产品的全生命周期评估

1、 三、产品全生命周期评定（LCA) ISO定义是：对某产品系统全生命周期输入、输出和潜在环境、能源、经济影响进行评定过程。 An evaluation process of input/output and environment, energy and economy impact within total product life cycle.产品的全生命周期评估第1页 1、生命周期评定内容与标准 生命周期评价起源于企业内部 LCA最初应用可追溯到1969年美国可口可乐公司对不一样饮料容器资源消耗和环境释放所作特征分析。 一些国际著名跨国企业，如HP、IBM、AT&T、德国西门子公司等，一

2、方面开展生命周期评价方法研究，其次主动对其产品进行生命周期评价。产品的全生命周期评估第2页1990年由“国际环境毒理学与化学学会 (SETAC)”首次主持召开了相关生命周期评价国际研讨会。在该会议上首次提出了“生命周期评价”概念。生命周期概念正式提出产品的全生命周期评估第3页LCA工作内容与程序定义目标与边界条件建立系统模型编制清单作系统总量计算三方面（3E)进行影响评定环境（Environmental)能源（Energy)经济（Economic)分析与决议敏感度分析3E综合分析决议产品的全生命周期评估第4页ISO14000管理性标准ISO14000是ISO推出第二个管理性系列标准环境管理系列

3、标准，当前有组员国80个。中国也是组员国之一。产品的全生命周期评估第5页 ISO14000系列标准主要组成The Main Components of ISO14000 Series ISO14000系列标准基本组成 ISO14000是一个环境管理系列标准，共有100个标准号，其主要组成以下： ISO1400, the mail component of ISO1400 series, is the series standard of environmental management, including 100 standards, and the main ones are: ISO14

4、001ISO14009 环境管理体系 EMS (Environmental Management System ) SO14010ISO14019 环境审核 EA (Environmental Auditing) ISO14020ISO14029 环境标志 EL (Environmental Label) ISO14030ISO14039 环境行为评价 EPE (Environmental Practice Evaluation) ISO14040ISO14049 生命周期评定 LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) ISO14050ISO14059 术语和定义 T&D (Te

5、rm & Definition) ISO14060 产品标准中环境原因 EAPS (Environmental factor of Product Standard) ISO14061ISO14100 预留号 (For Reserving)产品的全生命周期评估第6页ISO14000在中国推行 The Development of ISO14000 In China1996 初 成立国家环境保护局环境管理体系审核中心Early 1996 Established the Auditing Center of Environmental Management System in State Envi

6、ronmental Protection Administration1997.5.27 国务院同意成立“中国环境管理体系认证指导 委员会”。由国家环境保护局任主任 May 27th 1997 the State Department authorized “Chinese environmental management system authentication instruction committee”, which is in the change of the State Environmental Protection Administration.1997.8.28 中国环境管

7、理体系认证机构认可委员会（认可委）28/08/1997 Chinese environmental management system authentication instruction committee (AC)1997.8.29 中国认证人员国家注册委员会环境管理专业委员会（注册委）29/08/1997 Chinese national registration committee special for the environmental management (RC)国家环境保护局环境管理体系审核中心（认证机构）the Auditing Center of Environmenta

8、l Management System in State Environmental Protection Administration (AC)北京环环境管理与工程咨询中心（咨询机构）Beijing environmental management and engineering consulting center (CC)产品的全生命周期评估第7页标准号 Standard汉字名称 Chinese Name (Environmental management system-EMS)采取国际标准 Adopted International StandardGB/T 24001-1996环境管理

9、体系 规范及使用指南 Guide to the using of EMSISO 14001:1996GB/T 24004-1996环境管理体系 标准、体系和支持技术通用指南 Current guide to the principle, technique supporting of EMSISO 14004:1996GB/T 24020-环境管理 环境标注和申明 通用标准 Current principle of EMS, Environmental Label and technique supporting ISO 14020:1998(第1版)GB/T 24021-环境管理 环境标注和

