft can still function on reduced power, a possible complete power failure must be expected. Therefore, partial failu

46、re is also treated as an emergency.When a pilot reports the aircraft to be on standby power, remember most aircraft will have battery supplied electrical power for only 20 - 30 minutes, so urgent action by ATC is required43Electrical problemEXPECTIn case of one generator failure reported: In order t

47、o conserve power supplies ,all unnecessary power consuming system shall be switched off . This may include for example : the transponder and internal & external lighting; As it must be expected that all power supply could end , the flight may wish to continue under VMC, this may require level change

48、; Landing at the next suitable aerodrome is the expected action in the situation ;Read back may be limited to save energy44Electrical problemIn case of all generator failure but battery can be usedthe battery will not be recharged and supply will be very limited. Only the navigation instruments will

49、 be working , and even these may be limited.System affected by electrical power supply:Electronic devices : transponders, computers, controls and indicator、sensors;Electrical heating : galley , anti-icingLighting: cockpit, cabin, exteriorMechanical power: pumps, valves.45Electrical problemIn case of

50、 no powerThere will be a failure of navigational systems, including the compass, and the pilot will have to work hard to fly the aircraft safely. Therefore the aircraft will need all available navigational assistance especially if it can not remain in VMC46Electrical problemATC action to be taken a

51、:give the pilot suitable nearest airportb: give the pilot runway details as soon as possible ,such as the length and width.c: inform the pilot of suitable vectors and position information47Electrical problemATC action to be taken if the aircraft has a single generatorA :if appropriate ,recommend to

52、the pilot to reach or remain in VMCb: arranging appropriate route ,and if necessary ,level changes48Electrical problemATC action to be done if all aircraft generators have faileda: avoid all requests to the pilot ,b: phrasing ATC message so that the pilot can answer them with a click on the micropho

53、ne button or just “roger”, “affirm”c: giving radar vectors and position information to pilot 49电力系统故障通话关键词:electric failure 供电失效DC generator 直流发电机the APU 辅助电源装置wire 电线circuit breaker 跳开关tripped circuit breaker 自动跳开关loose connection 接触不良the battery is low 电瓶电力不足50电力系统故障power failure shortly 瞬时断电AC ge

54、nerator 交流发电机fuse 保险丝 blown out fuse 触断保险丝lead 连线、引线the bus bar 汇流条warning flags or light 警告信号/ 灯disconnect 断开short circuit 短路rectifier 整流器51电力系统故障补充词汇：intercontinental flight，short, medium, long range flight, piston engine aircraftrear-engine aircrafttwin-engine aircraft，multi-engine aircraft,wide-

55、bodied jet，narrow-bodied jet,jumbo jet shockwaves,friction,drag, lift, thrust weight52电力系统故障询问机组:C: Report your intentions. 报告你的意图。C: How can I help you? 你需要我们做什么？C: Do you need any more help? 你需要其它帮助吗 53电力系统故障机组通报情况:P: No.2 engine shut down due to generator failure. 因为发电机故障，二发熄火。P: CES 526 is repor

56、ting engine shutdown 45 miles north of VM , Well divert to Beijing airport because we departed L.A. with 2 generators and we only have one left now. P: Generator out of service due to short circuit. 发电机不工作因短路。 机组要求:P: Request priority landing at runway 36R. 请求用36R跑道优先着陆。P: Request radar vector. 请求雷达

57、引导。54Engine failureREMEMBERALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELYEngine failure may be caused by hydraulic or electrical problems, bird strike, engine on fire, fuel problems, low oil pressure, icing, ingestion of debris, or pilot error. The effects of an engine failure are influenced by the follo

58、wing factors:At what stage of the aircrafts flight does the failure occur? Is it during departure or cruise?How many engines does the aircraft have? Is it single engine or multi-engine?55Engine failureEXPECT a: Engine failure during departure56Engine failureb: Engine failure during cruise57Engine fa

59、ilurec: the following should also be expected1: Engine failure during take-off. Aborted take off2: deviation from SID3: intermediate level-off4: not on course5: decent58Engine failure6: pressurization problems7: fuel dumping8: forced landing9: blocked runway after landing59Engine failureATC actions

60、to be taken a: Inform TOWER at landing airport b:Clear runway according to local instructionsc:Keep safety strip cleard:Offer pilot extended final e:Check that towing equipment is on standbyf:In case of forced landing, record last known position and time for search and rescue purposes 60发动机故障通话关键词:e