Chap宏观经济数据

1、8 THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS宏观经济数据Measuring a Nations Income一国收入的衡量Chapter 23The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: 对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，因为：Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. 每一次交易都有买者和卖者。Every dollar of spending by some bu

2、yer is a dollar of income for some seller. 某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入The Measurement of GDPGDP的衡量GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。GDP的衡量“GDP 是市场价值 . . .”产出按市场价格来评价。“. . . 所有的 . . .”GDP只包括最终物品的价值

3、，而不包括中间品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。“. . . 物品与劳务 . . . “它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车），也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊）。 GDP的衡量“. . . 生产的 . . .”它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。“ . . . 一个国家之内 . . .”它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范围之内。The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量“. . . In a Given Period of Time.” “在某一既定时期内”It measures the value

4、of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months). 它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。国民总收入国民总收入 (GNP) 是一国永久居民（称为国民）所赚到的总收入。GNP 与GDP不同之处在于包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP的组成部分GDP includes all items produced in the

5、 economy and sold legally in markets. GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。THE COMPONENTS OF GDP What Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.GDP的组成部分什么未计算在

6、GDP之内？GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大多数商品和服务。GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如毒品。The Components of GDPGDP的组成部分GDP (Y ) is the sum of the following:GDP (Y) 是以下项目之和： Consumption (C) 消费（C） Investment (I) 投资（I） Government Purchases (G) 政府购买（G） Net Exports (NX) 净出口（NX）Y = C + I + G + NXThe Components of GDPGDP的组成部分Consumption消

7、费 (C): The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. 家庭除了购买新住房以外用于物品与劳务的支出。Investment投资 (I):The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing. 用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，其中包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。The Components of GDPGovernment Pur

8、chases (G):The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments.Does not include transfer payments .Net Exports (NX):Exports minus imports.GDP的组成部分政府购买 (G):地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。政府购买不包括转移支付。净出口(NX):出口减进口Table 1 GDP and Its ComponentsCopyright2004 South-Western中国GDP的结构？GDP and It

9、s Components (2001)Consumption 69%Government Purchases18%Net Exports -3 %Investment16%Real versus Nominal GDP 实际GDP与名义GDPNominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices. 名义GDP按现期价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices. 实际GDP按

10、不变的基年价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western 年热狗的价格热狗的数量汉堡的价格汉堡的数量2001$1100$2502002$2150$31002003$3200$4150Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算名义GDP:2001($1/个热狗 X 100个）+（$2/个汉堡 X 50个）￥2002002($2/个热狗 X 100个）+（$3/个汉堡 X 50个）￥600200

11、3($3/个热狗 X 100个）+（$4/个汉堡 X 50个）￥1200Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算实际GDP（基年为2001年）:2001($1/个热狗 X 100个）+（$2/个汉堡 X 50个）￥2002002($1/个热狗 X 100个）+（$2/个汉堡 X 50个）￥3502003($1/个热狗 X 100个）+（$2/个汉堡 X 50个）￥500GDP Deflator GDP平减指数The GDP deflator measures the current level of p

12、rices relative to the level of prices in the base year. GDP平减指数衡量相对于基年价格的现期物价水平。It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced. GDP平减指数说明在名义GDP增长中，多少归因于价格的上升而不是产量的增加。Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDP将名义GDP转换成实际GDPNominal GD

13、P is converted to real GDP as follows:转换如下： GDP Deflator GDP平减指数The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:GDP平减指数计算如下：Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算GDP平减指数：2001（$200/$200) X 100 = 1002002（$600/$350) X 100 = 1712003（$1200/$500) X 100 = 240Figure 2 Real GDP in the U

14、nited StatesBillions of1996 Dollars$10,0009,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0001970197519801985199020001995GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利GDP is the best single measure of the economic well-being of a society. GDP是社会经济福利一个最好的衡量指标。GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average pe

15、rson in the economy. 人均GDP告诉我们经济中每个人的平均收入与支出。 GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利Higher GDP per person indicates a higher standard of living. 较高的人均GDP说明较高的生活水平。GDP is not a perfect measure of the happiness or quality of life, however. 但是，GDP并不是幸福或生活质量的完美衡量指标。GDP and Economic Well-BeingSome things th

16、at contribute to well-being are not included in GDP.The value of leisure.The value of a clean environment.The value of almost all activity that takes place outside of markets, such as the value of the time parents spend with their children and the value of volunteer work.GDP和经济福利对美好生活作出贡献的某些东西并没有包括在

17、GDP中。闲暇的价值。清洁环境的价值。几乎所有在市场之外进行的活动的价值，如父母在家照顾孩子的时间的价值和义务工作的价值。Table 3 GDP, Life Expectancy, and LiteracyCopyright2004 South-Western中国经济的减速根据历史经验，减速往往发生在如下时刻：人均GDP达到16740美元；人均收入达到最领先国家的58%；制造业就业率达到23%。2007年，中国人均GDP达到8511美元，人均GDP占美国人均GDP的19.8%，如果中国保持以每年9.3%的速度增长，到2015年，中国人均GDP达到17335美元，正好刚刚超出减速的临界点。如果中

18、国保持以较温和的7%的速度增长，那么人均GDP将在2017年达到临界。SummaryBecause every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures an economys total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income

19、earned from the production of these goods and services.小结由于每一次交易都有买者与卖者，所以，经济中的总支出必定等于经济中的总收入。国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量经济用于新生产的物品与劳务的总支出，以及生产这些物品与劳务所赚到的总收入。SummaryGDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.小结GDP是一个国家之内在某一既定时期生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。GDP分为四个组成部分：消费、投资、政府购买和净出口。SummaryNominal GDP uses curre