4、四级翻译备考策略2015专八辅导讲座june3rd

1、专八翻译辅导讲座一、八级考试大纲对翻译测试的要求和规定测试目的：考察学生英汉两种语言的互译能力题型：本题为主观试题。分两部分：第一部分汉译英， 由300字左右的汉语短文组成，其中有150字左右的文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成英语。第二部分英译汉。由300个单词左右的英语短文组成，其中150个左右单词文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成汉语。测试要求：汉译英要求考生运用汉译英理论与技巧，以每小时译约250300汉字的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150字左右。译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。英译汉要求考生运用英译汉理论与技巧，以每小时译约250英语

2、单词的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150单词左右。译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。考试时间：60分钟，两部分的写作时间可互相调剂使用。 二、翻译原文的主要文体及话题 主要问题为散文、议论文和政论文。 汉语散文的特点是形散神不散。所以在翻译成英文时，要适当增加英语连词、副词等以使语句连贯，意义完整。议论文既有描述，又有议论，夹叙夹议。注意时态变化和习惯用法。政论文往往语句较长，且不时地用被动语态。所以在翻译时，语句结构要作调整，语态要作变化。话题涉及社会热点，人生感悟，生活哲理，教育批评，读书学习等。所以多读这方面的书籍，会有助于思想理解和语言表达。 三、应试技巧与策略 1. 战略藐视，战术

3、重视策略 2. 时间分配策略 一般说来，阅卷老师会把注意力集中在前几句话，较少注意最后几句。因此在时间安排上要在开头几句多花些时间。如果翻译的是几段话，每段开头的几句话要多花些时间。这样做是因为：a. 开头句子一般都是主题句，很重要；b. 人的知觉印象往往着重于开头第一印象；3. 大规模的批卷任务，阅卷人对前几句可能比后面的句子看得更加仔细一些。 3. 清晰工整策略 卷面要整洁，书写要工整，字迹要清晰，字体要大小适宜，便于辨认批阅，切莫因字迹潦草，卷面脏乱影响批卷人的情绪。 4难点、易点处理策略难点就是计分点，要正确运用短语和句型，合理变通，适当替代。易点不必花过多时间雕饰，准确忠实第一。总的

4、原则：不求过于漂亮精当，但求正确顺当。 5直译、意译策略 英译汉，适当多一些直译，但要通顺。汉译英，适当多一些意译，但要正确。 6. 生词、熟词处理策略 生词要敢于猜，要根据上下文语境、词语搭配、逻辑关系、学科领域等进行推测猜想。熟词要善于想，要多一个心眼，出题人会不会就这样便宜地给你分数。 7. 避免低级错误 拼写错误，大小写错误，标点符号错误，基本词法、句法错误等。这些均是“硬伤”,一看便知，切不可粗心大意。这些硬伤切莫出现在文章开头、结尾及每段的开头这些“耀眼”的地方。 四、翻译中的关键问题 一）理解问题： 1. 词汇量问题：生词；熟词的多义性；粗心大意弄错词a. I grudge ev

5、ery marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. * 我 （妒忌）每场婚礼，因为它意味着要供应桔子花，这么多金色的水果的希望就砍断了。b. It was tempting to say that Sept 11 changed all that, just as it is tempting to say that every hero needs a villain, and goodness needs evil as

6、its grinding stone. But try to look a widow in the eye and talking about all the good that has come of this. * 令人引诱的说出9.11事件改变了这一切，正如（ ）英雄需要恶棍来陪衬，善良需要邪恶来作为磨刀石。但是尽力看看窗户外面，再谈从中而来的好处。 生词解决办法：a. 扩充词汇量， 按大纲8级要掌握英语词汇1300015000。b. 大胆猜测不认识的生词-根据上下文, 构词法等At first I attributed this new habit to advancing age-

7、I had recently turned 40-and glumly concluded that I was ing morbid. But why, then, was I finding my secret rite so uplifting?起初，我将这个习惯归咎于年岁渐增的缘故（当时我刚40岁），所以我悲哀地认为这是一种病态心理。可是究竟为什么我竟对这个秘密仪式如此兴味盎然呢？ 2) 熟词多义性确定词义的办法：a. 根据不同搭配b. 根据上下文c. 根据逻辑意义 A winner can be spontaneous. He does not have to respond in