10、申明 自我环境申明（II型环境标志）Self-declaration of environment, EMS and Environmental Label II ISO 14021:1999GB/T 24024-环境管理 环境标注和申明 I型环境标志 标准和程序 Principle and procedure of EMS, Environmental Label I and Declaration GB/T 24031-环境管理 环境表现评价 指南 Guide to the evaluation of EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14031:1999GB

11、/T 24040-1999环境管理 环境表现评价 标准与框架 Principle and frame of evaluation to EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14040:1997GB/T 24041-环境管理 环境表现评价 目标与范围确实定和清单分析 Objective, range and list analysis to EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14041:1998(第1版)GB/T 24042-环境管理 环境表现评价 生命周期影响评价 Life Cycle Estimation of EMS and Env

12、ironment BehaviorISO 14042:GB/T 24043-环境管理 环境表现评价 生命周期解释 Life Cycle Explanation of EMS and Environment BehaviorISO 14043:GB/T 24050-环境管理 术语 Terms of EMSISO 14050:1998(第1版)中国公布环境管理国家标准及对应国际标准The Chinese National Environmental Management Standard and the Corresponding International Standard 产品的全生命周期评估

13、第8页中国全生命周期标准Chinese Standard of Life Cycle 国际标准组织颁布ISO14040标准系列对LCA方法标准、框架和实施方法作出了要求。 The International Standard Organization issued ISO14040 to regulate the principle, frame and implement method of LCA GB/T 24040-1999ISO14040环境管理-生命周期评定-标准与框架;ISO14040 Environmental Management-LCA-Principle and fram

14、eISO 14040:1997GB/T 24041-ISO14041环境管理-生命周期评定-目标和范围界定;ISO14041 Environmental Management-LCA-Objective and range definitionISO 14041:1998(第1版)GB/T 24042-ISO14042环境管理-生命周期评定-影响评价；ISO14042 Environmental-Management-LCA-Evaluation of the influenceISO 14042:GB/T 24043-ISO14043环境管理-生命周期评定-解释;ISO1404 Enviro

15、nmental Management-LCA-ExplanationISO 14043:产品的全生命周期评估第9页2、中国生命周期评定应用现实状况the present application status of LCA in China 当前中国在以下几个领域开展全生命周期研究： the LCA research is mainly conducted in the following areas 1、 钢铁领域 the Steel Industry 2、 汽车领域 the Automobile Industry 3、 化工领域 the Chemical Industry 4、 机电设备领域

16、 the Electromechanical Industry 评定内容包含环境影响、能源和资源消耗。 the content of assessment includes the environmental factor, consumption of energy and resource.产品的全生命周期评估第10页 广西木薯乙醇车用燃料发展计划全生命周期评定案例the case of LCA to a research plan in Guangxi, which is aimed to get ethanol from distilling the cassava and then

17、develop a fuel for automobile substitute for gasoline 上海交通大学与广西壮族自治区政府合作为广西地方政府所作产业计划决议分析 Decision-making Analysis of the Industrial Plan via the cooperation of SJTU and the Government of Guangxi Chuang Autonomy 案例一Project one产品的全生命周期评估第11页生物质乙醇车用燃料发展背景The development background of ethanol as vehicl

18、e fuel化石能源枯竭 Exhaustion of Fossil Energy 全球石油储量仅够人类继续使用40年, 急需发展可再生能源 The global oil reservation will be exhausted in 40 years, so it is a urgent mission to develop the renewable energy MTBE将禁止使用，乙醇是最好替换品Since MTBE will be forbidden, ethanol becomes the best renewable energy E10将是下一步标准车用汽油 E10 will

19、be tomorrows standard automobile fuel 国家开始了E10区域性试点 the state government has put the new fuel into practice in some regions: 最初是河南、黑龙江; 现已推广到黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河南、安徽5省以及湖北、山东、江苏、河北四个省部分城市 firstly in Henan and Heilongjiang province, now the practice region has developed into a great area including: Jilin, Lia

20、oning, Henan, Heilongjiang and Anhui province and other cities in Hubei, Shandong, Jiangsu province.产品的全生命周期评估第12页GuangXI locates in south China全区属喀斯特地形Beautiful sceneryPoor soil广西壮族自治区Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNear 1/5 land is karst landform in Guangxi广西位于中国南方Case study 1： Life Cycle Assessme

