中考英语阅读理解之议论文解题技巧大揭秘

1、 中考英语阅读理解之议论文解题技巧大揭秘【命题方向】议论文往往有观点， 有事实， 逻辑性强， 命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的 表达意图等方面着手， 考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。 所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力， 或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。 议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样， 可以有主旨 大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。【得分要点】一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨 标题往往是全文的主题， 审视标题， 有利于理解全文， 提高解题效率。 主题句对全文起提示、 启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么， 也可以知道作

2、者希望读者 了解主题方面的哪些内容。 议论文题材偏难， 但其框架一般都很清晰， 多采用总分总的结构， 交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后 作者表明自己的态度， 再次总结文章。 通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末， 在这些地方要多 留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解 除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、 数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题 （按事情发展顺序排序 ），图表题 （ 按文章内容找出 正确图形 ），正误题 （依据文章内容对

3、所列的陈述进行正误判断 ） 。对这种题型， 无论细节题如何 变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚， 但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题， 再读文章。对有关信息进行快速 定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采 用的是反向思维，题中含有 not 或 except 等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加 强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图 做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时， 对作者的态度、 意图及文章细

4、节的发展 作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲 究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下， 使文章行文连贯。 有时 文章还会在时间顺序、 空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。 要想准确、 深刻地理 解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解， 把握全篇的文脉， 即句内、 句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻 辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定： 读者知道什么， 不知道什么， 读者可能与自己 共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的潜台 词。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背

5、后作者的意图，运用背景知识 去挖掘文章的深层含义， 从而正确理解作者的言外之意， 同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧 由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。 许 多学生感到困扰很大， 有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。 要解决阅读中的生词问题， 一是要扩 大英语词汇量， 二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、 反义、 上义、 下义、词的集合、 词的搭配等关系； 利用照应、 替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系； 利用词缀、 转化、 合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。总

6、之， 想要提高阅读能力， 尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读， 学生应能从篇章和试 题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法， 优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力母题来源 1】【2019 ? 浙江省金华、义乌、丽水市】 母题原题】In the park, you see a group of people, all looking up at the sky. Without thinking about it, you look upwards, too. Why? In the concert, someone begins to clap a

7、nd suddenly the whole room joins in. You do, too. Why?Sometimes we feel we are acting correctly when we do the same as others. The more people follow an idea, the better or truer we think the idea is. I t s the social proof社（ 会认同感 ） that works.The scientist Asch carried out an experiment. It shows h

8、ow social proof can influence us. In a room, a man is shown Line 1, and next to it are three lines（A, B, C）. A is longer, C is shorter and B is as long as Line 1. He must tell which of the three lines is as long as Line 1. When the man is alone, he gives the correct answer B. Then, five other men en

9、ter the room, and each of them gives the answer C as they were told to. Now the man changes his idea and gives the answer C. Asch got the same result many times among different subjects（ 实验对象 ）.Why do we act like this? Well, in the past, following others was a way to keep away from danger. Suppose t

10、hat 5000 years ago you were hunting（ 打猎 ） with friends. Suddenly, they all ran away. What would you have done? Would you have stayed? No, you would have run, too. We are descendants（ 后 代） of those who copied others a cIti oisn s.o deeply planted in our mind that we still use it now.Social proof has

11、special power. The advertising industry, for example, often makes use of it. So be careful whenever a company says its product is the most popular .At the beginning of the passage, the writer leads in the topic by .telling a storygiving examplesanswering questionsshowing a mapAccording to Paragraph

12、3, the experiment by Asch shows .following others is always rightsocial proof may change people s ideasit s difficult to carry out the experimentpeople can study better if they are aloneThe underlined word It in Paragraph 4 refers to .running with othershunting with friendscopying others actiondoing

13、 something differentAccording to the passage, we can infer（ 推断 ） that .it s important to run with others anytimeproducts in the advertisement are the bestwe mustn t copy others action to keep safewe need to think twice before following others【查看答案】【文章大意】 本文主要通过一些社会现象以及科学家做的实验，告诉大家不要盲目随波逐流。【答案】 B【解析】

