2021届高考英语一轮复习考点36阅读理解说明文考点归纳

1、2021届高考英语一轮复习考点36阅读理解说明文考点归纳2021届高考英语一轮复习考点36阅读理解说明文考点归纳2021届高考英语一轮复习考点36阅读理解说明文考点归纳考点36 阅读理解说明文高考频度:说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式,通过解说事物或阐明事理,达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理,了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等,了解事理的含意、特点等.最近五年，说明文的出现变化

2、不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题;高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的,通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握.说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大.词汇运用灵活,同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等.命题方式考向一 细节理解题 说明文中考查

3、的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：在列举处命题，如用first（1y）、second(1y）、third（1y)finally、notonlybutalso、then、inaddition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。在例证处命题,句中常用由as、suchas、forexample、forinstance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、infact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、notsomuchas等词语引导，命题

4、者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查.在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系.细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处,只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思.考向二 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白,因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以theunderlined pa

5、rtinparagraphrefersto或whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword？为设问方式.解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的,并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意.或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词.要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it,they，them等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境,认真阅读原文，分析动作转

6、换背景，弄清动作不同执行者,以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。考向三 主旨大意题说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解.即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以thispassagemainlytalksabout_。 whatisthemainideaofthepassage？ 为设问方式。 答题时首先阅读题干,掌握问题的类型,了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息,然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案.考向四 判断推理题这种试题常以(1）the p

7、assage is intended to。.（2） the author suggests that.(3） the story implies that（4） which point of view may the author agree to？(5） from the passage we can conclude that.(6） the purpose of the passage is to。.为设问方式.这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系,文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题

8、可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断.如:动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断,了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有whatwastheauthorsattitudetowar

9、ds.。.?等.高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题.其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词,因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子,而且还需要把句子放在上下文中,根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法，语境等推测关键词义,可以根据以下几种方法猜测

10、:（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1。通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子:The word secure in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_.freefromanxiety B. anxious C。 nervous D. happy根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A.二是看在进一

11、步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星），Mars(火星），Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于行星这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据

12、not at all.。.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。2。根据因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so,thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是责备。3。通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如

13、：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought。从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为久旱，旱灾。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is,in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。4。通过句法功能来推测词义例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some

14、other kind of fruit grow in warm areas。假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子.5.通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写.例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and w

15、alks in a funny way。 Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish。从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。(二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:The snakes lithered through the grass。根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither词义为爬行.（三）构词法在阅读

16、文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根，前缀，后缀，合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。1.根据前缀猜测词义例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的)，我们便可猜出semiconscious词义半清醒的，半昏迷的.Im illiterate about such things.词根literate意为有文化修养的

17、，通晓的，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指一窍不通，不知道的。2.根据后缀猜测词义例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed。后缀cide表示杀者，杀灭剂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫)，不难猜出insecticide意为杀虫剂.Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示小的，词根drop指滴，滴状物.将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义小滴，微滴.3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Growing economic problems were highlighte

18、d by a slowdown in oil output。 Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的,强的)和light(光线）两部分组成,合在一起便是以强光照射,使突出的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起,指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动斗牛.二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意,一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法:（一）阅读

19、文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二)寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下,尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成,除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句,即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时,要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章,中心思想常常贯穿在全文中,因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯

20、通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结.主题句的特点是：1。相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。总之，为提高阅读理解能力,在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语,运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测,把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础。阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外

21、阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法,才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。题组一（2020年高考真题)Passage1(2020全国新课标卷I，C） Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows， while most likely contributing to fewer injuries。 It does, however, have its own problem。Race walkers are conditioned athletes。 The longest track and fiel

22、d event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact （接触） with the ground at all times。 Its this strange form

23、that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg， an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem， Mass。Like running， race walking is physically demanding, she says， According to most calculations， race walkers moving at a pace of six mi

24、les per hour would burn about 800 calories（卡路里） per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking， although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour。However， race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr。 Norberg s

25、ays. According to her research， runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step， while race walkers, who do not leave the ground， create only about 1。4 times their body weight with each step.As a result, she says， some of the injuries associated with running, such as run

26、ners knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips， so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport。 In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach

27、or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says。 It takes some practice.28Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?AThey must run long distances.BThey are qualified for the marathon。CThey have to follow special rules.DThey are good at swinging their legs.29What advantage does race walking

