心理学专业英语基础51057048

1、ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGYLiu YanlouCONTENTSCHAPTER ONE WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER TWO RESEARCH METHODSCHAPTER THREE CONGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER FIVE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER SIX ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER SEVEN SKILLS OF READINGCHAPTER EIGHT SKILLS OF WRITING Abstr

2、act WritingWriting in Social SciencesWriting in Natural SciencesREADINGS心理学专业英语根底心理学教育学专业英语改变心理学的40项研究中文版，英文版RESOURCES英语字典牛津，朗文现代英汉-汉英心理学词汇Chapter 1What is psychology ?What is psychology ?DEFINITIONSTHE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYWHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROMWHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTEDHOW DID PSYCHOLOGY

3、DEVELOPWhat is psychology ?1.DEFINITIONS:The word Psychology is derived from two Greek roots:Psyche,meaning mind or soul and Logos,meaning study of.Psychology, therefore,literally means study of the mind.However,a more recent definition by Atkinson et al(1991) suggests that psychology is:The scienti

4、fic study of behaviour and mental processesWhat is psychology ?DEFINITIONS:The word Psychology is derived from two Greek roots: Psyche, meaning mind or soul and Logos, meaning study of.derive:派生roots:词根mind:心灵；精神soul:灵魂；心灵；精神心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出来的，psyche的意思是心灵或精神，logos的意思是对研究。Psychology, t

5、herefore,literally means study of the mind.therefore:因此literally :根据字面意思因此，从字面上来讲，心理的意思就是对于心灵(意识)的研究。However,a more recent definition by Atkinsonet al(1991) suggests that psychology is:The scientific study of behaviour and mental processessuggest:认为，建议，提议然而，Atkinson1991等人提出了一个较新的定义，“心理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学

6、研究。心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit misleading, since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be stud

7、ied.然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。subject:主题，科目misleading:误导的，令人误解的，引入歧途What is psychology？2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY标题内容WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM?Psychology developed from three main areas of study:PHILOSOPHYBIOLOGYPHYSICSPhilosoph

8、y:哲学Biology:生物学Physics:物理学心理学的来源？心理学是从三个主要的研究领域开展而来的：哲学、生物学、物理学。Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.Two more rencent philosophical influences on the development of ps

9、ychology as a science were:1 Empiricism - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behaviour.2 Positivism - which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHYMany of the problems which psy

10、chology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.investigate:调查，研究，探讨outline:概述，提出的纲要心理学研究的很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出概要的。比方说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle等。such as:像，诸如，例如用于举例PHILOSOPHYTwo more recent philosophi

11、cal influences on the development of psychology as a science were:1 Empiricism - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behaviour.2 Positivism - which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.当今对于心理学作为科学

12、的开展，对于它的两个哲学性影响是：1经验主义认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据，比方说行为。2实证主义认为科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的研究中。argue:认为，提出观点，辩论TIPS：empiricism:the belief in basing your ideas on practical experience.positivism：a kind of PHILOSOPHY that is based only on real facts which can be scientifically proved, rather than on ideas.Biology has t

13、wo important influences:1 Evolution - Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.2 Physiology - the discoveries, mostly by the

14、 medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.BIOLOGY1 Evolution - Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evol

15、utionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.suggestion:建议，意见，观点进化论Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因理论遗传学是由其理论开展而来的，在基因领域的发现，对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。implication:含义，影响，可引申为意义Evolution:进化论BIOLOGY2 Physiology - the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession, of th

16、e structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.physiology:生理学medical profession:医疗职业生理学领域尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统的结构和功能的发现，对于理解行为有重大的奉献。endocrine system:内分泌系统significantly:重大地，客观地BIOLOGYA subject that because of its gr

17、eat success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.Physicist, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century, with some success.PHYSICSA subjec

18、t that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.由于这一学科的巨大成功，在心理学领域的许多科学家借鉴其科学方法和原那么，将其作为理想模型。PHYSICSPhysicist, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience

19、(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century, with some success.物理学家，比方说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验领域，取得了一些成功。Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。psychophysics:心理物理学PHYSICSWHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM?Psychology developed from three main areas of study:PHILOSOPHYBIOLOGYPHYSICSWHEN DID PSYCH

20、OLOGY STARTED?WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig. Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father of psychology, although