8、predetermined, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it.* 一个成功者可以是自发的/ 天生的。 （能够顺势而发。）他不以事先设定的呆板的方式应对事情。他能根据形势需要改变计划。 I believe the eight dead journalists are policy.* 我相信那八个死去的记者是政策。（八个记者的死亡是有计划的谋杀。） 2. 语法问题：理不出主谓宾；弄不清词之间修饰关系和限定的关系 （见下例） 3. 复杂句子结构问题：找不出主干理不出分支弄不清层次理不清关系（或逻

9、辑） a. It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperity and how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it. * 很奇怪地看到美国人多么热情地追求财富，多么受到阴影怀疑的折磨，他们可能没有选择最短的道路获得财富。 主干：to watch is odd. 第一层分支：watch后的宾语从句： what fever

10、ish ardor the Americans(感叹句) and how they are ever tormentedto get it. （感叹句）第二层分支：suspicion 后带定语从句 that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it. 4文化知识问题：对词或词组望文生义，不知其所蕴涵的文化意义。 a. In certain remote corners of Old World you may sometimes stumble upon little places which seem to have been

11、 forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves. * 在古老的世界的某些遥远的角落，有时你会碰见一些看起来在普遍喧闹中被遗忘的小地方，周围都在运动，他们却静止着。b. Martin Buber expresses this idea as he retells an old story of a rabbi who on his deathbed sees himself as loser. The rabbi laments that, in the wor

12、ld to come, he will not be asked why he wasnt Moses; he will be asked why he wasnt himself. * 马丁.布伯当他重述一个犹太大博士（兔子）在死的时候认为自己是一个失败者的故事表明了这个观点。这个大博士哀悼道，在要到来的世界里，他将不会被人们为什么他不是摩斯（莫尔斯），而会被问为什么他不是他自己。 二）表达问题 1. 用词不当，因词害义 2句式不符合译入语的表达习惯a. In certain remote corners of Old World you may sometimes stumble upon

13、 little places which seem to have been forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves.* 在古老的世界的某些遥远的角落，有时你会碰见一些看起来在普遍喧闹中被遗忘的小地方，周围都在运动，他们却静止着。b. A winner is not afraid to do his thinking and to use his own knowledge.* 一个成功者不害怕独立思考和用他自己的知识。 c. 这王冕天生聪明，年纪不满二

14、十岁，就把那天文、地理、经史上的大学问无一不精通。* This Wang Mian was born with genius. He was less than 20 years old and no one he did not know to the great learning in astronomy, geography, the economy and history.Cf. Wang Mian had genius/ was born with genius. While still in his teens, he mastered the whole field of ast

15、ronomy, geography, the classics and history. 五、翻译实例分析 一）英译汉英语长句的翻译要点：理解：捋出主干，梳理分支；分清层次，理清关系；把握篇章，弄清含义。表达：长句分译，转换调整；条件因果，先分后总；选词造句；注意逻辑；词句表达，习惯第一。A. 实例分析 2）The study, published in the current issue of the Journal of Experiment Education, found significant increases in ninth-grade math test score amon

16、g the students who had spent early grades in smaller classes, with the gains even more pronounced among minority students. (40words) 发表在最近一期实验教育杂志上的一项研究表明，那些在低年级以小班上课的学生在九年级数学测试的成绩有明显的提高，尤其是少数族裔的学生的提高更为明显。 2.被动句（结构）的处理和翻译1）Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money

17、for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. 这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助2）Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep.船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳，小孩们很快就进入梦乡。II. Translation techniquesGenerally speaking, there are more than 8 kinds of translation techniqu

18、es which are often used in translation practice. They are: transliteration, annotation, paraphrase, amplification, omission, shift of perspective, adaptation, division, combination, specification, and generalization (华先发、邵毅，2004)翻译方法：1.顺序法Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals

19、, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人类把自己和其它动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代生存下来。 2.逆序法And I take heart from

20、the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于受到顽强地抵抗，吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人甚至还没能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 3. 分译法The president said at a press co

21、nference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, / which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在关于昨天选举结果地新闻发布会上，总统说他解释不了为什么共和党如此大的惨败。 这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院中长期享