14、细节理解题。 根据第一段可知， 分别讲了在公园和在音乐会上的两种现象 别人抬头看天 空你也会不自觉地看天空， 别人在音乐会上鼓掌， 不一会儿整个屋子的人都会跟着鼓掌。 通过这 两个例子引出本文主题，故答案选 B 。【答案】 B【解析】 细节理解题。根据文中第 3 段中的信息 It shows how social proof can influence us. 它说明了 社会认同感是如何影响我们的；故答案选 B 。【答案】 C【解析】词义猜测题。 根据上文 We are descendants（后代 ） of those who copied others act我io们n. 是那些复制他人行

15、为的人的后代。结合本句It is so deeply planted in our mind 它深深的植入了我们的思想中，它指的就是复制其他人的行为这件事；故答案选 C。【答案】 D【解析】 推理判断题。根据文章我们可以推断，在追随其他人之前，我们需要再三考虑 . 恰巧这也是 整篇文章的主旨，不要盲目随波逐流。故答案选 D 。【母题来源 2】【2019 ? 安徽省中考】【母题原题】Have you tried to run or walk for exercise and then given up? If you answered yes, you should try a new kind

16、 of exercise: aquatic（ 水中的 ） exercise. Aquatic exercise is like exercise on land, but you do it in a swimming pool. More and more people are trying aquatic exercise.Aquatic exercise feels easier than exercising on land. Why? You weigh about 90% less in the pool. It is better for your knees than runn

17、ing or walking. Water is about 1, 000 times thicker and heavier than air. To move through the water, your body has to work four times as hard. As a result, you can burnmore calories（ 卡路里 ）.In fact, most people say they feel more relaxed in the water. They stop thinking about the things that make the

18、m worried. They feel in control of their bodies. The cool, quiet environment makes them feel good.t even need toBut what if you are afraid of the water? No problem! There is nothing to worry about. Aquatic exercise is safe and easy to learn. It doesn t require any special skills. You donhow to swim.

19、 Aquatic exercise is for everyone.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?Difference between air and water.Weight change of one s body.The advantages of aquatic exercise.The ways to do aquatic exercise.What do most people think of aquatic exercise?Relaxing.Worrying.Challenging.Boring.According to the text,

20、 aquatic exercise is .done in groupsfit for everyonedifficult to learndone with special skillsIn which part of a magazine can we read the text?Culture.Health.Nature.Travel.【查看答案】 【文章大意】跑步或走路来锻炼身体总是很容易半途而废， 那么就来尝试一下水中运动吧， 它就像陆地上 的锻炼一样，只不过是在游泳池里。这种锻炼可以燃烧更多的卡路里， 且不会伤害你的膝盖， 还 能让人们感觉很放松，因此受到了越来越多人的欢迎。【答案

21、】 C【解析】细节理解题。 根据第二段的文意可知， 这一段介绍了水中运动比陆地运动更容易的原因，它不伤害你的膝盖，且能燃烧更多的卡路里。总而言之，这一段介绍的是水中运动的优点，故C选项符合文意。【答案】 A【解析】细节理解题。 大多数人认为水中运动怎么样？ A. Relaxing 令人放松的。 B. 是令人担心的； C.是有挑战性的； D. 是无聊的。根据短文第三段中In fact, most people say they feel morerelaxed in the water The cool, quiet environment makes them feel g可oo知d.， 大多

22、数人都觉得在水里很放松，感觉很好。由此可知应选 A 。【答案】 B【解析】细节理解题。 根据短文最后一段 Aquatic exercise is safe and easy to learn. It doesn t require anyspecial skills. You don t even need to know how to swim. Aquatic exercise is for everyone 可知，水中 运动非常安全、学起来也很容易，不需要什么特殊的技能，它适合每个人。由此可知应选B 。【答案】 B【解析】 推理判断题。我们在杂志那个板块可以读到以上内容？A. 是文化；

