医学英语课件资料：长工作时间与冠心病、中风的风险

1、长工作时间与冠心病、中风的风险文献内容背景长时间工作与冠心病的关系可能增加，证据不充分长时间工作与中风的关系不明确目的评价长时间工作是否为冠心病和中风的风险因素方法收集符合标准的已发表研究和未发表研究（共25个）累积随机效应meta分析结果校正变量：年龄、性别和社会经济状况长时间工作（55h/周）增加冠心病的风险（相对风险RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.021.26；p=0.02）长时间工作（55h/周）增加中风的风险（相对风险RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.111.61； p=0.002）结论工作时间长的员工发生中风的风险高工作时间与冠心病的关系比较弱Meta分析张毓莹 201201

2、046Meta-Original Greek meaning -after, beside, with, among“Meta-English meaningscientific English termsbeyond, aboutMetaphysics: the science of what is beyond the physicalabstraction from another conceptmeta-theorymetalanguage: grammar an X about Xmetadatameta-cognitionmeta-emotionmeta-discussionMet

3、a-中文翻译：元元，始也。说文元理论、元数据、元认知Meta-analysisanalysis of analyses对以往研究结果进行系统定量的综合的统计学方法荟萃分析、元分析Steps in a meta-analysisFormulation of the problemSearch strategy and selection criteriaData extractionQuality assessmentStatistical analysis PRISMAPreferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analy

4、sesMeta分析报告标准规定了从题目到资金来源的写作标准心血管系统相关词根贾鸣男 201201062cardi/o heartvascul/o blood vesselcardiovascular 心血管的cardiology 心脏病学myocardial 心肌的cerebrovascular 脑血管的coron/o crown，heartcoronary 冠状的coronoid process 冠突coronal suture 冠状缝isch hold back，suppress 缺ischemic 缺血性的myocardial ischemia 心肌缺血sys together 收缩sy

5、stolic blood pressure 收缩压systolometer 心音鉴定器-tension pressurehypertension 高血压hypotension 低血压ather/o 动脉粥样coronary atherosclerosis 冠状动脉粥样硬化cerebr/o cerebrum 大脑cerebrosclerosis 脑硬化症cerebral 大脑的cerebralgia 头痛cerebriform 脑形的embol/o mass of clotted blood 栓塞embolism 栓塞amniotic fluid embolismcerebral embolis

6、memboliform 楔形的医学统计学词汇赵冰彬 201201071Prospective Cohort Study前瞻性队列研究Prospective Study前瞻性研究以现在为起点追踪到将来的研究方法Cohort Study队列研究，风险因子分析手段通过对未患某一特定疾病的人群在一定时间内的观察，根据相关性来确定被观察对象患病的风险(From Wikipedia) A cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certai

7、n factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.Exposed / Non-exposed groups暴露/非暴露组队列研究(cohort study)基于待研究的危险因素研究对象分组暴露组和非暴露组高剂量暴露组和低剂量暴露组比较各组结局的发生率评价和检验危险因素与结局的关系Publication Bias发表偏倚阳性的研究结果发表的机会更多，发表的速度更快，所发表刊物的影响因子更高获得发表的研究是获取结论的主要依据基于待研究的危险因素，过分强调阳性结果可能造成误导

8、Publication bias occurs when the publication of research results depends not just on the quality of the research but on the hypothesis tested, and the significance and direction of effects detected.File drawer problem 文件抽屉问题Funnel Plots 漏斗图（分析和评估发表偏倚的一种方法）Reverse Causation 反向因果关系Least-squares analys

9、is 最小二乘法分析CI (confidence interval) 置信区间RR (relative risk) 相对危险度Summary了解相关领域查阅该领域专业词汇表了解专业词汇的意思选择合适的（专业、通用）中文翻译专业词汇的翻译是理解文章的基础看似简单的词汇乔优 2012010471. substantiate & substantial- substantiate (vt.)（用事实）支持；证明，证实- substantial (adj.)坚固的；大量的，可观的；实质的；重大的 .which, if substantiated, is substantial, because lon

10、g working hours are fairly common. 因为雇工长时间工作现象非常普遍，所以.这一发现一旦被证实，将具有重大意义。 2. incident- incident (n.) 事件，事变；插曲 (adj.) 易发的，伴随而来的；附带的；入射的 We analysed associations of long working hours with incident coronary heart disease and stroke. 我们对长时间工作与冠心病和中风的发生关系进行分析.3. modest- modest (adj.) 谦虚的，谦逊的；端庄的；适度的 Work

11、ing long hours was associated with a modest overall increase in risk of incident coronary heart disease compared with working standard hours. 与标准工作时长相比，长时间工作总体来说与冠心病风险提高存在一定的关系。4. robust- robust (adj.) 强健的；健康的；粗野的；粗鲁的 Furthermore, the association did not vary between men and women or by geographical

12、 region, and was independent of the method of stroke ascertainment, suggesting that the finding is robust. 此外，该结果并未因性别、地域或中风认定方法的不同而异，表明这一发现是经得起推敲的。summary一词多义：思维逻辑 - substantial中英文转换：取舍 - incident 简单意思引申：反复推敲，揣度原意 - modest - robust医学研究中常用的一些不明觉厉明之觉易的短语周晓爽 2012010481. At baseline603 838 men and wome

13、n free from coronary heartdisease at baseline contributed to .The meta-analysis of coronary heart disease comprised data for 603 838 men and women who were free from coronary heart disease at baseline; the meta-analysis of stroke comprised data for 528 908 men and women who were free from stroke at

14、baseline.基础，起点研究开始之时be free from coronary heart disease/stroke at baseline2. Outcome ascertainmentWe recorded no evidence of significant bias arising from reverse causation, confounding, outcome ascertainment, publication statusPrespecified subgroup analyses were done by sex, age group (50 vs 50 yea

15、rs), SES (high, intermediate, lowmethod of outcomeascertainment (medical records vs self-report)3. Left-censoringWe examined reverse causation by left-censoringie, exclusion from the analysis of coronary heart disease and stroke events that took place in the first 3 years of follow-up.Left censoring

16、 a data point is below a certain value but it is unknown by how much.Interval censoring a data point is somewhere on an interval between two values.Right censoring a data point is above a certain value but it is unknown by how much. -From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Summary注意上下文联系证实积累研究常用词长难句解析

17、杨子仪 201201068【同词源词语的交替使用】 The relative risk was about 1.4, which, if substantiated, is substantial, because long working hours are fairly common., if substantiated, is substantial如果属实，会是非常有意义的【提取主干(1)存在连词】Fourth, few studies have examined long working hours as a risk factor for stroke, a major cardi

18、ovascular endpoint, although stress and extensive sitting, both of which are associated with long working hours, could increase the risk of stroke., although【提取主干(2)存在众多修饰成分】To describe the development of evidence over time, we did a cumulative meta-analysis of the association of working hours with coronary heart disease and stroke, based on date of publication and, for the IPD-Work and open-access unpublished data, year of baseline examination. 【提取主干(3)存在破折号】Physical inactivity can incre