21、 Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard Univ

22、ersity in 1875.WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.discipline:学科Leipzig:莱比锡1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开始时间，因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创立了第一

23、个心理学实验室。WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychology

24、s literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.因此，Wundt被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是William James拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了，用12年写成的?心理学原理?，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大的标志性事件。此外，James在1875年就开始在Harvard University教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。WHEN DID PSYCHO

25、LOGY STARTED？StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismCognitive psychologyHumanistic approachBiological approach心理学是如何开展的？结构主义、功能主义机能主义、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法生理心理学approach:接近；方法；途径 HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered

26、by Wundt himself, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at ones own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like

27、the science of chemistry had done with chemicals. StructuralismStructuralism One structuralist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by func

28、tionalism.StructuralismStructuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at ones own mental experience)

29、 in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.investigate:调查，研究pioneered:倡导；作先驱 conscious:意识 introspection:内省images:表象sensation:感觉feelings:情感object:对象，客体 StructuralismStructuralism-was the first app

30、roach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at ones own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (s

31、uch as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法，是由冯特本人提出来的，他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应该是用内省向内探查自己的体验的方法去研究，目的是将其分解为各个局部比方说，表象，感觉，情感，就像化学家研究化学一样。One structuralist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to

32、 form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.结构主义者之一，Tichener声称共有46078种根本的感觉，联合起来构成了人类意识的结构，但是这种方法在解释方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主义取代了。claimed:声称；宣称；断言 StructuralismFunctionalism-the approach William James advocated. James wa

33、s influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. Many of Jamess insights remain valid today, but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both sta

34、rted around the turn of the century.FunctionalismFunctionalism Functionalism-the approach William James advocated. James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. 这种方法是由Wi

35、lliam James提出的。James受Darwin观点的影响，认为意识的工作方式是功能性的，也需要去生存与适应，因此，我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。 What for:为什么；为何目的 advocated:提倡，主张，拥护 FunctionalismMany of Jamess insights remain valid today, but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.insigh

36、t:眼光，洞察力valid:有效的，有根据的；正当的 supersede: 取代，代替James的很多观点在今天看来仍然是有用的，但是功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大有说服力的方法取代了。Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an underlyin

37、g theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial) impact on psychology. Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind, and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.PsychoanalysisPsych

38、oanalysisPsychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial) im

39、pact on psychology.精神分析理论实际上是由奥地利Sigmund Freud开展出来的一种治疗方法，但是在他很多主要的书中，例如?梦的解析?1900，Freud开始详细描述一个关于人类思想与行为的隐含的理论，对于心理学产生了重大的并且是有争议的影响。Therapy：治疗，疗法 Underlying：隐含的，潜在的，根本的PsychoanalysisFreud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind, and that our behav

40、ior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.Freud认为心理学的研究对象应该是无意识，我们的行为是由我们没有意识到的心理过程所决定的。unconscious mind：无意识，潜意识 Behaviorism-Behaviorists, such as John Waston, were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with “mind, and proposed that psychology should only

41、investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science. This approach dominated experimental psychology until the 1950s, when a strong resurgence of interest in the “mind developed in the form of cognitive and the humanistic approaches, which suggested that behaviorism ignored all the

42、 most important and interesting things that go on in our heads.BehaviorismBehaviorismBehaviorism-Behaviorists, such as John Waston, were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with “mind, and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want

43、to be an objective science.concern oneself with：研究的对象是. 行为主义者，像John Waston，对所有以意识为研究对象的方法极为不满，并且认为心理学如果想成为一门客观的科学，就应该研究可以观测的行为。objective：客观的Cognitive psychology-aims to investigate the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at testable models of how the brain works, and then a

44、pplying scientific methods to confirm these models. The cognitive approach has enjoyed much success and is a very dominant one in psychology today.认知心理学，目的是用计算机信息处理方式的观点去研究意识，建立起可验证的关于脑是如何工作的模型，然后利用科学的方法去证实这些模型。认知的方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位的研究方法之一。Testable：可验证的Cognitive psychologyThe Humanistic approac

45、h, however, has had less of an impact on psychology, since it has deliberately adopted a less scientific view of the human mind by arguing that psychology should focus on each individuals conscious experience and aims in life.人本主义的研究方法，对于心理学的影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它成心采取了不怎么科学的观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中的的意识经验和目标