23、C.是自然； D.是旅行。 根据短文第一段 If you answered yes, you should try a new kind of exercise: aquatic （ 水 中的 ） exercise. Aquatic exercise is like exercise on land, but you do it in a swimming pool. More and more people are trying aquatic exercise 可知，短文介绍的是一种越来越受人们欢迎的新运动 水中运动，这样的内容应该在杂志上的健康版块，故应先 B。母题来源 3】【2019

24、? 山东省潍坊市】 母题原题】A recent study from a team of South Korean researchers suggests that eating alone often may lead to poor eating habits and poor food choices .Specifically ,the study found that men who ate alone more than twice a week had a greater risk of developing high blood pressure ,high choleste

25、rol and diabetes.For children, eating with their families is not only about preventing bad outcomes(结果 ) it isalso about developing good ones.In 2014, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) looked at data from nearly three- quarters of the world s countries .Among its findin

26、gs was the fact that students whoshared a main meal with their families were less likely to skip school .Children who eat a main meal with their families are also less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol( 吸毒酗酒 ).In the report, titled The Importance of Family Dinners (VIII) , researchers say that teens

27、who have frequent family dinners are more likely to say their parents know a lot about what in their lives . They also claim that when teens say they feel closer to their parents, they are less likely to use drugs and alcohol.Another study from the University of Montreal found that children who ate

28、with their families experience long term physical and mental health benefits（ 好处 ） .These children were physically in better shape and drank fewer sugary soft drinks .These children also seemed to have better social skills and they were less aggressive（ 好斗的 ）.Professor Linda Pagani says that mealtim

29、es shared with parents likely provide young children with first-hand social interactions ,discussions of social issues（ 事件 ） and day-to-day concerns . She adds that they may likely help the child have better communication skills with others.What can be the best title for the text?Benefits of eating

30、togetherAdvantages of eating aloneWays of developing social skillsD. Risks of using drugs and alcoholChildren eating with their families are more likely to .drink more sugary soft drinksdo well in their studies at schoolbe more socially active and aggressivehave a closer relationship with their pare

31、ntsWhy is Professor Pagani mentioned in the last paragraph?To introduce herTo add a new pointTo explain furtherTo provide background informationFrom which is the text probably taken?A travel guideA biology textbookA cooking instructionA science magazine【查看答案】【文章大意】这是一篇说明文， 多项研究结果说明家人一起吃饭的重要性， 民以食为天，

32、 吃饭是一个让我 们停下手中的事情来享受生活的机会。【答案】 A【解析】主旨大意题。根据 .Among its findings was the fact that students who shared a main meal with their families were less likely to skip school .Children who eat a main meal with their families are also less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol（ 吸毒酗酒 ）. 和 Another study from the U

33、niversity of Montreal found that children who ate with their families experience long term physical and mental health benefits（ 好处 ）可知文章主要讲一起吃饭的好处；故选A。【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。根据 . They also claim that when teens say they feel closer to their parents , 可知是 和父母有更亲近的关系；故选D 。【答案】 C【解析】 细节理解题。根据 Professor Linda

34、 Pagani says that mealtimes shared with parents likely provide young children with first-hand social interactions ,discussions of social issues（ 事件 ） and day-to-day concerns . She adds that they may likely help the child have better communication skills with others. 可知是为了更深一层的解释孩子和父母一起吃饭的重要性；故选C 。【答

35、案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。根据 A recent study from a team of South Korean researchers suggests that eating alone often may lead to poor eating habits and poor food choices .Specifically ,the study found that men who ate alone more than twice a week had a greater risk of developing high blood pressure ,high chole

36、sterol and diabetes . 和后文的一些调查， 可推测文章内容可能是一篇来自科学杂志的文章； A travel guide 一本旅游指南， A biology textbook 一本生物课本， A cooking instruction 一本烹饪说 明， A science magazine 一个科学杂志；故选 D 。【母题来源 4】【2019 ? 天津市中考】 【母题原题】There are many ways to help improve your health like eating healthy food. Taking exercise and getting m

37、edical help. But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night. The general sleeping rule is that the younger you are, the longer sleep you need. But regardless of（ 不管 ）age, some people need to sleep more while for some a few hours is enough.The