22、有的优势。 4. 综合法But without Adolf Hitler who was possessed of demonic personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination anduntil toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he over reached himselfan amazing capacity to size up peopl

23、e and situations there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.然而，如果没有阿道夫.希特勒， 那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。 因为希特勒有着恶魔般的性格、花岗石般的意志、不可思议的本能，无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想像力以及对人和局势惊人的判断力。最后由于权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，所以终遭惨败。2.1 The Basic procedures of translationThe basic procedures of translation consist of three steps: pre

24、liminary preparation, working, and testing.Preliminary preparation refers to all kinds of preparations needed to be made before starting to do rendition(译文), such as choosing what is to be translated, contact the publisher or agent and sign the contract. All these are important for any translator.Wo

25、rkingWorking includes both comprehension and expression. Comprehension consists essentially in determining the meaning of the source language text, but to Nida, meaning is to be interpreted in the broad sense of lexical, syntactic and rhetorical significance. Generally, comprehension involves such s

26、teps as grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and discourse analysis. In other words, both form and content must be considered in comprehension. A. Comprehension Be careful in determining the meaning of the words, phrases and sentences.（1）月明星稀，乌鹊南飞 （曹孟德）Version 1. The stars are

27、 few, the moon is bright. The raven southward wings his flight. (Trans. By Herbert Giles)Version 2. When the stars are few And the moon shines brightly, Magpies and ravens are winging their way Southward. (Trans. By Li Xingcun)More Examples(4) “We sometimes fall in with persons who have seen much of

28、 the world, and of the men who, in their day, have played a conspicuous part in it, but who generalize nothing, and have no observation, in the true sense of the word.” (J. H. Newman)有时候我们遇到一些世故很深，而在年轻时曾经显赫一时的人，但说实在的，这些人并没有什么心得与观察。fall in with(邂逅；不期而遇)， see the world(熟悉世故；深于阅历)， in ones day(在其全盛时代)，

29、play a part in(与之有关)， in the true sense of the word(那字的真实意义)Improved: 我们有邂逅一些熟悉世故的人，和一些曾经见过许多在其全盛时代，叱咤风云，世界安危所系的有名人物的人，但是他们却不能归纳出一点什么来，也毫无真正的观察力。（钱歌川译）More Examples(5) 王先生昨天被偷了。Mr. Wang was stolen last night.(Improved: Mr. Wang was robbed last night.)(6) 郊区： suburb (an area of the city where people

30、live, it can never be used to describe a farming area) environs (the neighbourhood surrounding a town)outskirts(a belt area around the city where farm land can be seen)B. Attention to different kinds of meaning:Traditional semantics: denotation, connotationSemiotic point of view: designative meaning

31、: conceptual meaning (the reference of the signifier to the signified),linguistic meaning(phonological, lexical and syntactic meaning), pragmatic meaning (associative meaning, etc.)Designative meaning and literal meaningDifference between designative meaning and literal meaning:Designative meaning v

32、s. connotative meaningLiteral meaning vs. figurative meaning American Beauty 月月红（X美国美人） Indian summer 小阳春 （X印地安夏天） Indian meal 玉米粥 （X印地安饭） German wool 细毛线 （X德国毛）Pragmatic meaningPragmatic meaning involves such meanings as indexical, emotive, associative, imperative, interpersonal.It is reflected eit

33、her in word, or sentence or discourse.The cuckoo then, on every tree,Mocks married men: for thus sings he,“Cuckoo; Cuckoo, cuckoo”; O word of fear,Unpleasing to a married ear! (W. Shakespeare: Lovers Labours Lost, V, ii)听杜鹃鸟在每一株树上叫，把那娶了妻的男人讥笑：咯咕！咯咕！啊，可怕的声音！害得做丈夫的肉跳心惊。（朱生豪译）（cuckoo-cuckold）C. Attenti

34、on to context and settingFirth: A word in a new context is a new word. No context, no meaning.花想衣裳月想容。Flowers remind one of her garments and the moon reminds one of her face.天下事有难易乎？为之难者亦易也，不为则易者亦难矣。There is nothing difficult for us to do in this world. If we do it, the difficult thing will be easy;

35、 if we dont, the easy thing will be difficult.Dont let the patients Bill of Rights e the lawyers right to bill.别让病人的权利，变成律师的利钱。More examples把你这个你也不喜欢，把你那个你也不喜欢，那么你要我把你怎办呢？Version 1. I do this for you and you dont like it. I do that for you and you dont like it. What do you want me to do to you then?

