27m3矿用挖掘机斗杆结构有限元分析翻译

1、Aspects to improve cabin comfort of wheel loaders andexcavators according to operatorsAbstractComfort plays an increasingly important role inerior design of earth movingequipment. Although research has been conducted on vehicleeriors of wheel loa-ders and excavators, hardly any information is known

2、about the operators opinion. his study a questionnaire was completed by machine operators to get their opinionabout aspects which need to be improved in order to design a more comfortable vehi-cleerior. The results showt almoslf of the operators rate the comfort of th-eir cabiage” or “poor”. Accordi

3、ng to the operators, cab comfort of wheelloaders can be increased by improving seat comfort. Besides improving seat comfort,cabin comfort of excavators can be improved by changing the cab design (includingdimens, ingress/egress), view, reliability, and climate control.Keywords: Cabin comfort; Operat

4、ors opinion; Earth moving equipment.roductionComfort plays an increasingly important role in vehicle design. As machine1.operators of earth moving equipment often spend long hoursheir vehicle some-erior design of thesetimes even moren 8 h a daycomfort is a major ie inmachines.Operating earth-moving

5、machinery is not a physically heavy job and canbe sustained for long periods.Nevertheless, operating such a machine appears to be arisk factor for musculoskeletal disorders, espelly when the task is noterruptedby other working activities or breaks. Zimmerman et al. (1997) showedt the mainproblems of

6、 earth-moving machinery operators concern physical complas in theneck/ shoulder and low back region, general fatigue and feelings offort. Thismight be attributed to a combination of sic load during prolonged sitting frequ-ently in awkwardturesexure to whole body vibrations, and handling andsteering

7、the machine(Zimmerman et al., 1997; Tola et al., 1988; de Looze et al.,2000).A comfortable well-designed vehicleerior may reduce awkwardtures andprovide an environmentt stimulates optimal operator performance. Based on aliterature review about musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors, Zimmer

8、manet al. (1997) made fourmendations for reducing work-related musculoskeletaldisorders among operators: minimizing of magnitude and frequency of vibration rea-ching the operator; locating controls optimally to minimize reach distan, trunkexion and trunk roion; providingum operator visibility from a

9、n uprightsupported seatedture; and taking regular breaks to minimize the effects of sus-tainedtures. Improvements of cab comfort are very often based on reducing therisk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (Zimmerman et al., 1997;Attebrant et al., 1997). Only a few studies have mentio

10、ned aspects which operatorswishto see improved. Nakada (1997) describes the desirability ring for dumptrucks and wheel loaders given by product creators, designers, design engineers, operators and young people. Nakada, (1997) shows t much design attention has been paid to instrument panel/monitors a

11、nd meters and the operator seat. Unfor-tuna y, the operators opinions cannot be distinguished in Nakadas study (1997).However, in order to design a comfortable vehicleerior, the opinion of theoperators is important as they are the end-users of the machines. Their user expe-rience may be of great hel

12、p designing a more comfortable vehicleerior. The aimof the current study is to nd aspects mentioned by wheel loader and excavator ope-rators, which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicleeriorshe future. Inthis article we describe the results of a questionnaire given to 273 machine operators.T

13、hey were asked their opinion about their current machine, their future demands and aspects they considered important to work well with the machine. This allowed us toidentify aspectst need improvement2. Methodachine design.2.1. SubjectsA convenienle was obtained through approaching operators visitin

14、g Ba-uma (the worlds largest exhibition for construction equipment). Most of the parti- cipants were wheel loader operators (n = 61) and excavator operators (n=212). The others (n = 65) were operators of several construction machines (e.g., mobile cranes,dozers, tower cranes, off-road trucks). Only

15、the results for wheel loader and excava-tor operators are presentedhis article, as they account for 18% and 62.7% of thetotal number of respondents respectively. Figs. 1 and 2 show a typical wheel loader and excavator.2.2. QuestionnaireData were collected by means of a questionnaire which was comple

16、ted duringanerview. The questionnaire was dividedo three parts: (1) characteristics of thepopulation, (2) evaluation of the current machine being operated, and (3) future de-mands on earthmoving machinery.he rst part we asked the operators age, yearsof experience as operator, the kind of machinery b

17、eing operated and its age.he se-cond part of the questionnaire, operators evaluated their machine by rating overallcomfort and their opinion of specic parts of the machine on a four-poscale (verygood, good, average, poor). Finally, two open questions asked about the operators f- uture demands: what