38、 problem with sleep is that more and more people in the world are not sleeping enough. According to the World Health Organization over half the people in the world may be sleep-deprived. Having less sleep not only makes people feel tired but also causes accidents. In the United States alone, sleepy

39、drivers cause at least 100,000 traffic accidents a year. Also sleep problems can cause medical problems such as high blood pressure（ 血压 ）.Why are so many people sleep-deprived? Part of the reasons may be cultural. In the American culture, people put a higher value on work than on sleep. In fact, peo

40、pele who sleep a lot are usuallv seen as lazy. Also, you can sometimes hear some people say proudly that they dont have muchtime to sleep. they only sleep four or five hours a night. It seems that the less you sleep, the more work you ll do.How do we teach these people to learn the value of sleep? P

41、erhaps they may listen to the advice of Dr. James Maas an expert （ 专家 ） in sleep. He says , Sleep is like a credit （ 信用卡 ） card. When you sleep less. you are only borrowing time. You always have to pay it back. The morehours you don sleep, the more hours you should t sleep to pay back the hours on y

42、our sleepcredit card.For those who value work more than sleep, they should listen to what a famous person once said. Don t think you will be doing less work because you sleep during the night. That is a foolish（ 愚蠢的 ） idea which is held by people who have no imagination. You will be able to do more.

43、 According to the writer, the easiest and cheapest way to improve health is to .eat healthy food every daytake excrcisc as much as possibleget medical help whenever necessarysleep eight hours or more every nightWhat does slecep-deprived mean in Paragraph 2?Having a good sleep.Excited about sleep.Hav

44、ing less sleep.Interested in sleep.According to Dr. James Maas, what is sleep like?An hour.A report.A credit card.A piece of paper.What do the words of the famous person mean in Paragragh 5?Sleeping during the night is foolish.Sleeping during the night is helpful.People have no courage.People always

45、 do less work.What is the best title of the passage?The Value of SleepThe Value of StudyThe Ways of Eating LessThe Ways of Making Money【查看答案】【文章大意】本文介绍了睡眠的价值。 文章介绍了有很多方法可以帮助改善你的健康， 但改善健康的最简 单和最便宜的方法就是每晚只睡 8 个小时或更长时间。 世界上越来越多的人睡眠不足。 睡眠不足 不仅使人感到疲劳， 而且还会造成事故。 文化是造成睡眠不足的原因之一。 我们如何教这些人学 习睡眠的价值？睡眠专家告诉我们：睡

46、眠就像信用卡。当你睡眠不足时。你只是在借用时间。 你总是要还钱。 你不睡觉的时间越多， 偿还你睡眠信用卡上的时间就越多。 一位名人 曾经说过：不要以为你会因为晚上睡觉而减少工作。这是一个没有想象力的人的愚蠢的想法。 你可以做得更多。【答案】 D【解析】细节理解题。根据 But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night. 可知，但改善健康的最简单和最便宜的方法就是每晚只睡 8 个小时或 更长时间。故选 D 。【答案】 C【解析】词义猜测题

47、。 A. Having a good sleep. 睡得好； B. Excited about sleep. 对睡眠感到兴奋。 C. Having less sleep. 睡眠不足； D. Interested in sleep. 对睡眠感兴趣。句子 According to the World Health Organization over half the people in the world may be sleep-deprived.根据世界卫生组织的数据，世界上一半以上的人可能睡眠不足。因此 sleep-deprived 的意思是：睡眠不足。故选 C。【答案】 C【解析】细节理解

48、题。 A. An hour. 一个小时； B. A report. 一份报告； C. A credit card. 一张信用卡； D. A piece of paper.一张纸。根据 Sleep is like a credit （ 信用卡 ） card.可知，睡眠就像信用卡。故选 C。【答案】 B【解析】细节理解题。句子 Don t think you will be doing less work because you sleep during the night. That is a foolish（ 愚蠢的 ） idea which is held by people who hav

