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1、临床病理讨论会第1页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日A 10 y/o girlChief complaint:Chest discomfort, vomiting and dry cough for one day第2页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Brief HistoryGrowth & development:Weight: 22 kg (3rd-10th percentile)Height: 130 cm (25-50th percentile)Development milestone: within normal limitPast h

2、istoryHand-foot-mouth disease in 1998Frequent URI and fever during childhoodNo drug or food allergy第3页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Brief HistoryFamily history:Her sister had fever and URI recently. 第4页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Present IllnessFever and bilateral hand arthralgia attack once 1 month ago

3、Chest discomfort and cough since 9/11 afternoon, 2001Visit LMD and URI was toldVomiting and chest tightness on 9/12 0 AM and 5 AM第5页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Present Illness9/12 morning, visit LMD again, ECG showed arrhythmiaRefer to 亞東 hospital第6页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Present IllnessFindings

4、at 亞東 hospital Clear consciousness, ill-looking, pallor appearance, no cyanosis Irregular heart beat EKG: VPC bigeminy第7页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Present IllnessLab. findings at 亞東 hospital WBC 9000/mm3, Hb 13.5 g/dl BUN 11 mg/dl, Cre 0.6 mg/dl GOT 25 U/L, CK 665 U/L, CK-MB 175 U/L第8页,共61页,2022年,5

5、月20日,19点9分,星期日Present IllnessEchocardiogram at 亞東 hospital Multiple small VSDs, muscular trabecular type, at apex LV dyskinesia, LVEF 60-70% Mild TR, mild MR第9页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Present IllnessManagement at 亞東 hospital Lidocaine iv drip Dopamine 10 mg/kg/min Refer to NTUH (2pm)第10页,共61页,202

6、2年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Physical ExaminationPhysical findings at NTUH Consciousness: lethargic, acute ill-looking T/P/R: 37/140/25 BP 80/46 SaO2 97% HEENT: pale conjunctiva anicteric sclera mild cyanotic lip第11页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Physical Examination Neck: jugular venous engorgement Chest: bilater

7、al basal rles Heart: irregularly irregular beats, distant heart sound no murmur第12页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Physical Examination Abdomen: no hepatomegaly hypoactive bowel sound Extremities: freely movable cold and cyanotic poor capillary refilling第13页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Initial Lab DataCBC:

8、 WBC Hb Hct Plt 8840 12.7 37.2 % 160 K Seg 82.4%, Lym 13.8%, Eos 0.1%BCS: BUN Cre Na K Cl Ca 12.8 0.63 141 4.5 104 2.41 第14页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Initial Lab DataVBG: pH pCO2 pO2 HCO3 BE 7.36 47.4 27.3 26.9 +1.4Cardiac enzyme: CPK(U/L) CK-MB Troponin I (ng/ml) 1040 196.5 31.9CRP: 0.53 mg/dl 第15

9、页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEKG (9/12): 第16页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEKG (9/12): 第17页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEKG (9/12): 第18页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEchocardiogram (9/12):LV enlargementLVEF 45%Muscular VSDMild MR, TR, PR 第19页,共6

10、1页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Echocardiogram (9/12)第20页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Course and TreatmentManagementFor cardiogenic shock: Dopamine, Dobutamin, Primacor, LasixFor ventricular arrhythmia: Amiodarone, Lidocaine, MgSO4For myocarditis: IVIG, Consider extracorporeal membranous oxygenator (ECMO) sup

11、port第21页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Course and Treatment9/12 5pm (3 hr after admission)Progressive hypotensionSudden onset of coma, BP drop (pulseless)EKG: ventricular tachycardiaStart CPR (40 min)Start ECMO, transfer to SICU第22页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日EKG (9/12, 5 PM)第23页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星

12、期日Course in SICUECMO settingV-A ECMO: 15 Fr Rt femoral artery, 19 Fr Rt femoral vein by cutdownFlow: 2000 ml/minMean BP: 70 mmHgUrine output: 1.72 ml/kg/hr第24页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Echocardiogram (9/13)第25页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Course in SICUVT persistent despite of cardioversion, Lidocain

13、e, Amiodarone, MgSO4 9/12 9/17: ECMO 5 daysPoor LV functionPersistent lung edema (CXR, clinically)TnI slowly decreaseA-line flatten, no pulsatile wave form第26页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Course in SICUEndomyocardial biopsy (9/14)Mild to moderate perivascular and interstitial lymphocyte infiltrationFo

14、ci of myocyte degeneration Interstitial edemaNo giant cell Compatible with acute myocarditis第27页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Course in SICULA drain (9/17): To decompress LV, avoid thrombosisLA dome cannulation connecting to FV cannula ECMO FALAP: 22 mmHg 10 mmHg第28页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Echocardi

15、ogram (9/17)第29页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Course in SICU9/18, 4am Acute thrombosis at LA cannula and ECMO circuit poor flowCPR for 30 min. and emergent re-set ECMO tubing Cons. After CPR: E1M1VTLight reflex (+)第30页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Course in SICU9/19, 8am: gross hematuria and ECMO tube thr