18、improvements would make the machine more comfortable andwhat aspects are the most important to work well with the machine.2.3. DataysisData were sorted by machine type, after which the responses of wheel loaderoperators and excavator operators were separayyzed. Within these groups,operators of older

19、 machinery (4 years old) were separated from operators of newer machinery (4 years old). In addition, the categories very good andgood were combined (very good/good) and the categories average and poor were com- bined(average/poor).Frequency tables were made of the operators opinions about overall m

20、achinecomfort and about their opinions about specic parts of their machines. Chi-squarewas calculated betn age of machine and overall comfort and betn age of ma-chine and the operators opinion of specic parts of the machine. We amedt iffewern 80% of the operators rated a part of the machine good/ver

21、y good, im-provement of this part could contribute to a more comfortable vehicleerior. In partthree of the questionnaire, the operators indicated aspects to improve machine com-fort and aspects they found nesary to work well with the machine. We classiedthese aspects3. Resultso categories and calcul

22、ated the percentage responses.3.1. Characteristics of the populationBoth the wheel loader operators (mean age: 36.59.4 years) and the excavatoroperators (mean age: 36.39.3 years) who participatedhis study, were experien-ced wimean of 12.3 (8.1) and 13.4 (9.2) years of service, respectively. Half oft

23、he operators operate machines less50% of the excavator operators).n 4 years old (53% of the wheel loaderand3.2. Evaluation of current machine57.4% of wheel loader operators and 55.9% of the excavator operators rated theoverall cabin comfortgood/very good. It showst operators of newer machinery(4 yea

24、rs old) rated the overall cab comfort as good/very good more oftennoperators of older machines (4 years old). This was found bomong wheel load-ers (2(1)=8.5,p0.04) and among excavators (2(1)=23.0,p0.001).Seventy-eightpercent of the operators driving wheel loaders lessn 4 years old, rated the comfort

25、of their machine as good/very good.With excavator operators this gure was 81%.These results showt during recent years the experienced cab comfort of excavat-ors and wheel loaders has improved.It illustrates the opinion of the operators aboutspecic parts of the machines lessare ratedaverage/poor by m

26、oren 4 years old.Fewer aspects of wheel loadersn 20% of the operators,n excavators. Com-mon aspects which can contribute to increase of cab comfort are dashboard and dis-plays, adjustability of seats and controls, vibration and ding, noise reduction, andseat comfort. Excavator operators would also l

27、ike to see improvement of climate co-ntrol, improved machine appearance, and better cab dimen space, ingress/egress),view, and reliability.3.3. Future demandss (includingeriorThe participants generated 467 items desired to improve the machines comfort.We classied these aspectso 15 categories (see Ta

28、ble 2). It shows which featuresshould be improved according to the operators. Seat comfort, climate control and ac- sories are often mentioned for both wheel loaders (20%, 12%,15%, resp.) and ex-cavators (21%, 19%, 12%, resp.).Excavator operators also mention cab design (inc-luding dimens, ingress/e

29、gress; 19%).The aspects considered most important to work well with the machine are sum-marized . Machine performance is by far the most important ie if we look at theaverages. Other aspects like view and reliability play less important roles.4. DiscusThe aim of the current study was to nd aspects m

30、entioned by wheel loader and excavator operators which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicleeriors infuture. In order to nd these aspects, we asked questions about three ies.aboomfort of specic aspects of the cab (rating on a four-poscale);about aspects nesary to improve the cab comfort (ope

31、n question);about aspects important to work well with the machine (open question).Excavator and wheel loader operators mentioned improved seat comfort, clim-ate control and acsories as ways to increase cab comfort. Excavator operators alsomentioned cab design (including dimens, ingress/egress). Thes

32、e aspects were al-so rated asaverage/poor by moren 20% of the operators (except acsories be-cause this was not an itemhe second part of the questionnaire). Other aspects wh-ich can be takeno account with cab design are those which operators mention asmost important aspects to work well with the mach

33、ine. Espelly when these aspectsare also rated as average/poor by moren 20% of the operators, they need spec-ial attention.Improving these aspects have priority in designing a more comfortable cab.In our study, we collected our data among visitors to the Bauma exhibition in2001. The advantage of this

34、 collection method ist it issible to reach a largegroup of operators within a short period of time, at the same time getting a large re-sponse, which would normally be very difcult. A disadvantage might bet the va-st majority of respondents were German which could meant the results have a li-mited v