21、nt of Cassava Ethanol Fuel Automobile案例1：木薯乙醇燃料汽车生命周期评定土地贫瘠风景优美产品的全生命周期评估第13页大部分土地不宜种粮食，但适宜种木薯Most of the soil is not suitable for rice plant, however it is wonderful for the growing of cassava广西木薯种植区域The cassava areas in Guangxi territory 木薯：一个生长在浅表土壤层块茎植物 Cassava: one kind of tuber plant which gro

22、ws in the surface soil产品的全生命周期评估第14页木薯：过去苦难象征； 今后致富财源。木薯富含淀粉，是制造乙醇好原料；cassava is rich in starch, which is good material to produce ethanol 过去制造酒精为了医用，市场很小，农民无法以此为生；ethanol is only for medical use in the past, the market is very limited, the farmer are not able make living from cassava.酒精进入车用燃料市场，提供了

23、巨大市场空间；Since ethanol was treated as a fuel, a huge market had appeared. 木薯不与人、畜争夺粮食和饲料，与小麦、玉米为原料酒精相比，含有强大竞争力。Since cassava has no common needs with human or domestic animal for living, it is a better choice to produce ethanol than wheat and maize .Cassava: the symbolization of poor in the past; the

24、cash tree in the future.产品的全生命周期评估第15页发展木薯乙醇车用燃料，使广西农民脱贫致富Making money from developing the cassava ethanol industry 广西政府战略项目Guangxi government stratagem program预计：Estimation使400万亩土地得到应用，促进GDP增加，增加地方政府财政收入；Make use of 26.666 million hectare poor soil, promote the GDP, and increase the local governmen

25、t revenue;使约150万农民有物可种，脱贫致富 Make sure 150 million farmers have suitable crop to plant, and help them eliminate poverty.处理约5000人就业问题 Providing jobs to 5000 unemployed citizens.产品的全生命周期评估第16页木薯种植与收获 growing and harvest of cassava木薯运输 transportation of cassava木薯酒精生产 producing of cassava ethanol 酒精运输 tr

26、ansportation of ethanol 酒精与汽油或柴油混合 mixture of ethanol, gasoline and diesel 酒精燃料分配 allocation of ethanol fuel 木薯酒精燃料全生命周期评定LCA of cassava-ethanol fuel资源需求Resource demanding能源消耗 energy consumption环境污染 environment pollution3E产品的全生命周期评估第17页LCA第一步 定义、建模the first step of LCA: Definition, modeling 1）定义目标 S

27、et Objective 以广西生产木薯为原料，生产车用燃料乙醇（99.5），混配成E10汽油，供中国汽车使用。 Produce the ethanol fuel (99.5%) for vehicle from the cassava, then mix it with traditional fuel to provide energy for automobile.产品的全生命周期评估第18页2 ）建立模型 modeling method肥料、除草剂、杀虫剂生产produce of fertilizer, herbicide, insecticide肥料、除草剂、杀虫剂运输transpo

28、rtation of fertilizer, herbicide. insecticide木薯种植Cassava grow 木薯运输 cassava transport 酒精生产 ethanol produce酒精运输、储存 transport and storage of ethanol酒精和汽油混合 mixture of ethanol and gasoline酒精和汽油燃烧 burning of ethanol and gasoline石油运输、储存 transport and storage of oil石油开采 oil exploit石油精炼 distill of oil汽油运输、储

29、存 transport and storage of gasoline燃料准备Fuel preparation manufacture of car 汽车制造汽 车 行 驶 car driving汽车维修 car repair 汽车报废 car discard 产品的全生命周期评估第19页环境模型主要假设The mail assumptions of environment model忽略混合过程排放 ignore the discharge during the mixing process只计算木薯皮中氢氰酸和丹宁酸 only count the hydrocyanic and tanni

30、n乙醇生产中固体废物完全处理为DDGS和肥料 the solid wastes are completely turned into DDGS and fertilizer火车机车和卡车燃料为柴油 the fuel of locomotives and trucks is diesel 产品的全生命周期评估第20页能量模型主要假设The mail assumptions of energy model包含从种植地到车辆使用燃料周期能量消耗 including the whole cycle from land plant to the vehicle fuel忽略原料阶段能量消耗 ignori