36、Version 2. I give this to you and you dont like it. I give that to you and you dont like it. What do you want me to do to you then?Polysemic words大家都想知道个究竟。Everybody wants to know what actually happened.不管发生什么事，他总爱会问个究竟。He always likes to get to the heart of the matter whatever it may be.明天的会究竟谁去参加？

37、Who on earth goes (is actually going) to the meeting tomorrow.你究竟要什么？What on earth/ Whatever/ What exactly do you want?这究竟是什么意思？Whatever/ What on earth does this mean?他究竟上哪儿去了？Where on earth is he?/ Where on earth has he gone? 二）汉译英 1. 句子翻译 A. 外位语结构的翻译 在汉语中，独立于句外，同时又和句中的某个成分指同一事物的成分叫做外位语。对应法，即套用汉语含有

38、外位语结构的句子的框架。把马克思主义的普遍真理同我国的具体实际结合起来，走自己的道路，建设有中国特色的社会主义,这是我们总结长期历史经验得出的基本结论。To integrate the universal truth of Marxism with concrete realities of China, blaze a path of our own and build socialism with Chinese characteristics- this is the basic conclusion we have reached in summing up the long hist

39、orical experience. 2) 拆句法， 即将外位语结构变成一个独立的句子或并列分句。 健全自己的身体，保持合理的规律生活，这是自我修养的物资基础。 Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for training. 3) 还原法，即把外位结构改变成句中一个成分。 能不能尽快地把科学技术搞上去， 这是关系到社会主义建设全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。 Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quic

40、kly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country. 4）转化法， 即将外位语结构转化为名词从句或不定式短语， 置于作逻辑主语，而用it作形式主语。 敌人的武力是不能征服我们的，这点已经得到证明了。 It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms. B. 无主句的翻译 在汉语中，只有谓语部分而

41、没有主语部分的句子叫无主句。这是汉语中特有的一种句型。译成英语被动结构a.书的封面上印着一个猎人的像。The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover of the book.b. 发现错误，一定得改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 2）采用 There + be, It +be +to 等结构a. 没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty,

42、 there would be also no facility.b. 究竟能不能巩固呢? Is it possible to consolidate them? 3) 采用倒装语序在游廊得最左端，靠近一道门，却坐着一位将近三十岁的男子。Close by the door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty. 4) 选用适当的名词或代词补出主语a. 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled, our labour will be totally lost.b

43、. 不承认这一条真理，就不是唯物主义者。 Anyone who does not recognize this truth is no materialist.C. 提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难。 To offer a specified standard is difficult.It is difficult to offer a specified standard. C. “把”字句的翻译 汉语“把”字句在结构上用特殊介词“把”字将宾语引出，放在谓语动词之前而构成的一种汉语特有的句型。在意义和作用上，“把”字句是主动句，主要表达主语怎么“处置”的意思，另外还表达“致使”、“对待”等含意

44、。 1） 含“处置”意思的“把”字句：利用英语“动词宾语补语”结构来翻译。 我的一位朋友最近把他的房子油漆过了。 A friend of mine has had his house painted recently. 2) 含有“致使”意思的“把”字句：宾语之后接“忙”、“累”、“急”、“气”、“吓”等加上补语。 你怎么来得这么晚？真把人急死啦！ Why are you so late? We were worried to death about you. 3) 表示“把甲当乙”的“把”字句：利用英语“动词宾语as/ for 宾语”结构来翻译。村里人不把我当外人。People in the

45、 village didnt treat me as a stranger. 4) 带有双宾语的“把”字句：英译时，双宾都置于动词之后。可用“动词间宾直宾”或“动词直宾to +间宾”结构来翻译。a. 我们把水泵借给他们了。We lent them the pumps.b. 他们把消息告诉了他们遇到的每一个人。They told the news to everybody they met. D 汉语长句的翻译 汉语长句与英语长句在结构上不同。英语长句是由主干分支，即主语谓语扩展而来的。英语重形合，句子再长，只含一个主语和谓语（主句的），统领全句，其它成分往往通过各种连接手段（如使用介词、连词、