35、alidity among operators in other countries. The German operators may haveother ideas aboab comfortn operators, who work in other countries. The de-mands of the operators on their machine depend on the working environment (e.g., climate, landsc, dust) and their tasks (e.g., driving off road, driving

36、on the mainroad), which can be different betn countries. Besides, the operators based theiropinion on their current machine. It issiblet in Germany certain brands areoverrepresented compared to other countries andt the operators opinion mightvary according to the brand. The most common brands would

37、therefore inuence the results of our study as many operators use one of these machines (Excavators: brand A 22.6%, brand B 22.2%;Wheel loaders: brand A 21.3%, brand B 18%, brand C 11.5 %).Since we used a short questionnaire to collect the data, no detailed informationcould be asked. The goal of our

38、study was to get a global view on the operators opi- nion. The open questions gave the operators the opportunity to thinkwhiay render valuable information. Open questions are lesitable for data an-alysis, because we needed to categorize answers. Inevitably information is lostpros, but the goal of ob

39、taining a global view was nevertheless achieved.hisOur results showt seat comfort, climate control, acsories (for wheel load-ers and excavators) and cab design (including dimens, ingress/egress), view, andreliability (for excavators only) are the aspects which can improve cab comfort. Allthese aspec

40、ts are ratedaverage/poor by moren 20% of the operators and they a-re also mentioned as aspects which need improvement in order to increase cab com-fort. In our opinion designers should give priority to these items when redesigningcabs. It iserestingt operators did not mention vibration as an aspect

41、which canimprove comfort, as it was red high on the list of machine parts rated average/p-oor. Besides, whoody vibration is a serious health hazard (Houtman et al.,2001). It issiblet the operators did not mention vibration because they may seevibration as an engine property or an inevitable conseque

42、nce of working on earth-moving equipment. Operators mighve the ideat vibration cannot be reducedby redesigning only the cab. It is,however, unclear why operators did not mentionvibration.When comparing excavators and wheel loaders, improving seat comfort is an is- sue for both wheel loaders and exca

43、vators. Although seat comfort in excavators hasbeen improved during recent years (see Table 1), improvements are still nesary.However,this is not easy as sitting comfort depends on many other factors more or less related to seat design: e.g., adjustability of seat and controls, vibration and dam-, a

44、nd view. For exle, a bad view from the cabin can result in awkward bodytures, which reducomfort in spite of a comfortable seat.Beyond the common aspect seat comfort, many differenexist betn wheelloaders and excavators. One difference we found betn the excavator and the wh-eel loader wast excavator c

45、ab design (including dimens and ingress/egress)needs improvement. This difference may be explained by acs and space. Firs-t,there is a difference in machine acs with grips generally quite wide apart andsteps to the cabin far from optimal, being either too high or too narrow. Operatorscould experienc

46、e this as a problem. Secondly, there is a fundamental difference be-tn wheel loaders and excavatorshe space available for the cab. With the pre-sent design, excavators have a limited widvailable for the cab as it must bei-tioned betthe cab.n the boom and the left machine side, leaving approximay 1 m

47、 forAnother difference ist improving view can increase the cab comfort of theexcavator. View is a very important aspect to work well with the excavator. The boo- m of the excavator has a wide range of motion and the operator needs to see the bu-cket for the full range. A comfortable cab provides a c

48、lear view of the work place andthe bucket, without nesiing awkwardtures.heIt is thereforeroduction, we sedt comfort plays an important role in cab design.eresting to ndt the operators did not mention comfort as one ofthe most important aspects to work well with the machine. They mentioned aspectssuc

49、h as the machines performance, reliability, view and operability. It seemstoperators think rst about the basic requirements needed to perform their task andapparently do not see comfort as one of them.If we compare our results with the results of Nakada, (1997), in both studies theoperator seat is r

50、ed as important. Instrument panel, monitors and meters are alsored as important in Nakadas study. In our study vibration, dashboard and disp-lays are high on the list of parts rated as average/poor by moren 20% of theoperators, but they are not seen as aspectst can improve cab comfort. Nakadasstudy

51、did not mention vibration at all. A reason for this may bet in our study, ex-perienced operators played a larger rolen in Nakadas and becauset study wasfocused onerior design.An increase in cab comfors been achieved during recent years. From Table 1it seemst wheel loaders have made progress on fewer