31、ng the energy waste during the raw material period 包含后处理阶段产生沼气 including the marsh gas in the post-processing stage产品的全生命周期评估第21页成本模型主要假设The mail assumptions of cost model包含发酵阶段产生CO2 和后处理阶段产生DDGS饲料和肥料。Including the CO2, the DDGS and fertilizer which is produced in the post-processing period和杂醇油及后处理阶

32、段产生沼气，尽管它们有利润收益。Although we can make profit from the fusel oil and marsh gas, we mix them together产品的全生命周期评估第22页3）定义边界条件 definition of boundary condition以年产10万吨燃料乙醇厂为评定单元；set the factory whose output is more than 100 thousand tons as an evaluation unit从木薯种植起，到E10燃料在车辆发动机中燃烧后从尾气中排出为该产品全生命周期；the produ

33、ct life cycle is from land plant to E10 vehicle fuel to the after burning discharge全部输入均考虑附带环境、能源与经济原因，即间接排放污染与间接能耗；all inputs are taken into account with environmental, energy and financial factors, which are indirect pollution and consumption 车辆工况：100,000公里，到达欧I标准。Working condition of vehicle: 100

34、0,000 Km, reach European I standard以合理技术环境为依据。 reasonable basis of the technical environment产品的全生命周期评估第23页LCA第二步 清单设计与总量计算the second step of LCA: List designing and gross calculation生物质E10燃料LCA-3E清单设计 The LCA-3E list designing of E10“Fishbone” Sketch产品的全生命周期评估第24页1）建立环境影响计算清单Design the calculating l

35、ist of environmental impacts产品的全生命周期评估第25页2 ）建立能源影响计算清单Design the calculating list of energy influence产品的全生命周期评估第26页3 ）建立成本计算清单 Design the calculation list of cost产品的全生命周期评估第27页4 ）进行总量计算 total calculation本项目数据起源：the source of this project直接采集：实地调查单位包含黑龙江华润金玉企业、黑龙江省发改委；河南天冠集团、河南省农业厅；广西天昌投资企业、广西桂孚科技投资

36、企业、广西三西农场、广西农业科学研究院、广西热带植物研究所。 Directly collection: the investigation objects including: Huarun Gold Jade company, Heilongjiang development and innovation committee, Henan Tianguang Group, Henan agriculture office, Guangxi Tianchang Invest Company, Guangxi Guifu Technical Invest Company, Guangxi San

37、xi farm, Guangxi Agricultural Institute of Technology and Guangxi Tropic Plant Research Center. 相关数据库：如美国阿岗试验室GREET模型，欧盟Biofit 模型等； Related database: e.g. the U.S. GREET model in AGAN Laboratory, EU Biofit model公开发表研究结果：如论文、会议汇报等； Published Research Achievement: papers, conference reports etc.公开出版物：

38、如年鉴、专业书刊等 Published books: such as annuals and professional books产品的全生命周期评估第28页LCA第三步 3E评定the third step of LCA: 3E evaluation1 ）环境影响评定 evaluation environment impacts结论：多数指标与汽油排放持平，CO, SOx, 与GHGs排放优于汽油。Result: most of the discharging index are similar to gasoline, while CO, SOx and GHGs are less tha

39、n those of gasoline产品的全生命周期评估第29页燃料乙醇生命周期排放Life cycle discharge of ethanol fuel 与同能量汽油相比，燃料乙醇NOx与SOx两项排放显著高于汽油。从清单中发觉，它们来自种植过程化肥生产与发酵过程煤燃烧。 When getting the equivalent energy, ethanol will discharge more NOx and SOx than gasoline. From the list we get to know that those waste gas come from the ferti

40、lizer producing and cassava ferment which need plenty of coal to sustain a high temperature. 产品的全生命周期评估第30页2 ）能源影响评定 evaluation of energy impact燃料乙醇能量输入/输出比：生产出含有1千焦耳能量乙醇，需要X千焦耳能量Energy input/output of ethanol: demanding of energy (X J) for 1,000 J ethanol energy 木薯乙醇（广西）Cassava ethanol (Guangxi)小麦乙