16、ombosis reset ECMOProgressive dilated pupils, no light reflex, suspected hypoxic encephalopathyRemove ECMO on 9/23 (10th day)第31页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Lab data9/129/139/149/159/169/17TnI31.962.41007437.3CK104091242342126759138647026CK-MB196368687403207101Cre0.630.590.560.50.470.51Bil1.240.510.6

17、51.361.51.35第32页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Lab Data第33页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Lab DataSerology study;Mycoplasma pneumonia IgM: (9/12) positive, (9/21) negativeOther virology study: all negative Coxsackie A, Coxsackie B1-B6, CMV IgG & IgM, Enterovirus 70, Influenza A & B第34页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9

18、分,星期日Lab DataCulture:Throat swab (9/12): Staphylococcus aureusNasal swab (9/12): Staphylococcus aureus, Viridans streptococciBlood (9/19): Staphylococcus epidermidis第35页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日DiscussionDiagnostic approach: Cause of chest pain in childrenIdiopathic: 12-45%Costochondritis: 9-22%Mu

19、sculoskeletal trauma: 21%Cough, asthma, pneumonia: 15-21%Psychogenic factors: 5-9%GI disorders: 4-7%Cardiac disorders: 0-4%第36页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Diagnostic approachHx: cough, vomitingPE: hypotension jugular venous distention tachycardia irregular heart beat basal rles poor peripheral perfus

20、ion Cardiovascular compromise 第37页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Diagnostic approachFlu-like illness, arrhythmia, cardiovascular compromise Acute myocarditis highly suspectedD/D: Dilated cardiomyopathy Anomalous left coronary artery Chronic tachyarrhythmia Pericarditis 第38页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dia

21、gnostic approachEKG: VPC bigeminy, ventricular tachycardiaST-segment changeElevated cardiac enzymeEchocardiogram: marked LV dyskinesiaEndomyocardial biopsyLymphocyte infiltrationMyocyte degeneration Acute myocarditis confirmed第39页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Clinical classification of myocarditisFulmi

22、nantAcuteChronic activeChronic persistentInitial presentationShock, severe LV dysfuntionCHFCHFNormal LV functionEndomyocardial biopsyMultifocal active myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisNature historyComplete recovery or deathIn

23、complete recovery or DCMDCMNormal LV function第40页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Myocarditis: an enigmatic disease!第41页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisInitial non-specific symptoms Difficult to establish the diagnosisEtiology hard to findComplexity of pathogenesisOften refractory t

24、o conventional treatment第42页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisInitial non-specific symptoms Similar to patients with sepsis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and renal failure etc.Aggressive fluid resuscitation may harm unstable patientsRapid progression in

25、fulminant myocarditis第43页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisDifficult to establish the diagnosisLimited sensitivity and specificity of changes in CXR, ECG, cardiac enzyme (Troponin level: more sensitive)Echocardiogram: LV dysfunction, often regionalEndomyocardial biopsy: as gold

26、standard, but sensitivity 3-63%第44页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dallas criteriaBorderline myocarditisActive myocarditisAm J Cadiovasc Pathol 1987;1:3-14第45页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findVIRAL CAUSESEnterovirus Coxsackie A Coxsackie B Echovirus PoliovirusAd

27、enovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Influenza A Epstein-Barr virusVaricella Mumps Measles Parvovirus Rabies Hepatitis B,C Rubella Rubeola Respiratory syncytial virus Human immunodeficiency virusRickettsial Rickettsia ricketsii Rickettsia tsutsugamushiBacterial Meningococcus Klebsiella Leptospira My

28、coplasma Salmonella Clostridia Tuberculosis Brucella Legionella pneumophila smallpox Streptococcus Protozoal Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasmosis Amebiasis Other parasites Toxocara canis Schistosomiasis Hetereophyiasis Cysticercosis Echinococcus Visceral larva migrans Trichinosis Fungi and yeasts Actinom

29、ycosis Coccidiodomycosis Histoplasmosis Candida NONVIRAL CAUSES 第46页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findToxic Scorpion Diphtheria Drugs Sulfonamides Phenylbutazone Cyclophosphamide Neomercazole Acetazolamide Amphotericin B Indomethacin Tetracycline Isoniazid M

30、ethyldopa Phenytoin PenicillinHypersensitivity/Autoimmune Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatic fever Ulcerative colitis Systemic lupus erythematosus Mixed connective tissue disease Scleroderma Whipples disease Other Sarcoidosis Kawasaki disease CornstarchNONINFECTIOUS ETIOLOGIES第47页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分

31、,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findPediatr Cardiol 2001;22:34-9第48页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisComplexity of pathogenesisNEJM 2000;343:1388-98第49页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisComplexity of pathogenesis Factors contributing to hos

32、t susceptibilityAutoantibodies: to adenosine nucleotide translocator, myosinExpression of cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1)Expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR)第50页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisOften refractory to conventional treatmentStandard therapy: ACE inhibi

33、tor, inotropic agents, diuretics often not effective in fulminant myocarditisImmunosuppression: IVIG, steroids, cyclosporin still controversial第51页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisImprovement of mechanical support: LVAD, BVAD,

34、ECMO第52页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisNEJM 2000;342:690-5第53页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditis第54页,共61页,2022年,5月20日,19点9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisWhy?Different viral agen

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