NIT,负所得税的概念及例子

1、Lesson OneHow to Get the Poor off Our ConscienceJohn Kenneth Galbraith第一页，共三十页。Group 11.John Kenneth Galbraith Life Works Achievement2.John.M.Keynes and Keynesian economics in 1930s3. Reagans economics4.Gini-Coefficient 第二页，共三十页。Group 24.Social Darwinism5.Supply-side economics6.NIT7.Milton Friedman8

2、.Adam Smith David Ricardo John D.Recketfeller第三页，共三十页。第四页，共三十页。John Kenneth GalbraithBorn:October 15,1908Died :April 29,2006(aged 97)A Canadian-American economistA Keynesian （凯恩斯主义者） an institutionalist（经济思想史上的制度学派）第五页，共三十页。Early life and teaching:1934 Ph.D in agricultural economics from the Univers

3、ity of California, Berkeley.Became a tutor at Harvard University1937A year-long fellowship at the University of Cambridge(where he was influenced by John Maynard Keynes)第六页，共三十页。1939-1940Taught at Princeton University1949Appointed professor of economics at HarvardServed as deputy head of the Office

4、of Price Administrationworked for Fortune Magazine for 5 years where he expounded （详细说明）Keynesianism to the American business leadership第七页，共三十页。During World War II1961-1963 As an adviser to President John F. Kennedy, Galbraith was appointed United States Ambassador to India1972 Served as president

5、of the American Economic Association2006 Died in Cambridge第八页，共三十页。Works Although he was a president of the American Economic Association, Galbraith was considered an iconoclast （打破旧习的人）by many economists1977 The Age of Uncertainty for BBC televisionHundreds of essays and a number of novels: Among h

6、is novels, A Tenured Professor achieved particular critical acclaim.第九页，共三十页。Some of Kenneths famous economics books1952 American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power1954 Best seller The Great Crash, 1929 1958 The Affluent Society 1973 Economics and the Public Purpose 1994 A Short History

7、 of Financial Euphoria第十页，共三十页。Honors1985 The American Humanist Association named him the Humanist of the Year1993 Lomonosov Gold Medal1997 Order of Canada (Officer) 2000 Awarded the U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom2001 Padma Vibhushan (India) 第十一页，共三十页。John M.KeynesJohn Maynard Keynes(5 June 188

8、3 21 April 1946)A British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.第十二页，共三十页。Economic theory in 1930s(because of the Great Depression)The General Theory of Employment, Interest and MoneyThe central argume

9、nt: the level of employment is determined, not by the price of labour as in neoclassical （新古典主义的）economics, but by the spending of money (aggregate demand 总需求)第十三页，共三十页。under-employment and under-investment are likely to be the natural state unless active measures are takenactivist economic policy b

10、y government to stimulate demand in times of high unemployment, for example by spending on public works.The General Theory is often viewed as the foundation of modern macroeconomics第十四页，共三十页。Gini-coefficient 基尼系数A measure of statistical dispersion （离差） developed by the Italian statistician and socio

11、logist Corrado GiniAn internationally recognised measure usually only applied to the wealth of countriesThe inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example levels of income or wealth)第十五页，共三十页。Social Darwinism 社会达尔文主义A theory that persons, groups, and races are subject to the same l

12、aws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had proposed for plants and animals in nature.第十六页，共三十页。Social DarwinismSocial Darwinists, held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by survival of the fittest（适者生存）The theory was used from the late 19th century to support l

13、aissez-faire（放任政策） capitalism and political conservatism（保守主义） Social Darwinism declined as scientific knowledge expanded第十七页，共三十页。Supply-side economic 供应经济学Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic (整体经济） thought Economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for peop

14、le to produce (supply) goods and services, such as lowering income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation. 第十八页，共三十页。Supply-side economicAccording to supply-side economics, consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at

15、 lower prices. 第十九页，共三十页。Negative income tax （NIT）负所得税In economics, a negative income tax is a progressive income tax system where people earning below a certain amount receive supplemental pay from the government instead of paying taxes to the government. 第二十页，共三十页。Negative income taxDeveloped by B

16、ritish politician Juliet Rhys Williams in the 1940s Later the United States economist Milton Friedman combined NIT with his flat tax(统一税） proposals.第二十一页，共三十页。Negative income taxThe main drawback（不利条件） The NIT might reduce the incentive(动机） to work, since recipients of the NIT would receive a guaran

17、teed minimum wage equal to the government payment in the absence of employmentIt requires considerable reporting and supervision （监督） in order to avoid fraud（诡计）第二十二页，共三十页。Milton Friedman 米尔顿弗里德曼An American economist, statistician（统计学家） and author who write Capitalism and Freedom in 1962His politica

18、l philosophy emphasizes the advantage of free market economy and against the governments intervention (介入） .The important point of Friedmans theory : Adhere（拥护） to the economic freedom第二十三页，共三十页。Milton FriedmanHonors and awards1951 John Bates Clark Medal1976 the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Scie

19、nces1988 Presidential Medal of Science第二十四页，共三十页。Milton FriedmanMilton Friedmans ideas concerning monetary（货币的） policy, taxation, privatization（私有化） and deregulation（撤销管制规定） influenced government policies, especially during the 1980s.It influenced the Federal Reserves response tothe global financial

20、 crisis第二十五页，共三十页。Adam Smith（亚当斯密）Born in Scotland. One of those 18th century Scottish moral philosophers whose impulses led to our modern day theoriesHis work marks the breakthrough of an evolutionary approach which has progressively displaced（取代） the Aristotelian（亚里士多德） view.第二十六页，共三十页。David Ricardo 大卫李嘉图A political economistOften credited with systematizing economics（系统化经济学）One of the most influential of the classical ec