49、e no imagination. You will be able to do more. 不要以为你会因为晚上睡觉而减少工作。这是一个没有想象力的人的愚蠢的想法。 你可以做得更多。这句话充分说明了晚上睡觉是有帮助的。故选B 。【答案】 A【解析】推理判断题。 A. The Value of Sleep 睡眠的价值； B. The Value of Study 学习的价值； C. The Ways of Eating Less 少吃的方法； D. The Ways of Making Money 赚钱的方式。 根据 There are many ways to help improve yo

50、ur health like eating healthy food. Taking exercise and getting medical help. But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night. 有很 多方法可以帮助改善你的健康， 比如吃健康食品。 进行锻炼并获得医疗帮助。 但改善健康的最简 单和最便宜的方法就是每晚只睡 8 个小时或更长时间。和句子 How do we teach these people to learn

51、 the value of sleep? 我们如何教这些人学习睡眠的价值？可知，本文主要介绍了睡眠的价值。因此最好的题目是 The Value of Sleep. 故选 A 。【母题来源 5】【2019 ? 浙江省宁波市】 【母题原题】Many people might think that if they had more money, then they would be happier in life. For example, people might look at what others have, like expensive clothes or nice cars, and

52、wish they could have the same. But the things that money can buy can not bring happiness to a person for long._ But is that really true? Studies have found that money can, in fact, make people happier. _ _ Instead, it s giving money to others that makes people happy._ _It could be buying a present f

53、or a friend or a family member. _ _ It could he buying a homeless person food to eat. It could he giving money to a person in need. Just think about the last time you used your own money to do something for someone else. How did you feel? Whether it is a small or large amount of money. People feel h

54、appier when they give. This is because making someone else happy makes the giver happy, too.This idea of connecting your happiness to the happiness of others is described as a ubuntu in an African language. There is even a story about a man visiting Africa who asked some kids to race to a nearby tre

55、e. The first child to touch the tree would get a sweet treat. Surprising, all the children heldhands and ran together. They all touched the tree at the same time. The man asked why they had done this. The children simply said yth ceould only enjoy eating the treat if everyone had one.The writer says

56、 that buying things .can make people worriedcan make people nervousmay lead to sadness for longmay lead to happiness for a short timeWhere can we best put But it s not having money that brings happiness. in Paragraph 2?B. C. D. Why does the writer quote（ 引用 ） a story in Paragraph 3?To explain Africa

57、ns like sweets.To show examples are not enough-To make the writer s opinion clearer.To express happiness is from children.What does the writer try to tell us?Buying new things can make people happy.The key to happiness is making others happy.If you want to be happy, you can visit Africa.People who h

58、ave a lot of money might not be happy.【查看答案】【文章大意】很多人都觉得如果他们有更多的钱，他们就会更快乐。 是的， 钱的确能使我们更快乐， 但不 是有钱能让我们快乐， 而是给予别人钱能让我们快乐。 人们在奉献的时候会更快乐， 这是因为让 别人快乐，同时也会使自己快乐。【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。根据短文第一段最后一句话But the things that money can buy can not bringhappiness to a person for long 可知，用钱买东西不能长时间给我们带来快乐。由此可知应选D 。【答案】 B【解

59、析】推理判断题。 题干中这句话 But its not having money that brings happiness. 意为： 但是不是拥有 钱带来快乐。根据上下文的逻辑关系可知，Studies have found that money can, in fact, make peoplehappier. 提到：事实上，钱使人们更开心； 后面又提到 Instead, its giving money to others that makespeople happy 是给别人钱使人们开心。故这句话应放在处，能使上下文意衔接，故选B。【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。这篇短文是议论文，讲述

60、了真正让人们快乐的不是有钱，而是用钱来使别人快 乐。第二段的最后提到 This is because making someone else happy makes the giver happy, too. 让 别人快乐也会让给予者快乐。为了使读者更好地理解这一点，作者讲了下面的故事。因此 C 选项使作者的观点更清楚是正确的。【答案】 B【解析】 主旨大意题。这是一篇议论文，作者先讲述了用钱买东西并不能长久地使人们快乐，然后引 出作者的观点 This is because making someone else happy makes the giver happy, too. 使别人快乐