46、关系代词和关系副词等）同主谓成分挂钩建句。而汉语重意合，其句子结构松散，如行云流水，句子主谓较难辨认，尤其长句如此。句子之间常常缺乏应有的连接词将其相连，所以句子及语篇要靠逻辑意义和逻辑顺序来维系。在时间上重视时间的先后顺序，在逻辑上重视前后因果关系。 汉语长句翻译可采取如下三种方法： 1) 原序翻译上海针织公司由3个企业组成， 生产规模大，且拥有众多的名牌产品， 如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌, 公司每年销售额达13亿人民币。 Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad prod

47、uction scale, and with several well-known local bands such as “Chrysanthemem”, “Swan” and “Three Guns”, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3billion yuan RMB. 2) 分译 （拆译或断句） a. 含疑问、感叹或反诘句盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉， 加上清风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step

48、onto the trial through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is! b.含比方句以农民为例，他们更乐于使用科学种田法， 由于种植杂交水稻面积的增加，单位面积的产量也增加了。Take the peasants for example. They are now more eager to use

49、scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to hybrid rice has risen so that the per-mu yield has gone up considerably. c. 含概括句灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前仆后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。 For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughter of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed

50、their lives, one stepping into breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moves us to songs and tears. d. 含对立句 与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大，以致发生了争吵，一时会场的气氛紧张起来。 The opinions of the attendants were far from unanimous about this issue so that some of them began t

51、o quarrel with each other. The atmosphere at the meeting became tense at the moment. e. 含有多层意义 漫步山间时，听得四处竹林间的潺潺泉声，众多的细泉汇成一条狭长而深邃的小溪，顺山势而下，及至悬崖处，猛然跌落二、三丈，形成一瀑布，水珠飞溅，凉透肌肤。 Strolling along the path you can hear spring singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. Several little springs assemble into a narro

52、w but deep little river, running along the mountainside. Meeting a small cliff, it falls down twenty or thirty feet with drops splashing, forming a thin water curtain which gently covers your skin. 3) 变序翻译凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意与天津市工业企业通过技术转让、引进人才、技术帮助、经济支持等途径共同开发国家统一经营以外的制成品， 特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品， 并通过外方的销售渠道直接为外

53、国公司提供制成品， 可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务。Where an enterprise is willing and able to develop the finished products that are not subject to the unified operation by the State through joint efforts with the industrial enterprises in Tianjin, particularly in respect of machinery and electronic products and refined

54、 chemical products, by means of technology transfer, introduction of technical personnel, technical assistance and economic support, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products through the sales channel of the foreign parties, they may apply to the Municipal Commission of Foreign Econ

55、omic Relations and Trade for the expansion of the business of joint development. 丰收年多积累一点，灾荒年或半灾荒年就不积累或者少积累一点。Accumulate more in good years and less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail 2. 篇章翻译弄清原意，准确表达，灵活掌握，适当替代；语句结构，主谓完整，语序排列，适当调整；书写规范，标点正确。范例分析Part IV Translation A. Chinese t

56、o English: 1. 大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨的家园。这样, 每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。(2002) 如下这篇翻译你觉得如何？可以打多少分？（满分为10分）The great nature gives the people charity equally, no matter they are rich or poor. So peo

57、ple to the great nature, all of them depend on it deeply. Especially in the countryside, people have been living a changeless life since a thousand years. Plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, raise and milk cows, weed and cultivate flowers; on weekends go to church for prayers and religions

58、services; during the holidays play the musical instrument and dance and sing in the square. The countryside of the past days still are todays happy home yard. Thus every place has its own legend, and its customs pass on. 斜体字部分是有问题的，你发现是什么问题？The great nature gives the people charity equally, no matte

59、r they are rich or poor. So people to the great nature, all of them depend on it deeply. Especially in the countryside, people have been living a changeless life since a thousand years. Plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, raise and milk cows, weed and cultivate flowers; on weekends go to ch

60、urch for prayers and religions services; during the holidays play the musical instrument and dance and sing in the square. The countryside of the past days still are todays happy homeyard. Thus every place has its own legend, and its customs pass on. 参考译文：注意语句的结构和措辞Nature favors people alike, whethe