52、 aspectsn excavators.But in fact, the improvements of specic aspects of wheel loaders (i.e., machines ap-pearance, climate control, and view) were of such a high levelt these aspects wererated as average/poor by fewern 20% of the operators and are therefore not m-entionedhis table. However, 27.7% of

53、 the excavator operators and 25.0% of thewheel loader operators of machinery lessn 4 years old rate the cabins comfortaverage/ poor . These results showt improvement of cab comfort is still needed.In our study, we found some important aspects which can contribute to improvementof cab comfort. Unfort

54、unay, these aspects do not represent detailed information, and we can not say how they should be changed to get a more comfortable cab. The-refore, further research is ne hine individually.5.sary to indicate specic improvements for eaac-Operators do not mention cabin comfort as one of the most impor

55、tant aspects towork well with the machine, yet when asked about it almoslf of the wheel loaderand excavator operators rate their cabins comfort as average/poor. Cab comfort of wheel loaders can be increased by improving seat comfort. Besides seat comfort,cab comfort of excavators can be improved by

56、changing the cab design (includingdimens,ingress/egress), view, reliability, and climate control, according to theoperators. Because we cannot say specically how these aspects should be changedto get a more comfortable cab, further research is nesary to indicate specic impr-ovements for excavators a

57、nd wheel loaders individually.改变轮式装载机和挖掘机机舱里操作者舒适性的方面的内容摘要：在国内在地球上移动的设备的设计中，舒适性的作用越来越重要。尽管研究已经出现在轮式装载机和挖掘机的工具，但是操作者对于此信息没有任何解决办法。在这项研究中，对机械操作者进行了一次完全的问卷，以确定他们为了设计出更加舒适的交通工具环境是需要改进机器的那些方面。结果表明几乎一半的操作者表示他们的机舱的舒适性“一般”或是“很差”。根据操作者的意见，轮式装载机的机舱内的舒适性可以通过改变座位的舒适程度来增加。除了改进座位的舒适程度，挖掘机的机舱的舒适性可以通过改变机舱的设计（包括尺寸规模

58、，/出口尺寸），外观，可靠性和气候的控制来实现。：机舱的舒适性，操作者的意见，在地球上移动的设备。1介绍在交通工具的设计中，舒适性所起的作用表现得越来越重要。在地球上移的机械设备的操作者经常话大量的时间在他们的交通工具，有时一天不仅仅呆 8 小时在这些机器的设计问题上，舒适性是一个主要。操纵在地球上移动的设备不是身体上的繁重的工作，而是需要长期坚持的工作。然而，如此的机器对于骨骼肌肉的是一种的，尤其当工作没有被其他活动打断或破坏。Zimmerman et al. (1997)在地球上移动的机械的者所关注的主要问题在于机体的疲劳，在颈部，肩部，以及背部区域，一般的疲劳和不舒服的感觉。这可以归纳为

59、在长期过程中的负荷作用的累积，这在别扭的下表现的更为频繁，这些疲劳在整个身体的，和驾驶机器的过程中完全出来。一个较为舒适的车辆的工作环境可以减少笨拙的，并能提供一个促使者达到最佳的表现的环境。基于对骨骼肌肉的错乱和他们存在的的文学回顾，Zimmerman et al.在 1997 年对于减少者工作中的肌肉骨骼的错乱给出了四条建议：减少者肌肉骨骼的重要性和他们振动的频率；对于减少所达到的距离，主干的灵活性以及主干的循环，制定出最佳的控制方案；给以笔直的坐在位置上的者提供最大限度的能见度；以及进行有规律的间断以减少长时间维持的工作中使得骨骼肌肉错乱的的影响。机舱的舒适性的改进常常是基于减少而改变的

60、。(Zimmerman et al., 1997;Attebrant et al., 1997)。只有为数不多的几项研究提及了者想要改进的方面。Nakada (1997)根据其创作者、设计师、设计工程师、经营者和年轻人描述出铲斗车，装载机的最佳。Nakada, (1997)，许多设计都注意了仪器的版面，计量器，以及操作者的位置。不幸的是，Nakadas study (1997)的研究里并没有将者的意见提出来。然而，为了设计出一个较为舒适的车辆环境，者的意见是很重要的，因为他们是机器的最终使用者。他们的实践经验对于设计出更为舒适的车辆有很大的帮助。这次研究的目的是找出轮式装载机和挖掘机的者提出的