41、醇（河南）Wheat ethanol (Henan)玉米乙醇（美国）Maize ethanol (US)蔗糖乙醇（巴西）Cane sugarEthanol(Brazil)汽油GasolineX0.630.80.60.40.2结论：Result从木薯乙醇中得到1千焦耳能量必须消耗0.63千焦耳能量。 0.63 KJ energy should be consumed to produce 1KJ energy from cassava ethanol木薯乙醇是燃料但不是能源。 the cassava ethanol is just fuel not energy source产品的全生命周期评估

42、第31页每吨乙醇净能量YThe net output energy for 1 ton ethanol YY=吨乙醇所含能量生产一吨乙醇所消耗能量Y=the energy of 1 ton ethanol-the energy cost乙醇在我国不是能与汽油相比能源In China, there is no possible for ethanol to share the fuel market with gasoline.木薯乙醇Cassava ethanol小麦乙醇Wheat ethanol玉米乙醇Maize ethanol汽油gasolineY=（MJ/吨乙醇）13,11210,299

43、12,54328,324产品的全生命周期评估第32页3 ）经济影响评定evaluation of economy influence 一个10万吨乙醇生产项目：a 100,000 tons ethanol production project 能够将30万亩土地得到使用； Make use of 1.999 million hectare poor soil农民可收入9473万元，取代原扶贫款8578万元；farmers get 94,730,000 RMB income, replace the former 85,780,000 RMB which is fund for poverty

44、alleviation by the government可安置300个工业就业岗位； bring about 300 industrial working position 乙醇厂，运输分配系统均具显著经济效益；ethanol factory and transportation distribution system gain obvious financial benefit 政府在全过程可得税收8,362 万元 ；increase government revenue by 8,362,000 RMB广西地方GDP增加 19,023万元; enhance the regional GD

45、P by 19,023,000 RMB 不过，因为乙醇价格高于汽油，热能低于汽油，车主又不愿支付E10与汽油间差价，政府必须补助16,667万元，抵去税收，政府地方财政实际补助8,035万元 。However, the price of ethanol is higher than gasoline, energy release is less than gasoline, and vehicle holder are not willing to pay for the price difference, so the government has to give 16,667,000 R

46、MB subsidies, subtract 8,362,000 the government actually give out 8,035,000 RMB结论：Result木薯乙醇项目能够推进广西GDP增加。Cassava could stimulate the GDP progress of Guangxi.不过政府必须给予补助。However, the government should give subsidies. 产品的全生命周期评估第33页LCA第四步 分析、决议the forth step of LCA: analysis and decision-making 1）敏感度分

47、析 sensitivity analysis 研究可变原因对结论影响程度，为综合分析准备依据 analyze the variable factors influence degree to the result, as the basis for comprehensive analysis将一些不敏感可变原因从思维中剔除 eliminate the insensitive variable factors from mind 对评定结果造成主要影响原因不一定是敏感原因 insensitive factor may cause deep influence 找出主要、又敏感原因 find o

48、ut the important (deep influence) and sensitive factor产品的全生命周期评估第34页环境敏感原因分析 analysis of environment sensitivity factor煤是影响VOC, CO, NOX, PM10和SOX排放关键原因 Coal is the main source of VOC, CO, NOX, PM10 and SOX木薯种植是影响温室气体排放关键原因 cassava grow is the main influence factor of green-house gas emission 化学品是影响全

49、部排放另一个主要原因 chemical is another main factor of all emissions 结论：result主要排放来自于煤燃烧和木薯种植。The main gas emission comes from the coal combustion and cassava grow产品的全生命周期评估第35页X:石油价格（美元/桶）X: price of oil (buck/bucket) P(x):汽油价格（元/升） gasoline price (RMB/L)C1,2,3(x): 小麦、玉米、木薯乙醇价格（元/升） price of wheat, maize an

