初中英语句子成分讲解解析

1、PAGE PAGE 6初中英语句子成分讲解一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。二、详解主语 主语是一个句子的主要成分，也是句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。它表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或名次化的形容词等充当。 1.名词：The car is running fast. Tom is a good boy.2.代词：We are students. This is my pen. Yours is on the desk.3.数词：One of my classmates is fro

2、m Shanghai. Two and three is five.4.不定式 （常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出现,it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式） To give is better than to receive =It is better to give than to receive. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.动名词：Smoking is harmful to the health.6.名词化的形容词：The rich should help the poor.补充：1. it做主语，有如下情况：

3、 1) 指代刚刚提到的事物：Whats this? Its a bus. (指代what) 2) 指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人Whos knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who) Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. (指代 who) 3) 表示时间、天气、距离Whats the time? Its eight oclock. (时间) Whats it going to be tomorrow? Its going to be rainy.(天气) How far is it? Its about one

4、kilometer away. (距离) 2.THERE 引起的There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。如： There are many different kinds of mooncakes. There will be a strong wind. 谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的状态或特征，说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，一般由动词或动词短语来充当。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。依据其在句中繁简程度,可把谓语分为如下： 1.简单谓语：由动词(或动词短语)构成，可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 I like app

5、les. He practices running every morning. (一般现在时主动语态)I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态)It is used by travelers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被动语态) 复合谓语：1)情态动词或其他助动词动词原形 She can speak a little English. Youd better catch a bus. I have seen this man before.2)系动词+表语She is t

6、alking with her sister. The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. He looked worried. I feel terrible. He seemed tired last night. 表语 表语用于说明主语的性质、身份、特征、感受和状态等，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，它一般由名词、代词、形容词、副词、分词、数词、动名词、不定式、介词短语及从句充当，一般位于系动词(如be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell,

7、sound, taste等)之后。表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语，即成系表结构。1.名词：My mother is a doctor.2.代词：Is it yours?3.形容词：The weather has turned cold.4.副词：Time is up. The class is over.5.分词：The story is interesting. (现在分词) The door is closed. (过去分词)6.数词：Two and three is five.7.动名词：His hobby is playing basketball.8.不定式：My job is

8、 to teach English.9.介词短语：The machine must be out of order.10.从句：The fact is that he has been to Beijing.补充：系动词（Link Verb），它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，不能用进行时态，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类如下：1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如

9、：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。(keep warm, keep silent, keep safe, keep dry)This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The door remained closed. 门仍然是关着的。The shop stays open till midnight. The book lies open on the table. The snow lies thick on the ground.How do things stand at the moment? St

10、and still. 情况如何3）表象系动词：用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, “看起来、显得”seem/ appear+(to be ) adj. / n.例如：Anna does not seem sure. Lucy appears worried.He seems (to be) very sad. He looks tired / angry / sad / happy. 4）感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：Your hands feel cold. This flower smells v

11、ery sweet.Your story sounds interesting. The milk tastes sweet.5）变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, 例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。The sky turns pink. 天空一片红霞。He turned writer two years ago. (turn 意为“变为”，多和颜色相搭配。在名

12、词做表语时，不定冠词要省略。)The baby falls asleep. (进入某种状态)Fish soon goes bad in hot weather. He has gone blind. (go 意为“变为”多跟形容词，变化通常是由好变坏。短语搭配：go wrong, go bad, go mad, go hungry, go dead)My dream has come true. (成为)6）终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,例如：His story proves false. (后来事实表明是) He proved a very usefu

13、l friend.His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（结果是，最终情况是）宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词之后，和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”。能作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动名词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式和宾语从句等.1.名词:I saw a cat in the tree. 我看见树上有一只猫。 2.代词:I met him on my way home.3.数词:How many apples do you have? I have three.4.动名词:We enjoy playing football.5.名

14、词化的形容词:They helped the old yesterday.6.动词不定式:She wants to go home.7.宾语从句:We think (that) you are right.补充：宾语种类1.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)：Lend me your book. = Lend your book to me.有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,一般指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语。可以带两个宾语的动词bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,

15、但若把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 则间接宾语前须加适当的介词to或for等。 My father bought me a book. Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮给我。 Please give the letter to Xiao Li.请把这封信给小李。 2.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整, 它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。 We all call him Lao Wang. Plea

16、se color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色。 We found the little girl in the hill. 我们在山上找到了小女孩。 宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的特诊、状态或身份，一般谓语宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合殡仪。需接复合宾语的动词有：name, tell, find, let, help, teach, ask, see, have, order, make等。它一般可由名词、形容词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语和从句充当。1. 名词:His father named him Jim.2.形容词:We find the story very inter

17、esting.3.副词:Let her in, please. I saw him out with Lucy.4.分词:They saw a bird flying in the sky. He found the door locked. 5.不定式:The doctor told me to do exercise. I ask him to go home now.6.介词短语:I found her in the room.7.从句:We will soon make our city what your city is now.定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要

18、是形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式等。形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。但副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 1.形容词:He is a new student.2.名词:There are thirty women teachers in our teacher.3.代词:This song is better than that one. His English is very good. 形容词性物主代词4.数词:There are two students in the classroom.5.分词:C

19、hina is a developing country. America is a developed country.6.副词:Do you know the man over there?7.介词短语:The bike in the room is mine.8.动词不定式:We have a lot of things to do tomorrow.状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明事物发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、条件或伴随情况、程度等。一般由副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词组或短语等来充当。单个副词状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或

20、句末。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。）1.副词Thank you very much. (副词表示程度)The old man is walking slowly. (副词表示方式)He usually gets up at six. (副词表示时间)We all work here. (副词表示地点)2.名词:Wait a minute.3.介词短语:He has lived in the city for ten years.4.不定式:He is proud to have passed the exam.5.从句:We w

21、ere having breakfast when the telephone rang.状语的种类：1.时间状语:He usually gets up at six.2.原因状语:Yesterday she didnt go to school because of illness.3.条件状语:I will go there if it doesnt rain.4.地点状语:Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.5.方式状语:She put the eggs into the basket with great care.6.目的状语:In order to

22、 catch up with the others, I must work harder.7.结果状语:She was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.让步状语:She works very hard though she is old.9.伴随状语:She came in with a book in her hand.10.比较状语:I am taller than he is.补充：1.状语从句分类及常用连词： 时间状语从句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till,

23、once, as soon as ,etc. 地点状语从句where, wherever 原因状语从句because, since, as, for, now that, etc. 目的状语从句in order that, so that, that, etc. 结果状语从句sothat, so that, suchthat, that, etc. 条件状语从句if, unless, as(so)long as, etc. 让步状语从句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as, etc. 比较状语从句asas, soas, than, etc. 方式状语从句as, as if, as though, etc. 2.相似连词的用法区别 一、when, while, as, while表时间，从句需用延续性动词，切不可用瞬间动词。when表时间，从句既可以用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词。as表时间，与when相似，但侧重强调主从句动作同点或同段进行。when, while后可以接分词短语。 二、because, as, since, for