46、。Humanistic approachThe Biological approach has advanced evolutionary, physiological, and genetic explanations for human behavior throughout the history of psychology.生物学的研究方法在心理学的历史上，生理心理学那么开展了关于人类行为的进化的、生理的和基因的观点。 Biological approach Chapter 2RESEARCH METHODSVariablesWHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIG

47、ATE?VARIABLESA variables is any object, quality or event that changes or varies in some way. Examples include: aggression, intelligence, time, height, amount of alcohol, driving ability, attraction.OPERATIONALISATIONMany of the variables that psychologists are interested in are abstract concepts, su

48、ch as aggression or intelligence. Operationalisation refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable. This is done in psychology by recording some aspect of observable behavior that is assumed to be indicate of the variable under consideration. For example:Aggression - a

49、psychologist may record the number of punches thrown.Intelligence a psychologist may record the number of puzzles solved in an hour, or calculate the score on an IQ test.Reification (regarding hypothetical variables like intelligence as having a real physical existence) is a danger, however.Variable

50、sOBSERVATION, CASE STUDIES, SURVEYS, ETC.In these methods variable are precisely measured in varying amounts of detail.CORRELATIONSVariables are measured and compared to see how they co-vary with each other (what relationship they have together).EXPERIMENTSVariablesWHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE?

51、VARIABLESA variables is any object, quality or event that changes or varies in some way. Examples include: aggression, intelligence, time, height, amount of alcohol, driving ability, attraction.变量是指以某种方式改变或变化的对象、质量或事件。例子包括：攻击性，智力，时间，高度，酒精含量，驾驶能力，吸引力等。 VariablesOPERATIONALISATIONMany of the variables

52、 that psychologists are interested in are abstract concepts, such as aggression or intelligence. Operationalisation refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable. This is done in psychology by recording some aspect of observable behavior that is assumed to be indicate o

53、f the variable under consideration. 许多心理学家感兴趣的是一些抽象的概念，比方攻击性和智力。操作化是指使变量变成物理上可测量或可验证的过程。 在心理学上，这一过程的实施是通过记录一些可观察的行为来完成的，这些行为被假定为是我们所考虑的研究变量的指标。 For example:Aggression - a psychologist may record the number of punches thrown.Intelligence a psychologist may record the number of puzzles solved in an ho

54、ur, or calculate the score on an IQ test.Reification (regarding hypothetical variables like intelligence as having a real physical existence) is a danger, however.Variables比方说：攻击性可记录为击拳的次数 。智力可记录为在一个小时内解决的问题数量或计算智力测验的得分。 然而，具体化指将诸如智力之类假设性的变量看成真实的物质上的存在是危险的。 VariablesOBSERVATION, CASE STUDIES, SURVEY

55、S, ETC.In these methods variable are precisely measured in varying amounts of detail.CORRELATIONSVariables are measured and compared to see how they co-vary with each other (what relationship they have together).EXPERIMENTS观察，个案研究，调查等等这些方法能从大量事实中准确地测量出变量。相关将测量到的变量相比较，以发现彼此之间如何共同变化它们之间有何关系。 实验One var

56、iable (the independent variable) is altered to see what effect it has on another variable (the dependent variable).The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in two or more conditions to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.The dependent variable is the main measured ou

57、tcome of the experiment, hopefully due to the manipulation of the independent variable.For example, the independent variable (IV) of alcohol could be manipulated to see what effect it had on the dependent variable (DV) of driving ability by testing in two conditions, one with no alcohol and the othe

58、r with four pints of lager.EXPERIMENTS However, many extraneous variables (other variables that could potentially influence the dependent variable apart from the independent variable), could spoil the experiment and so controls are employed to prevent extraneous variables from becoming confounding v

59、ariables (those that actually affect the dependent variable strongly enough to distort the effect of the independent variable). EXPERIMENTSOne variable (the independent variable) is altered to see what effect it has on another variable (the dependent variable).The independent variable is the variabl

60、e that is manipulated in two or more conditions to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.The dependent variable is the main measured outcome of the experiment, hopefully due to the manipulation of the independent variable.EXPERIMENTS改变一个变量自变量，观察它对另一个变量因变量有什么影响。自变量是指在两个或两个以上的条件下对其进行操控，以发现对