28、have over running？AIts more popular at the Olympics.BIts less challenging physically。CIts more effective in body building.DIts less likely to cause knee injuries.30What is Dr. Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking？AGetting experts opinions.BHaving a medical checkup.CHiring an experienc

29、ed coach。DDoing regular exercises。31Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking？ASkeptical.BObjective。CTolerant.DConservative。Passage2（2020全国新课标卷II，B）Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child， but researchers said puzzles help children with mat

30、h-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills。 Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after cont

31、rolling for differences in parents income， education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 childparent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills whe

32、n assessed at 54 months of age。“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not， on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转）and translate shapes, Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about ha

33、lf of children in the study played with puzzles at one time。 Higherincome parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently， and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills。 However， boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents o

34、f boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play？ABuilding confidence.BDeveloping spatial skills。CLearning self-control.DGaining

35、high-tech knowledge.25What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？AParents age.BChildrens imagination.CParents education。DChild-parent relationship.26How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play？AThey play with puzzles more often.BThey tend to talk less during the game.CThey

36、 prefer to use more spatial language.DThey are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27What is the text mainly about?AA mathematical method。BA scientific study.CA woman psychologistDA teaching program。Passage3(2020全国新课标卷III，D)We are the products of evolution， and not just evolution that occurred billi

37、ons of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes （基因）， they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years。 People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation （

38、突变） that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food， but to the ocean。 A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers。 The Bajau, as these people are kn

39、own, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia， Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats； in recent times， theyve also built houses on stilts （支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney CJubilado, a University of Hawaii resear

40、cher who studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish。 “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could se

41、e them actually walking under the sea.In2015, Melissa Ilardo， then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen， heard about the Bajau。 She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed lik

42、e the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population， said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.32What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?AEnvironmental adaptation of cattle raisers。BNew knowledge of hum

43、an evolution.CRecent findings of human origin。DSignificance of food selection.33Where do the Bajau build their houses?AIn valleys.BNear rivers。COn the beach.DOff the coast.34Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?AThey could walk on stilts all day.BThey had a superb way of fishing。CThey

44、could stay long underwater.DThey lived on both land and water.35What can be a suitable title for the text？ABodies Remodeled for a Life at SeaBHighlanders Survival SkillsCBasic Methods of Genetic ResearchDThe Worlds Best DiversPassage4（2020全国山东新高考卷I,D)According to a recent study in the Journal of Con

45、sumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake。 And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份）， its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid。To test the

46、effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began， each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. A

47、n actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first。 In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food。 The participants

48、 followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have。 However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin。For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls。 In the other case， she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first te

49、st： the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces。The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when were making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “Ill have what shes having”

50、effect. However， well adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits。 But if a thin person eats a lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim， why cant I？12What is the recent study mainly about？AF

51、ood safety。BMovie viewership。CConsumer demand.DEating behavior.13What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?ABig eaters.BOverweight persons。CPicky eaters.DTall thin persons.14Why did the researchers hire the actor？ATo see how she would affect the participants.BTo test if the p

52、articipants could recognize her。CTo find out what she would do in the two tests.DTo study why she could keep her weight down。15On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph？AHow hungry we are.BHow slim we want to be。CHow we perceive others。DHow we feel about the food.题组二

53、（2019年高考真题）Passage1（2019全国新课标卷I，C）As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量）technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces。 At present, these technologies are still expensive， though。Researchers from Georgia Tech say t

54、hat they have come up with a low-cost device(装置）that gets around this problem： a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the for

55、ce of a users typing and the time between key presses。 These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities， and by extension， whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also do

56、esnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently。In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device c

57、ould be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed， with very low error rates。 The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts。 The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.2

58、8. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys。B。 To improve accuracy in typingC。 To replace the password system。D. To cut the cost of espace protection.29。 What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?A。 Computers are much easier to operate.B。 Fingerpr

59、int scanning techniques develop fast.C。 Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed。30。 What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.A。 Itll be environment-friendly.B。 Itll reach consumers soon。C。 Itll be made of plastics.D. Itl

60、l help speed up typing。31. Where is this text most likely from？A. A diary.B。 A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine。Passage2(2019全国新课标卷I,D）During the rosy years of elementary school(小学）， I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status。 I was the queen of the playgro