50、d cassava ethanol (RMB/L)结论：赔偿主要原因是石油价格影响Result: the main reason of subsidies is the impact current price of gasoline木薯原料成本过高 the price of cassava is too high乙醇价格高于同热能汽油Ethanol is more expensive than gasoline providing the same energy经济敏感原因分析 analysis of economic sensitivity factor产品的全生命周期评估第36页木薯种植

51、过程 the process of cassava grow1.3831014J木薯处理过程 the process of cassava treatment 6.7841011J生产乙醇过程 the process of ethanol producing1.3991015J乙醇变性过程 the properties changing process of ethanol 8.2451012J加油过程 refuel process9.4251011J运输过程 transport process4.2391013J 总计 total1.5901015J能量消耗总计表 total energy

52、consumption Table能量敏感原因分析 analysis of the energy sensitivity factor 结论：主要能量消耗是生产乙醇过程。Result: the ethanol producing process consumes the most energy产品的全生命周期评估第37页2 ）结论 RESULT乙醇是燃料，不是能源；ethanol is fuel, not energy source;按现有技术水平广西木薯资源假如全部用来发展燃料乙醇，最大潜力每年约为500万吨；the greatest potential cassava ethanol pr

53、oduction is about 5,000,000 tons, according to todays technological level 乙醇燃料带有很大地域性，其最大范围取决于原料运输成本极限半径； the ethanol is a regional fuel, which depends on the maximum radius of material transport cost E10燃料使用，可降低汽车对城市环境污染，但对整个人类环境带来NOx及SO2严重污染；E10 will reduce vehicle from polluting the city area, wh

54、ile cause drastic pollution of NOxSO2 to the global environment广西发展乙醇燃料工业，能为地域社会经济发展带来显著效益；Guangxi province could galvanize the cassava ethanol to enhance the citizens living condition and stimulate the regional economy 为推行乙醇燃料应用，政府必须在E10燃料与汽油差价上，给予补助；to encourage the application of ethanol fuel, go

55、vernment should give subsidies to meat the price differences between ethanol and gasoline和玉米、陈化粮相比，木薯乙醇含有最好综合效益。Cassava has the best overall efficiency comparing to maize and old rice结论：发展乙醇燃料对广西政府来说是可行。Result: Develop the cassava ethanol is feasible to Guangxi government 产品的全生命周期评估第38页3）决议 decision

56、 making提议走农工一体化道路，降低木薯原料成本，从而降低政府计划风险性；encourage farmers to follow the agro-industrial road, cut the cost of cassava material, thus reducing the risk of the governments plan 提议充分发挥广西水电资源丰富优势，采取电热锅炉生产蒸汽用于发酵；同时增加复合肥、降低氮肥使用，从而降低全生命周期排放污染；Guangxi has rich hydropower resources, using electric boilers for

57、 steam production fermentation at the same time increasing composite fertilizer and reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizer, thus reducing the total life cycle emissions pollution 世界石油价格在相当长时间里，将保持上涨态势，所以，是发展乙醇燃料良好时机； in a long future, the world oil prices will maintain a rising trend, therefore, is a

58、 good time to develop fuel ethanol制订新木薯收购、乙醇生产、E10燃料税收政策，大力扶持木薯乙醇燃料生产；enact a new cassava purchase, the production of ethanol, E10 fuel tax policy, and vigorously support cassava ethanol fuel production;加大科技投入，开发木薯高产良种与低温发酵技术。Put more technological skill in to cassava ethanol production, research a

59、new high yielding variety of cassava and low temperature fermentation technology产品的全生命周期评估第39页研究目标：objective 对电动助动车系统进行环境影响分析，并和燃油助动车系统进行比较。 Conduct an environmental impact analysis of the electric bicycle system, compare it with the motorcycle power system燃油助动车 motorcycle 电动助动车 electric bicycle案例二

60、project 2福特中国电动助动车计划全生命周期评定LCA of Ford electric bicycle plan in china 产品的全生命周期评估第40页伴随人民生活水平提升，自行车已不能满足人们出行要求，但轿车一时还不能进入家庭，所以助动车是人们最好选择。With the improvement of living standards, a bike has been unable to meet the requirements of the people, but its too early for car entering the family, electric bic